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Rock fall accidents continue to be the main causes of fatalities in the mining industry. The occurrence of rock falls in supported stopes implies a failure of the support system. The failure of the support system in turn implies a failure in design. In this paper, ethical issues associated with engineering design are discussed, with particular relevance to stope support design. A risk approach is introduced that will allow designs to be carried out that are compatible with the acceptable risk defined by the mining company management. The implementation of this approach would overcome the ethical shortcomings of current support design practices.

Jan 1, 2007

Newmont is one of the few remaining large mining companies that was established in the early nineteen hundreds. The company has a long, colourful and enviable history. This paper provides highlights of Newmont?s business and technical history since its inception in 1916, its transition to a ?gold only? company in the early 1990s and progress since that time up until the present day. Details of Newmonts current gold operations and its gold production profile for 2008 are also provided in the paper Over the last 50 years Newmont has developed a host of innovative gold technologies to meet the challenges of treating the complex refractory gold ores, found at the company owned mines in the Carlin region and around the world. Details of the technologies are provided and they include chlorination, roasting, bacterial and pressure leaching, leaching gold with thiosulphate and thiocyanate, N2Tech flotation, HPGR treatment of hard and abrasive ores and, finally, the use of Hydro-Jex technology for improving gold recovery from heaps.

Jan 1, 2009

By L. C. Stilwell

The paper will attempt to identify the threats, however obscure, that could confront the South African platinum industry. South Africa has the largest reserves of platinum group metals in the world, and is the largest producer of those metals. This situation is no different from that which existed in the gold sector fifty years ago. Since then South Africa?s share of world gold production has dwindled, and the gold mining industry has lost its dominance. Unlike gold, platinum has widespread use as an industrial commodity. Its investment value is a minor portion of its total value. It is therefore subject to different market forces. The sheer magnitude of the industry in South Africa obscures the fact that it is a wasting industry, and that South Africa exports almost all its production as a refined metal in the form of autocatalyst. Since Hotelling published his seminal work The economics of non-renewable resource in 1931,the science of mineral economics has developed exponentially. The paper will present a background of mineral economic theory and compare to this the development of the South African platinum industry. Of particular concern to a mineral exporting country is the question of mineral rent?its definition and employment. This will be the mail theme of the paper.

Jan 1, 2006

By W. J. C. Pothas

This paper describes the state of the art in backfilling techniques used on East Driefontein Gold Mine. Areas covered are the preparation plant, the distribution plant, the pipeline network and finally placement techniques. The in-situ performance of placed backfill has been assessed by the Chamber of Mines Research Organization, and results to date will be shared. Details of the backfill expansion programme that will enable this facility to be made available to all working places are included. Benefits obtained by the introduction of backfilling are described, together with certain management aspects to be considered in the control of quality and quantity of support supplied via a pipeline.

Jan 1, 1988

By Anthony K. Anyimadu, Chris M. Rule

Froth flotation is the primary mineral processing separation step employed in the beneficiation of PGM ore bodies. Anglo Platinum operates a significant portion of the total installed flotation capacity in the PGM industry, which is installed at 20 operating plants across the Bushveld. PGM flotation has undergone a considerable evolution in both the capacity of flotation cells employed as well as in the circuit design configuration over the past thirty years. Certain of Anglo Platinum?s flotation circuits have been in operation for a relatively long period of time, (in some operations installed equipment dates from the 1960?s) and this allows comparative operating performance between various equipment types and circuits to be evaluated. This paper summarizes some aspects of this experience. Research trends in flotation are continuously monitored to incorporate appropriate findings into existing and future circuit designs. Continuous evaluation and monitoring of flotation performance is undertaken to identify opportunities for increasing flotation efficiencies. Mineralogical and fractional analyses of plant composites and survey samples are analysed to interrogate speciation and association data. This analysis has enabled a better understanding of priorities and opportunities for improved metallurgical performance. These opportunities are divided into three improvement areas: stability, liberation, and fines flotation. The paper discusses these, as well as the circuit design improvements required to take full advantage of the opportunities identified.

