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By C. G. Williams

IN preparing this paper on Canadian mine taxation, there has been no attempt to detail the requirements of the various taxing bodies; but rather to consider the matter from the standpoint of its underlying principles and give a general idea of the methods adopted. I have added an Appendix setting forth the principal features of the various Acts, which should be used for general reference only, since new rulings alter minor details from time to time. In current legislation, many important points are left to the discretion of the Ministers and their deputies. We are, indeed, fortunate in having in Canada an able and conscientious body of permanent officials, who bring a sense of justice and courtesy to their work which is most commendable, and which has done much to simplify the working out of general problems. The production of metals may rightly be deemed a form of manufacture, but differs from the average manufacturing business in three important respects: (1) In its early stages, it is wholly speculative, since it is impossible to make any definite appraisal of value or possibilities. (2) The principal asset of any mine, i.e., the ore in the ground, is a wasting asset, and is irreplaceable. (3) Any additional burden by way of taxation cannot be passed on to the public but must be borne entirely by the producer. Having regard to the first of these differences, it is apparent that, since the risk of loss is great, the reward in case of success must be correspondingly great. This fact seems to be constantly overlooked by those who regard the all too few outstanding successes in Canadian mining history as fit prey for predatory legislation. As an illustration of the speculative nature of early mining development, let us consider the Province of Ontario-and I take this illustration simply because I am more familiar with conditions there, and not because I believe it differs greatly from any other province. From 1907 to 1933, 165,243 claims were staked and recorded, from which 43 mines were developed which paid one or more dividends. There was, of course, some duplication through re-staking; also, on some claims very little work was done, and most mines have more than one claim. But, since staking and recording cost real money and effort, each of these claims must have been considered to have had merit.

Jan 1, 1935

By Douglas Talley

This report describes a 4-inch diameter borehole probe which contains a low light level TV camera, magnetic compass, light illumination source, bottom/water detector sensor and a pointing angle sensor. The camera viewing angle is at a right angle to the probe's body. All data from the sensor is multiplexed into the closed circuit camera video for transmission on a single 50 ohm coaxial cable to a surface control unit. Likewise control of the probe's power, zoom lens, focus, panning and aperture is accomplished via a down-link multiplexed on the same cable.

Jan 1, 1984

By K. Lapakko

Several static tests estimate the capacity of mine waste to produce and neutralize acid and are used as tools for predicting metal-mine waste drainage quality. Various methods and their accuracies are addressed. More accurate quantification of these capacities, as well as their availability and reactivity, may be necessary to predict drainage quality from some mine wastes. Chemical analyses, x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron beam analyses are among the techniques commercially available to more accurately quantify these capacities and provide insight into their availability and reactivity.

Jan 1, 2003

By Steven M. Rupprecht

"The artisanal mining sector in Central Africa is largely informal, yet provides an essential livelihood for many (directly or indirectly) participants, as well as facilitating an important source for the flow of income into many communities. Artisanal mining varies from site to site, but appear largely well structured despite its informality. The artisanal mining sites in Central Africa have some inherent management structure and the extraction itself is often organised. Artisanal mining is labour intensive and is generally conducted utilising hand digging methods e.g. shovels or hand chisels. Artisanal mining is generally more dangerous than small-scale or large-scale modern mining operations. This is especially true as artisanal operations are generally subsistence activities with artisanal miners focusing more on immediate concerns than the long-term consequences of their activities. When miners have no other source of income, they will usually find ways to evade controls and carry on working. The objective, through proper/dedicated training of artisanal miners is to migrate Artisanal mining to establish a small-scale mining (SSM) industry in Central Africa. Through developing the necessary skills in the fundamental areas of mining it is proposed that Artisanal Mining can become more productive and safer mining operations. The paper reviews the above focus areas, highlighting the skills and tools that are necessary to assist in establishing a sustainable small scale mining industry migrating from manual labour to semi-mechanised mining and processing. The purpose of the transformation process is to create a safe, healthy, environmental and community oriented mining operation with the objective to uplift the skills and wealth of the mineworkers and the general community."

