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By C. K. Leith

THE resolution presented at the Annual Meeting of the A.I.M.E., calling on Congress to provide now for postwar accumulation of mineral stock piles under Government control, expresses, I think, the nearly unanimous view of the mining industry. As a result of the trying experiences of the first World War, Mr. Baruch, in his report of Dec. 24, 1919, to the President, urged that steps be taken at once to ensure adequate supplies of raw materials for future emergency. In the twenty years that followed, the same program was vigorously urged on Congress by many individuals and agencies, public and private, including the Secretaries of War and Navy, many members of Congress, the Bureau of Mines, the Planning Committee for Mineral Policy appointed by President Roosevelt, the A.I.M.E., the Mining and Metallurgical Society, and others.

Jan 1, 1943

By AIME AIME

MOST of us are far .from home, and yet our Japanese hosts- have made us feel very much at home. Here in the Orient we engineers are .learning a new meaning for the word "orientation"- hereafter that engineering term will be a synonym for gracious hospitality, and "to orient" will mean to turn a whole country over to the World Engineering Congress. Mere geographic distance is no longer able to separate nations, for the conquest of distance is one of the triumphs of 'modern engineering. We of the Americas are fortunate in the position of our continents: with their shores lapped by the waves of two oceans, we face' two great civilizations, the' Occidental and the Oriental, and thus we can share the intellectual resources of these two older cultures.

Jan 1, 1929

AIME 1953 DIRECTORY SUPPLEMENT OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTION; COUNCIL OF SECTION DELEGATES Linwood Thiessen, Chairman H. D. Vaughan, Vice-Chairman John H. Melvin, Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE L. E. Thelin, Connecticut J. B. Cunningham, Arizona W. L. Penick, San Francisco G. L. Yates, Kansas DELEGATES Adirondack - C. DeWitt Smith '54 Alaska - Robert 11. Chapman, ?54 Arizona J. B. Cunningham, '53 Black Hills - Sidney M. Runke, '54 Boston -R'. Schuhmann, Jr. ?54 Carlsbad Potash - W. P. Wilson, '54 Central Appalachian - Charles T. Holland, '54 Chicago - H. A. White, '54 Cleveland - Milton Tilley, '54 Colorado - J. Paul Harrison '54 Columbia - Harold Kirkemo, '54 Connecticut - Lewis E. Thelin, ?53 Dallas - Kenneth F. Anderson, '54 Delta - Roy S. Sullins '54 Detroit - F. P. Bens, '53 East Texas - Joseph A. Morris, '54 El Paso Metals - E. M. Thomas, '54 Florida - W. O. McClintock '54 Fort Worth - Ray Elner, '51 Gulf Coast - H. E. Treichler, '53 Kansas - G. L. Yates, '53 Lehigh Valley - H. R. Gault '54 Lima, Peru - R. P. Koenig, ?54 Lou-Ark - A. H. Crawford. '53 Mexico - W. G. Kane, '54 Mid-Continent - J. H. Beesley, '53 Minnesota - J. R. Stuart, '54 Montana - F. W. Strandberg, '53 Nevada - Albert Silver,'53 New York - P. Malozemoff, '54 North Pacific - A. H. Mellish, '54 North Texas - K. F. Anderson, '54 Chio Valley - J. H. Melvin, ?53 Oklahoma City - Charles Miller, '53 Oregon - T. C. Matthews, '54 Penn. Anthracite - D. C. Helms, '54

Jan 1, 1953

By George C. Gibbons

ALMOST everyone in any of the five counties embracing the great East Texas field depends heavily upon oil for his living whether or not he actually owns a well or piece of royalty himself. Oil is a natural resource that, when utilized, spreads its benefits over a vast area and into many channels. Depending then almost entirely upon agriculture: what is now known as the East Texas oil field a decade ago had a scattered farming population. For many of its people, tomatoes and other vegetable crops coupled with the old southern stand-by of cotton, furnished an adequate living and a small cash surplus. Some farm families on the red hills, however, were not far re- moved from the sowbelly and black- eyed peas, or cornpone and potlikker, standard of living. Kilgore of that day, was a village of less than 850 per- sons. Longview, with just over 5000, apparently had reached the limit of its growth. Tyler was an overgrown farming town of around 17,000 persons, de- pending largely upon the agricultural income of Smith County and surrounding territory for which it was a trading center.