Jan 1, 2007

By R. Ciccu

This paper examine the optimization of a beneficiation plant for recovering marketable barites from crude ores of different characteristics. The plant, part of a mining complex in Sardinia, consists of a jig section integrated with a flotation line. The problem has been studied using a suitable model of the process, based upon experimental and field data pertaining to both the characteristics of the feed material and the performance of machinery. Data have been automatically processed with the aid of a computer to find the optimum setting of each section, in order to maximize profit for each kind of ore separately fed to the plant. Moreover, the advantages of blending the various concentrates - not all of them individually marketable - are also demonstrated. The overall economic result can be improved provided suitable proportions of each kind of ore are fed to the plant. Such information is fundamental for the long-term planning of exploitation of available reserves, and provides guidelines for further prospecting. The paper illustrates the washability characteristics of the ore's and describes in detail the model adopted. The results of data processing are then presented in the form of computer graphs and discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the advantages of resorting to Operations Research as an aid to management.

Jan 1, 1987

By W. J. Vlasblom, A. M. Talmon, A. J. Nobel

In initial laboratory tests with a travelling submerged jet on artificially prepared clay it was found that the cavity depth is dependent on the stagnation pressure of the jet and the undrained shear strength of the clay. In addition, it has been observed that the increase in cavity depth with jet pressure is stronger at higher jet pressures. It is assumed that this can be explained by cavitation of the jet at higher jet pressures. At cavitation a cone of bubbles is formed around the jet, which reduces the exchange of momentum between the jet and the surrounding water. This results in a higher jet velocity and a higher stagnation pressure at a specified distance from the nozzle exit. In literature, no relation between the jet pressure of a free submerged cavitating jet and stagnation pressures was found. Additional tests were carried out to determine this relationship. Because practical dredging occurs at relatively large water depths, these tests were performed in a pressure vessel at different pressure levels. It is concluded that the efficiency of a jet (defined as the stagnation pressure at a certain distance divided by the jet pressure), for stand-off-distances smaller than 45 times the nozzle diameter, increases significantly by cavitation in comparison to the non-cavitating situation. However, the jet pressure required for a fully developed cavitation cone increases strongly with water depth. At dredging depths of 20 m and more, the necessary jet pressures are higher than normally applied in dredging practice. Thus in spite of the importance of cavitation in laboratory tests at atmospheric pressure, in normal dredging practice cavitation is of less importance.

Jan 1, 2007

By H. A. D. Kirsten

The assessment of backfill as a support medium in gold mines has been based generally on its ability to reduce the amount of potential energy available to cause damaging rockbursts. While this regional support effect is very important, the methods of analysis commonly used to quantify it predict that, owing to the very compressible nature of the fill, the support provided in areas of small convergence will be negligible. This prediction, however, is contrary to the conditions observed in practice, namely that weak fill does provide a discernible beneficial effect. In addition to the regional support effect, several mechanisms of secondary support, particularly those applicable to areas of low convergence, are identified and discussed. These include the mechanism of deformation of the detached hangingwall beam, rotational and shear effects on bedding, joints and fractures, joint infill, the continuous support effect of the backfill under static and dynamic conditions, the preservation of the integrity of the hangingwall beam, and the potential modification of local stress fields. Confidence in the validity of some of these mechanisms is afforded by the results of theoretical investigations into the behaviour of backfill- supported stopes. The results dealt with are: ? the behaviour of the hangingwall as a beam on an elastic foundation; ? the behaviour of stope/backfill, modelling the surrounding rock as a jointed rock mass.