Jan 1, 2015

By D. Turnbull, H. N. Treaftis

Precipitation of tin from Pb-Sn alloys (lead-rich) occurs by the nucleation and growth of hemispherical cells which consist of tin lomelloe interspersed in the depleted solid solution. Nucleation and growth of these cells and the tin interlamellar spacing at various compositions and temperatures have been investigated. The interlamellar spacing increases approximately as the reciprocal of the logarithm of the supersaturation ratio. For constant initial tin concentration the concentration of cell nuclei increases with decreasing temperature to a limiting temperature-independent value. The kinetic results support the view that the cell growth rote is governed by the diffusion of tin along the cell boundary. In the main, the results confirm the authors' earlier deductions, drawn from resistometric and calorimetric data, about the precipitation mechonism. IT has been shown1, 2 that tin (ß) precipitates from lead-rich (a) PbSn solutions by the nucleation and growth of cells (cellular or discontinuous precipitation). These cells consist of tin lamellae, with a spacing 1, interspersed in a depleted a solution. Reorientation of a also accompanies cell growth. The kinetics of cellular precipitation of tin from lead have been measured by resistometric2, 3 and ca1orimetric1, 3 techniques. The time-transformation isotherms (t equals time; x, volume fraction of specimen transformed) of the initial rapid precipitation, which drains about 60 pet of the tin from solution, have been described by a kinetic law having the form x = 1 —exp (—bt n) [I] where n usually has the value 3.0. It was shown" that this law and the other kinetic facts can be explained satisfactorily if it is assumed that the cells grow at a constant rate and that all the cells nucleate in a time negligible in comparison with the period of cell growth before impingement. Thus, for hemispherical cells b = (2/3)pNG3 [21 where G is the rate of cell growth in cm per sec, and N is the number of cell nuclei per unit volume. The rapid rate of cell growth at low temperatures can be accounted for"' if it is assumed that the dissolved tin drains to the lamellae edges by diffusion along the sweeping cell boundary rather than by diffusion through the a crystal (volume diffusion). For cell growth governed by cell boundary diffusion it was shown, approximately G=2(X° - X° / X° ) DBA / l2 where A equals the thickness of the cell boundary; D R, the coefficient of diffusion of tin atoms within the boundary; and X° and X, are the atom fractions of tin in the supersaturated and saturated solutions, respectively. Zener8 had already shown that, where

Jan 1, 1959

During the period 1979 thru 1982, Multi Mineral Corporation conducted a mining research program at the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Mines Oil Shale Mining Environmental Research Facility in the Central Piceance Creek Basin, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. The program consisted of mining, environmental and geotechnical research data and the results are described in this report.

Jan 1, 1983

By H. Ewaschuk

"INTRODUCTIONRio Algom's Stanleigh Mill in Elliot Lake began production in June of 1983. The highly instrumented mill treats uranium ore at an average rate of 3900 metric tons per day. To help ensure a good start-up and low operating costs, an extensive training program was undertaken prior to and during start-up. This presentation describes how an unconventional operating crew were combined to form an operating unit with a high efficiency in terms of production and labour utilization. I would like to point out at the outset that the operating philosophy, and the role of the supervisors and the operators as set up at Stanleigh is not unique. Indeed, I have seen the same results at a couple of small plants where efficiency meant survival. However, these situations appeared to be the exception, and it was not readily apparent how similar results could be obtained in a larger plant. A factor that existed at the time was low labour turnover. As in most parts of Canada, jobs were easy to get in the Elliot Lake camp in the late 1970's. This, and other factors, contributed to an unusually high labour turnover. This changed dramatically in the early 1980's. Indeed, Rio's two other operating mills, Quirke and Panel reduced crew sizes at this time to reduce operating costs. As a result all of Stanleigh's operators came from Quirke and Panel with experience varying from 4 to 7 years. The experience that operators had was obviously of benefit and served to reduce the scope of the training program from what would have been required with inexperienced personnel."