Jan 1, 1941

By William Hume-Rothery

MR. CHAIRMAN, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: I need not say how much I appreciate the honor of being asked to lecture to you, and how much I would thank you for your kind invitation. It is encouraging to feel that the abnormal restrictions of the war have been relaxed sufficiently to allow a free exchange of scientists between our two countries, and I hope that some of you will be persuaded to go to England, and to visit us at Oxford, so that I may repay a little of the kindness I have received from you. As this is one of the first lectures since the end of the war, I have thought it well to describe some of the advances in the theory of alloys which were made in the years between the two World Wars. From the point of view of theoretical science, these years have been of outstanding interest in the history of metallurgy. They have been years in which the development of new and more accurate experimental methods has led to the revelation of many new facts. At the same time, the theoretical developments have enabled some of these facts to be viewed as parts of a general scheme, and we may say that some of the foundations of metallurgical science have been laid. This work was naturally stopped by the Second World War, and it can therefore be reviewed as one definite stage in the development of our Science. To illustrate the new advances, I shall deal mainly with the alloys of copper and silver, since these have revealed many of the general principles. SOLID SOLUTION At the beginning of our period, the first steps in X-ray crystal analysis had been taken, and copper had been found to crystallize in the face-centered cubic structure (Fig I). The determination of this structure naturally was of immense importance in the understanding of our subject, because it meant that we were at last in a position to appreciate the underlying structure out of which the crystal of copper was built. The earlier science of metallography had shown that in many alloys of copper the addition of a second metal in not too large proportions resulted in the formation of a homogeneous alloy which was regarded as a solid solution of the one metal in copper. Fig 2, for example, shows the so-called equilibrium diagram of the copper-zinc alloys, and here you will see that there is a solid solution of zinc in copper extending to something of the order 35 to 40 at. pct zinc.

Jan 1, 1947

By J. R. Finlay

BEFORE entering into the statistical part of this article, some general comments may be ln order. Each important war seems to introduce a new atmosphere and a new epoch. The Civil War led to the period of great interior development in North America, of the transcontinental railroads, and of large-scale manufactures. The first World War introduced the general use of the automobile, the building of a huge network of highways, the radio, and household engineering. Now I expect World War II also to introduce some new ways of living. Transocean aviation will become a commonplace; we shall probably have much more of an eye to our military and naval establishments and be more conscious of Eastern Hemisphere affairs instead of thinking so exclusively of the Western. Each war has also multiplied government expenditures and taxes; and to this rule the present one will certainly be no exception.

Jan 1, 1944

By Alan M. Bateman

Before World War II we proudly considered that we were the nation of all the world most richly endowed in mineral resources. We knew it was no accident that those countries abundantly supplied with mineral resources became the great manufacturing nations, and the politically and militarily strong ones; and that our own great industrial cities sprang up where coal and iron met. We all reallized, especially we of the mining profession, that the energy of fuels and the solidity of metals spelled industrial growth and in turn industrial might and that other nations came to regard mineral self-sufficiency as one of the chief goalsof economic nationalism.