Jan 1, 1988

By S. Kahraman

P-wave velocity measurements were carried out on 22 large limestone blocks in a stone processing plant. In the laboratory, P-wave velocity of core samples was measured to obtain intact rock velocity. The square root of the ratio of the velocity of the large stone block to the velocity of the core specimen was called the velocity ratio index (VRI) and a quality classification for large building stones was suggested. In addition, the applicability of the established classification to stone cutting with gang saws was checked. It was concluded that the quality classification and estimation of slab production efficiency of the building stones can easily be made by ultrasonic measurements. However, the study was carried out only in limestone. Further study must be conducted to check the validity of the obtained results for the other rock types.

Jan 1, 2007

By L. J. Park, A. D. Thomas

Gladstone Pacific Nickel Limited (GPNL) is proposing to develop the Marlborough nickel deposit in central Queensland and the Yarwun Refinery in Gladstone, Australia. The project proposes to connect the two sites with a DN 500, single pump station slurry pipeline, transporting up to 4 Mtpa of nickel laterite ore as slurry 180 km from Marlborough to Gladstone. Slurry viscosity is a key parameter influencing pipeline design. Not only is the slurry viscosity relatively high, requiring pumping at low concentrations, around 30% by weight, but the viscosity (yield stress and plastic viscosity) increases with shearing or agitation. It is argued that the viscosity changes can be analysed in terms of total energy input, including energy input during grinding. The slurry viscosity is therefore expected to increase along the pipeline and the pumping concentration must be low enough such that the increase in yield stress does not cause transition to laminar flow towards the end of the pipeline. The base viscosity of two ore types is determined using a rotational viscometer for minus 212 micron slurries. Viscosity variations with ore particle sizes of d99 212, 425 and 600microns are investigated. For each of these particle sizes the expected increase in viscosity during pipeline transport is simulated on a laboratory scale by agitation with a turbine mixer in a baffled container to give the same equivalent unit energy input as will occur in the pipeline. Tests were also conducted on the d99425 micron slurry in a 2.7 metre diameter DN 200Wheelstand, rotated for the 23 hour transit time and at a similar relative velocity as in the pipeline. Based on the Wheel stand test results the yield stress is expected to increase by a factor of 3.1during pipeline transit. The preliminary design allows for a reduced pumping concentration to accommodate this increase in yield stress towards the end of the pipeline.

Jan 1, 2007

By N. Coulson, P. Ledwaba

"The University of the Witwatersrand presents an accredited four-course training programme for community relations practitioners (CRPs). Between May 2013 and October 2014 six courses were facilitated for 145 participants, of whom 82% were from sub-Saharan Africa, 62% worked in mining, and 58% worked directly with communities. Thematic analysis of the comments of course participants collected during course exercises found that there were a set of coherent drivers for resilient companycommunity relationships, but that the restrainers to resilient relationships were often context-specific and dominated by politics. CRPs reported facing as many difficulties in the internal company environment as in the external environment. These findings for CRPs in Africa resonate with those worldwide.InroductionMuch has changed in how the extractive industry responds to social and community issues. There has been a growing prioritization of community-related issues within the extractive industry globally (Kemp, 2010; Tatar, n.d.). According to Kemp (2010) this can be attributed partly to escalating pressure from local-level stakeholders to push mining companies to take greater responsibility for the social, economic, and environmental impacts of mining. Securing and maintaining the social licence to operate is ranked fourth in terms of the top risks facing the mining and metals industry in 2016, up one place from 2015 (Ernst & Young, 2016).Conflicts between local communities and large-scale mining companies arise because of the social, environmental, and economic impacts of mining. Worldwide, large-scale mining companies have a poor reputation amongst communities, including those in Africa (Gilberthorpe and Banks, 2012; Kemp and Owen, 2013a; van Wyk, n.d.). For mining companies, conflicts for whatever reason, result in loss of productivity, lost opportunities, lost time, and adverse impacts on reputation (International Council on Mining and Metals, 2015). Conflicts also have a significant financial impact on mining operations (Franks et al., 2014). Davis and Franks (2014), estimated that US$10 000–50 000 is lost each day when a project is delayed during the exploration phase, and about US$20 million per week when in operation. Today these costs could be expected to be higher due to increasing input costs."