Jan 1, 1985

Your thoughts on the current status of the global minerals industries? The global economic, technological, social and political changes of the last two decades of the 20th century resulted in the emergence of a restructured minerals industry. This industry is now based on a new cost-cutting philosophy; utilization of modern technology; productivity gains rather than production tonnages; diversification of mineral markets; and globalization of exploration, mining and processing. Quantity and tons used to be the focus. The emphasis today is on remaining competitive in the marketplace by lowering per-unit production costs as much as possible. What factors and trends will impact the minerals industries in this, the 21st century? A number of parameters will impact minerals operations and shape the future sustainability and growth of the minerals industries. Increased demand for minerals will be accompanied by the demand for technical advancements. We will also see a continued emphasis on health and safety, environmental stewardship, and education and training. Let me elaborate.

Jan 1, 2002

By D. A. Bruce

The Deep Mixing Method is a very valuable tool for combating problems related to in situ soil treatment, improvement, and retention. Many different variations are used throughout the world, and there is a correspondingly rich technical literature on the testing and properties of the treated soil. This paper provides a synopsis of these aspects.

Jan 1, 2001

By M. Wickham

Design of an open pit backfill requires an understanding of highly varied processes including slope stability, hydrogeology, pit lake chemistry, climate, runoff, and mine waste behavior. Dynamic systems modeling (DSM) provides flexibility to the designers of open pit backfill, allowing them to directly integrate many different physical processes and varying levels of complexity. DSM also provides for the efficient application of uncertainty analysis to define a range of possible results, the sensitivity of the results to uncertainties in model inputs, and the value of additional data. This paper presents the results of an analysis using DSM to evaluate a pit backfill design at an Arizona mine. The objective of the partial backfill was to stabilize an active slope that threatened facilities adjacent to the pit. DSM was used, in part, to develop a pit lake water balance model for evaluating the influence of the backfill on the ability of the pit to maintain passive hydraulic containment of groundwater and surface water inflows and for evaluating costs for various backfill scenarios.

Jan 1, 2001

By Dale S. Preece, Lee M. Taylor

Accurate computer prediction of the muck pile produced by a conventional blast requires modeling of the physics that occurs during the rock motion phase of a blast. The ability to predict the motion and the subsequent muck pile can have a significant economic impact on the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1990

By S M. C Verryn, K Deysel

In heavy mineral sands ilmenite, rutile and zircon are present in economic concentrations. These minerals are important sources of Fe, Ti and Zr for various industrial uses. The beach sands of northern KwaZulu-Natal, along the Zululand Indian Ocean coastline in South Africa, have been mined for 30 years. The various processes involved in mining and processing these minerals have been controlled by time-consuming and labour-intensive analysis methods which, in some cases, can be replaced by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)-Rietveld analysis. Heavy minerals are concentrated in the plant to produce a heavy mineral concentrate (HMC). The heavy mineral extraction plant is controlled and informed of the proportions of minerals in the HMC according to their magnetic susceptibility. The different fractions are called magnetic, paramagnetic and non-magnetic fractions and quality control is based on their magnetic fraction weights combined with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental analysis. This current quality control process is very time consuming and labour intensive. We have aimed to show that we can, by XRD, identify and quantify all the minerals in the HMC and also in the magnetic separations. These results are then compared with results obtained by Mineral Liberation Analyser (MLA) as well as with the results from the physical separation. It was possible to detect all minerals present in the material by XRD and use the Rietveld method for a full bulk mineral quantification. A maximum of 15 minerals can be included in the Rietveld refinement due to computational restraints. Major minerals detected are rutile, ilmenite and zircon and minor minerals are quartz, epidote, anatase, amphibole, monazite, magnetite, titanite and augite. The XRD and MLA results correlate relatively well and detailed results will be presented for HMC and magnetic fraction samples. Small differences were observed for some minerals due to the different ways in which minerals are detected or due to preparation methods within each method. Rutile seems to be more abundant in the XRD analysis and the detection of Anatase is possible by XRD, but not MLA. Leucoxene (consisting of mainly microcrystalline anatase, rutile and titanite is not detectable by XRD since it is not a mineral, but ilmenite alteration phases are observed instead. There is, however, a correlation between anatase, titanite and rutile detected by XRD and leucoxene analysed by MLA.