Jan 1, 2017

By S. M. Spottiswoode

Rock mechanics benefits of stope support in deep-level mining originate principally from the ability of the support to resist relative movements between the hangingwall and the footwall. While the role of stabilizing pillars and backfill on reducing the energy release rate (ERR) at the face is well understood on the basis of elastic behaviour of the rock mass, the effect of support on controlling movement of fractured ground around deep-level stopes has not yet been thoroughly studied. As part of a programme of studying the behaviour of this fractured ground, geophones were placed 10 m from the face on the roof and floor of a longwall stope in which packs were used as supports. It was found that differential movement between the roof and floor generally exceeds average stope movement during a seismic event. Conventional support therefore transmits very little seismic energy; this is expected to remain true until complete convergence occurs. In backfilled stopes, backfill can become at least as stiff as the fractured wall rock. This will have the effect of reducing the length of the hanging- wall beam. Amongst other rock mechanics considerations, a shorter hanging- wall beam should: (i) increase the resonance frequency of the hangingwall and thereby decrease the levels of vibration for seismic events with M > 1,0; (ii) reduce absolute vibration levels by increasing the mass of rock immediately adjacent to the stope which is shaken by seismic waves; and (iii) reduce differential movement between the roof and floor and thereby reduce cyclic strain on the backfill and on gully support.

Jan 1, 1988

By T. Bednarski, L. Thomas, G. Banza, D. Muteba, P. Cole, M. Soderstrom

"In copper solvent extraction, aqueous-in-organic entrainment results in the carry-over of unwanted species into the electrowinning process with negative cost implications. The need to bleed is increased and the purity of the copper cathode is potentially compromised, depending on the impurities being transferred (Cl, NO3, Fe, Mn). In some cases, entrainment results in elevated levels of manganese in the electrolyte which can cause oxidative conditions to develop and degradation of the organic phase. Degraded organic phase detrimentally affects the physical performance of the copper solvent extraction process, contributing to even higher aqueous-in-organic entrainment. Aqueous entrainment may be minimized through good operating practices and maintenance of the organic quality, but the accurate measurement of entrainment remains a challenge. This paper presents coalescing devices designed to provide more exact measurements of aqueous-in-organic entrainment. IntroductionMany copper solvent extraction (SX) plants experience high aqueous-in-organic (A-in-O) entrainments but are unaware of the extent of the problem because entrainment is often not measured. Aqueous entrainment results in the carry-over of unwanted species into the electrowinning (EW) process and the need to bleed to maintain acceptable concentrations in the electrolyte. The costs associated with the bleed are exacerbated in copper plants where aqueous entrainment levels are high. Other than these direct costs, there are operational consequences of the build-up of certain species in the EW circuit that can have deleterious effects on plant performance.Minimizing aqueous entrainment in operating plants requires an understanding of the factors that affect entrainment levels. Both chemical and operational influences are discussed in this paper. The difficulty of obtaining a representative sample makes it challenging to obtain an accurate measure of aqueous entrainment from a continuous process like SX. Coalescing devices used to get a more precise measurement of A-in-O entrainment are useful to complete mass balances around the SX circuits. Alternatively, mass balances can be used to estimate aqueous entrainments and are helpful as a tool to troubleshoot operations with a view to improving plant performance."

Jan 1, 2016

By V-P. Takalo, M. Natsvlishvili, M. Hicks, S. Khizanishvili

"The complexity of copper-gold ores leads to large variations in recoveries and concentrate grades in the processing plant. Detailed chemical and mineralogical studies revealed considerable variation in the ratios of chalcopyrite, chalcocite, and oxidized copper minerals in the ore types studied. The end-member ore types are chalcopyrite-dominated and chalcocite-dominated, while most of the ore types plot between these end-members. In addition, increasing amounts of copper oxide and sulphate minerals result in a decreased response to flotation. Good recoveries and concentrate grades can be achieved from the chalcopyritedominated ore type, while the more altered chalcocite-dominated ore type is more challenging to enrich. IntroductionRich Metals Group (RMG) Copper in Georgia (Figure 1) produces copper-gold concentrates from two open pit mines, Madneuli and Sakdrisi, both located in the Bolnisi mining district in South Georgia. RMG and Outotec began a cooperative project with the aim of improving the recoveries and metal grades in concentrate by gaining an increased understanding of the ore variability and developing more efficient procedures for ore blending, grinding, and flotation. This type of mineralogy-led approach has already been used for other complex ores such as iron oxide copper-gold ores (Hunt, Berry, and Bradshaw, 2011), for iron ores (Lund, Lamberg, and Lindberg, 2013), and for Kupferschiefer ore deposits (Rahfeld et al., 2018).The project started with process audits and mineralogical and chemical characterization of process samples, followed by detailed chemical and mineralogical characterization of six different ore types with simultaneous flotation test work on the same samples. Since neither the recoveries nor the concentrate grades correlate with the head grades of the ores, the modal mineralogical composition, together with the ore hardness, proved to be the most promising approach in developing the geometallurgical classification of these ore types."

Apr 1, 2019

By Mark Craddock, Johan Swanepoel

In this paper we present The Ultimate Flotation Cell, a newly developed flotation cell that is proving very popular in the industry. All flotation cells have only one purpose and that is the recovery of the required product, the patented impeller and disperser system of the Ultimate Flotation Cell allows total flexibility in order to achieve the optimal recovery. This ability to tune the cell performance provides the optimization of the ?capture? (collection) stage, all existing models address the need for a wide bubble size distribution (100µm-2 mm) to obtain a better flotation size-by-size, Yoon, 1999,Yoon 2000, Franzidis and Manlapig, 1999. The Ultimate Flotation Cell provides flexible performance optimization. This ability to optimize the flotation regime particular to a specific ore is achieved by the following factors: ? The impeller allows vastly improved air induction rates compared to conventional and sparged cells. This ability to induce and disperse large quantities of air, in a controlled manner, allows the cells to be tuned to give the optimal Sb by varying the rotational speed via a VSD which every cell is fitted with. ? The patented impeller gives a very constant and stable air induction rate, which ensures that the cell?s circulation pattern is constant, giving a very stable surface, allowing optimal froth depth. ? Although conventional dart valve, level control can be offered, great success has been achieved with a simple draft tube/sand relief device. ? The cells have a inlet design similar to the old Denver ?Cell-to-Cell? design, which guarantees the at lease one pass through the mixing zone in each cell. Actual plant performance data will be presented from two plants, one in Zambia and the other in the DRC.

Jan 1, 2007

By J. J. Taute, N. B. du Preez

"A well-performing solvent-extraction circuit is a key part of producing good quality copper cathode. To ensure consistent operation, a good understanding of the circuit’s operation and an ability to rapidly troubleshoot key parameters is required. This paper briefly discusses the modeling of solventextraction circuits. The paper then goes on to discuss the determination of key performance parameters from plant data and comparing these with the circuit models to quantify circuit performance. The identification and troubleshooting of circuit issues is presented with a worked example. INTRODUCTIONA well-performing solvent-extraction (SX) circuit is a key part of producing good quality copper cathode. To ensure a consistent, high-quality operation, a good understanding of the circuit performance is required. Evaluating the performance of an SX circuit is an extensive topic. The objective of this paper is to focus on the evaluation that the metallurgist should be performing on a regular basis using flow and concentration data. This paper does not cover important topics, such as crud management, phase continuity, or organic management. Some basic SX modeling concepts are first be presented. The calculation of the parameters is then presented with a brief discussion and recommended ranges (where applicable). A worked example is used to provide a basis for further discussion on the evaluation of the calculated parameters and use of data collected.BASIC SOLVENT-EXTRACTION MODELING CONCEPTSThis section presents the basic modeling concepts used in SX simulation packages currently available. SX reagent suppliers have invested significant time and effort into collecting data on the performance of their reagents under different conditions. Based on these data, suppliers have developed packages which they normally make available to their clients for free. These are typically used for process design and plant optimization studies. For example, BASF developed ISOCALCTM and CYTEC Industries developed MINCHEM® and MEUMTM.Chemistry of Copper Solvent ExtractionLiquid–liquid extraction involves the selective transfer of a substance between two immiscible liquid phases by controlling the relative solubility in each phase. In the case of copper SX, the exchange is typically achieved by an oxime-based chelating mechanism. In particular, mixtures of aldoxime and ketoxime are normally used in conjunction with modifiers. More detail on this extensive topic can be found in Schlesinger et al. (2011)."