Jan 1, 2008

By Jeremy Stone, Yiming Sun, John Stolz

The Courthouse Commons Tunnel facilitates the secure transfer of inmates between the County Jail and State Courthouse across a city block in downtown San Diego, California. This shallow tunnel was excavated using the Sequential Excavation Method in soft ground. It passes under 8- and 10-story buildings with a foundation cover of 6 feet, and crosses the active San Diego Fault with a design offset displacement of 18 inches. In this paper, key design challenges of tunnel construction are presented: limiting building settlements without using underpinning of building foundations and incorporating an oversized seismic section with seismic joints and crushable backfill

Dec 1, 2022

THERE are certain facts that the mining industry in Australia is faced with at the present moment which may be accepted as axioms. The industry is at a low ebb, as evidenced by statistics. Metals form the basis of all modern industries, and are necessaryfor the welfare of Australia. Mining is a wasting asset. Every ton of ore extracted is one ton less which c.annot be made good, and it should be our duty to get as much profit froin that ore as possible, otherwise there is a permanent loss to the country.The metal market cannot be controlled by Australia; it is more or less an international matter. Australia has not been thoroughly prospected. There are no mines being developed that are likely to replace those which are being depleted.Our mining engineers are as capable as those in other parts of the world, and have made good where they have been given a chance. There is no one cause for the present depression; there are several, more or less, interwoven. Of course, the war has had an adverse effect, but that has only dislocated things temporarily; it upset our markets, influenced the price of metals, and affected the labour market and cost of stores. Labour troubles made their appearance before the wave of unrest swept over the world. The cause of labour discontent must be investigated, and if possible removed. As each industry has .its·own problems, miners must inquire into their special problems, as there is no sovereign remedy that will suit all cases.It is obvious that we cannot mine ore if we do not know where it is; therefore, the first thing is to discover workable deposits.

Jan 1, 1919

By Marina Carreiro-Silva, Cátia Cardoso, Bruce Shillito, Lisa Mevenkamp, Alastair Brown, Maria J. Bebianno, Juliette Ravaux, Inês Martins, Nélia C. Mestre, S. Sousa Vânia

Mineral extraction activities in the deep sea will expose the local fauna to potentially toxic compounds. However, very few data are currently available on the complex ecotoxicological risks to deep-sea fauna from the potential release of heavy metals, trace metals and Rare Earth Elements (REEs). Nonetheless, this is key information essential to support the regulation of industrial activities in the deep sea. One of the fundamental issues that the MIDAS project will address consists in exploring the concept of whether the existing toxicity test protocols and limits established in shallow-water species are applicable to deep-sea mining. We will detail the specific challenges to recommending exposure limits within the deep sea and show preliminary results of comparative toxicity tests in the shallow-water and in the deep-sea environment.

Sep 1, 2014

Despite the wealth of information available on phase equilibria of oxide systems there remainmany gaps and inconsistencies in our knowledge base. From an industry perspective there is anongoing need to adequately describe the phase chemistry of slag systems in order to optimizeprocess performance and improve productivity. Since this chemical behaviour cannot be predictedfrom first principles it follows there is also an ongoing need for accurate experimental data. The advances made in recent years in the capabilities of sophisticated analytical and measurement equipment have made it possible to develop new experimental techniques for the direct determination of phase equilibria in low order and complex multi-component slag systems. In addition the development of powerful computer modelling tools makes it possible to provide more comprehensive descriptions of the phase chemistry, to present the information in a range of perspectives, and to critically analyse the various types of related thermodynamic and structural information available. This review provides an overview of the types of information that can be used to determine phase equilibria in slags systems, analyses the influence of uncertainty and the relative importance of these types of data, and describes the advantages and limitations of the various experimental techniques that can be employed to obtain this information. Examples of recent studies are provided that demonstrate how an integrated approach to the determination of phase equilibria in complex systems, involving the use of targeted experimental studies and systematic thermodynamic model development, can lead to a better utilization of our current research capabilities and resources and more accurate descriptions of these systems. Keywords: slags, phase equilibria, experimental techniques

Jan 1, 2004

By Henry P. Wheeler

As recently as 1915, helium was available only in very small quantities at a cost equivalent to $2,500 per cubic foot. It was a laboratory curiocity, and its properties were of interest to a limited number of scientists (11).3/ During the past 30 years, however, helium has grown from a plaything of scientists to a factor of importance in the prosecution of the recent war. Navy blimps filled with nonflammable helium proved to be more than a match for German submarines operating in the Atlantic. American bombers were able to fly unheard-of distances to drop bombs on Tokyo, Nagoya, Yokahama, and other Japanese cities because they had been made lighter with magnesium, arc-welded in a helium atmosphere. The Army utilized helium-filled radio-sonde balloons to obtain vital information concerning weather conditions affecting D-day invasions and other military maneuvers.

Jan 1, 1946

By U. Olsson, M. Ramström

"The IREDES1 Special Interest Group (SIG) for drill rigs has been active since its launch during MineExpo 2000 in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. SIG for drill rigs is responsible for the development of an IREDES drill rig profile, including the exchange of production planning, performance, and quality reporting data between various kinds of drill rigs and the databases used by the operating mine. During 2001, a first draft of the drill rigs profile was jointly prepared by drill rig suppliers, mining companies, and third-party suppliers and reviewed during several SIG meetings. The profile for prototyping projects was released in mid-2002; the first official IREDES release was based on feedback received from these projects.In 2002, LKAB and Atlas Copco decided to carry out an IREDES prototyping project using the Simba L6C production drill rig. The goal was to verify the drill rig profile and identify potential problems prior to the official release. This was done by implementing the IREDES prototype version into LKAB’s production planning and Simba rig control systems. The Simba rig control system was designed to handle drill plan and logging information coming from the mine planning system. In parallel to this, the mine production system was adapted for drill plan export and logging data import in IREDES format.This paper presents the most recent results of the IREDES prototyping project. Results from late 2002 show that the basic architecture of the drill rig profile works and that a common language for data exchange, IREDES, will be a central requirement for future mine automation.As a result of the IREDES prototyping project, the IREDES standard was approved at the IREDES board meeting held at the 2003 CIM Annual Conference and Exhibition. Soon thereafter, IREDES compliant products, including drill rigs and mine production planning systems, were put on the market."

Jan 1, 2005

By Jørn H. Thomsen

This paper presents the experience gained and the lessons learned over the last decade within the numerous offshore foundation projects undertaken in the offshore waters of Denmark and Belgium by COWI A/S of Denmark. This experience derives from the close collaboration with, and interaction between the owners, contractors, and engineers in the various stages of project development. In turn, the experience draws on COWI's experience within foundation of large bridges world wide over half a century. Focus is on two pioneering gravity base foundation projects: ? Nysted in Denmark, currently the largest offshore windfarm worldwide with 72 Nos Bonus 2.3 MW turbines in water depths up to 10 m in the relatively benign inner Danish waters ? Thornton Bank in Belgium, where the first phase - comprising 6 Nos REpower 5MW-turbines of a total of 60 - are planned to be built in the rough North Sea in water depths exceeding 25 m.

Jan 1, 2013

he Wyalong goldfields were discovered in September, 1893, Messrs. Neeld and Sons, owners of the principal mine, being the pioneer prospectors. During the earliest days of the field the ore was sent to Barmedman, a distance of eighteen miles, for treatment at a battery there. The field rapidly increased in importance, and it was not long before a public battery was established on the spot. After some considerable quantity of ore was treated by this process, it became apparent that battery treatment was quite unsuitable for the richer ores, involving, as it did, considerable loss in the tailings. Recognition of this fact led to the erection, in 1895, of plants by the Wyalong Chlorination and Cyanide Works, owned by Mr. Walter Sully, for treatment by their processes; followed, at a later date, by Messrs. Neeld and Sons Chlorination Works. The Wyalong Chlorination and Cyanide Works, after a delay of twelve months in the erection of their plants, have since catered continuously up to the present time for the requirements of the field.Their plant consists of a No. 3 Gates' rock·breaker, a revolving dryer, a No. 5 Krupp mill, revolving roasting furnace with finishing hearth, two chlorination vats of 20 tons capacity each, "nine cyanide vats of 30 to 100 tons capacity, two Wheeler pans and three chlorine generators. The ores are purchased outright on assay at a fixed scale of charges, and treated by the owner of the works on his own account.

Jan 1, 1903