Jan 1, 2015

By T. K. Roy

INFACON XI has no doubt earned the distinction as the first such Congress in India. This prestigious occasion could become a reality of a long cherished dream of the Indian Ferroalloy Producers, consumers and ex-porters. The International Committee of Ferro Alloys (ICFA), South Africa, the august body for organising INFACON, every three years, could be convinced by the Indian Ferro Alloy Producers? Association (IFAPA) to award INFACON (XI) to India. This Congresss, organized by IFAPA, has opened a window for the Ferroalloy Community of India, the up-coming Asian Tiger, to register their strength and weakness to the world forum with the principal objectives of evolving long and short-term optimum road-maps for development. It is to be reckoned that India is poised to be a steel giant by 2020 when it is envisaged that the steel production may reach a level of 120 million tons of which significant proportion has to be in the categories of alloy and special steels, requiring standard and high grade ferroalloys. Keeping the above objective in view, the theme of this Congress has been rightfully designed as ?Innovations in Ferro Alloy Industry.? This Congress has also earned a distinction of more than eighty papers, finally selected for inclusion in the Proceedings. More than 100 internationally and nationally reputed experts in the field of ferroalloys (technology and manufacturing practices as well as world scenario) have been approached for critical review of abstracts and selection for the proceedings. It needs to be mentioned without the cooperation received from ICFA the high standard of INFACON could not have been assured. The papers are suitably grouped under seventeen heads, starting from world situation to production and operation followed by present and future technologies and finally to modelling and simulation. It is a Herculean task to the Technical Committee to fit these papers in proper sequence. The Commit-tee members kept no stone unturned to ensure the cogency with the subject matters and at the same timekeeping the flexibility of interests of the participant, especially in the context of three parallel sessions. The Proceedings containing only refereed papers of high quality, will serve the entire gamut of ferroalloy industry and will also highlight the present status of concerned countries. The areas of attention to make the industries globally competitive and at the same time laying emphasis on the prevailing practices, will help the industry leaders to formulate an appropriate global approach. Following the break-through step, instilled by INFACON XI, the Proceedings will be available both in bound and in searchable electronic CD-ROM format. I, as the Chairman of the Technical Committee would like to express thanks and high appreciation to all the Committee members for their whole hearted efforts in all respects without which it would not have been possible to complete these proceedings in the scheduled time. Technical Committee desires to place on record their gratitude to Organising Committee for their synergic cooperation all through in successfully executing multifarious tasks, associated with such a grand international technical Congress.

Jan 1, 2007

By J. Trcková

This paper describes the method of modelling rock mechanical problems on experimental models. Based on an actual experiment used as an example, assessment of the surface deformation due to undermining, the extensive possibilities of using a 3-D physical model and application results in practice are demonstrated. A special method of modelling the underground mine progress by using paraffin melting is presented. Keywords: undermining, subsidence of surface, 3-D experimental model

Jan 1, 2009

By R. W. Ottermann, N. D. L. Burger, A. J. von Wielligh, P. R. de Wet, J. L. Steyn

Underwind and overwind protection system concepts for mine hoist shafts were developed in conjunction with and for the Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee (SIMRAC). End-of-wind operation of mine hoists is the most hazardous aspect of mine hoisting, carrying the highest risk of loss of life, injuries to workers and loss of production. Systems operating mechanically and with local actuation were developed. This was done in order to remove the increased risk associated with dependency on remote or external energy and information supply associated with most existing protection systems. The proposed underwind protection system concept absorbs the energy of motion of a conveyance overrunning the design lower limit of travel by drawing a metal strip through a set of rollers. This action causes dynamic cyclic plastic bending of the strip material that converts the kinetic and potential energy of the conveyance into strain energy of the metal. In the concept design a pair of cable slings attached to the strips catch the overrunning conveyance and transfer the retardation force. The proposed overwind protection system concept absorbs the energy of motion of a conveyance overrunning the design upper limit of travel by early detaching of the conveyance from the hoist cable. This detaching is carried out via an additional humble hook activation mechanism fitted at a sufficient height below the spectacle plate to allow the conveyance to retard to standstill under gravity before it would crash into the spectacle plate. The conveyance so brought to rest is prevented from falling by means of jack catches on the conveyance interacting with a rack (toothed profile) fitted on the guide rails in the retardation zone. Scale models (1:10 scale) of both protection systems were designed for conformance with established retardation standards. The retardation standards were limited by the requirement of passenger safety in retarding cages. The models were then built and tested in a 1:10 scale shaft model. Retardation performance close to the required levels was achieved. The retardation distance required should allow such systems to be retrofitted to most existing shafts. Given the simplicity and robustness of the designs

Jan 1, 2003

By C. -I. Lee

Since the early 1970s, Korea has constructed many large-scale tunnels and underground storage caverns in response to the rapid industrial development. The rock mechanics engineers have accumulated valuable experiences in the area of underground space technologies. But they still face technical challenges in environmental and safety aspects. To discuss those challenges in Korea, a brief engineering description of underground space projects including oil and gas storage, food storage, pumped storage power plant, transportation tunnels, waterway tunnels, and radioactive waste disposal is presented. Mechanical and hydrological stability analyses of the storage caverns in Korea are also introduced. Depuis le début des années soixante-dix, le développement industriel rapide en Corée a entraîné la construction de nombreuses galeries et cavernes de stockage souterraines. Les ingénieurs de mécanique minière ont donc accumulé des expériences précieuses dans le domaine de la technologie de l’espace souterrain. Cependant, ils font toujours face à de nombreux défis techniques en ce qui concerne les aspects de l’environnement et de la sécurité. Pour présenter ces défis en Corée, l’étude présente décrit les projets d’espace souterrain, y compris le stockage de pétrole et de gaz, de nourriture, centrales de stockage pompé, tunnels de transport, tunnels navigables, et évacuation des déchets radioactifs. Des analyses de stabilité mécanique et hydrologique des cavernes de stockage en Corée sont aussi présentées. Seit Anfang der 70er-Jahre, baute Korea in Folge raschen Industriewachstums viele lange Tunnelsund unterirdische Lagerungsräume. Fachkräfte im Bereich Gesteinsmechanik sammeltenwertvolle Erfahrungen über unterirdische Raumtechnologien. Dennoch stehen sie auch heute nochvor technischen Herausforderungen im Bereich Umweltschutz und Sicherheit. Zur Erläuterungdieser Herausforderungen in Korea folgt eine kurze technische Beschreibung der Projekte zurSchaffung unterirdischen Raumes für beispielsweise Öl- und Gaslagerung,Nahrungsmittellagerung, Pumpspeicherwerke, Straßen- und Wasserstraßentunnels, als auchLagerung radioaktiven Mülls. Mechanische und hydrologische Stabilitätsanalysen derLagerungsräume in Korea werden ebenfalls dargestellt.

Jan 1, 2003