Jan 1, 1949

By AIME AIME

BEFORE proceeding with the papers scheduled for the ore and foundry session*, the teller's report on the election of officers for the ensuing year was presented, a; follows: Chairman. G.C. F. MacKenzie; vice-chairmen, C.S. Robinson, J. T. MacKenzzie, C. E. Meissner; executive committee, A. L. Field, R. F. Harrington, E. F. Kenney lit. Waterhouse announced that the fall meeting will be devoted to alloy steel. This meeting will be held in Chicago the week of Sept. 22 in connection with the National Metal Congress. He also announced that oxygen in steel will be the central idea of the meeting which will be held in New York next February. The first paper, entitled "Sintering Limonitic Iron Ore at Ironton, Minn.," was presented by Perry G. Harrison (T. P. 284), the author. Sintering was first un¬dertaken in 1024 to treat Cuyuna range iron and manganiferous ores low in silica and high in moisture and containing objectionable qualities of fine... A Dwight-Lloyd machine was first installed. This machine was replaced by a larger one having a width of 72 in. The power cost was decreased from about $11.22 per ton of sinter on a 42-in. machine to about X0.14 for the 72-in. machine. The tons of sinter per man-shift was increased from 11.86 to 16.77. Improvements embodied in the larger plant reduced the cost of sintering to $0.41. The analyses of iron ore and manganiferous ore and the sinter produced from these materials was used to show the increase in value at the mine resulting from sintering. Crude iron ore actually unsalable was increased in value f.o.b. mine from a theoretical figure

Jan 1, 1930

THE Institute of Metals Division of the A. I. M. E. has joined with the American Society for Steel Treating and the American Welding Society in support of National Metal Week in Philadelphia, Oct. 8 to 12. Individual and joint technical sessions, plant inspection trips, and a general exposition to be held in Commercial Museum have all been arranged. With the coming of the Institute of Metals Division into the circle, the scope of the exposition has been broadened to cover non-ferrous metals, and exhibits of much interest are promised. Headquarters for the Institute of Metals and the American Society for Steel Treating will be at the Benjamin Franklin Hotel, and for the American Welding Society at the Bellevue-Stratford. The American Society for Steel Treating and the Welding Society will hold technical sessions each forenoon at their hotel headquarters. The Institute of Metals Division will hold sessions Tuesday morning and Wednesday and Thursday afternoons; that for Wednesday being a joint session with the American Society for Steel Treating. The latter society will hold independent afternoon sessions on Thursday and Friday. Registration and information desks will be open at the hotels throughout the week, and an attractive program of entertainments has been arranged.

Jan 1, 1928

By A. Kaufmann, B. Cullity, G. Bitsianes

T0 determine the bulk of the phase diagram, techniques for melting, thermal analysis, heat treatment, metallography, and X-ray diffraction that have already been described were used.' It proved difficult to get definitive results for most of the alloy system because of the large number of compounds, their high melting points, and their extreme brittle-ness which made metallography difficult. The final phase diagram, essentially as shown in Fig. 1, was issued with considerable trepidation.' The phase relationships at the two ends of the system were defined with satisfactory accuracy. In the central region between U,Si, and USi, there was great uncertainty concerning the melting points and even the composition of the compounds. At the uranium end of the system, it is quite clear that a eutectic exists at about 985 °C and approximately 8 or 9 atomic pct Si. The a-to-8 transformation is not appreciably altered by silicon, but the 8-to-y transformation is raised to about 795°C. There is appreciable solid solubility in y-uranium, as demonstrated by the micrographs of Fig. 2. The occurrence of the E phase was not suspected at first, since the alloys as melted and furnace cooled gave no X-ray diffraction or thermal arrest indication of it. However, suitable metallography revealed a rim around each of the compound particles as shown in Fig. 3. Heat treatment above 600°C revealed that the rim was another phase which formed by peritectoid reaction between uranium and U,Si,. This reaction proceeds slowly and it is difficult to get it to go to completion. Consequently, there is some uncertainty concerning the exact composition of P and the exact peritectoid temperature. On the basis of various metallurgical studies, it was decided that the most probable composition for t was about 23 atomic pct Si. Metallographic examination shows the closest approach to a single phase at this composition. Likewise, density and hardness measurements of heat-treated alloys shown in Figs. 9 and 10 show a change in slope at 23 pct Si. This is revealed most clearly by plotting the difference in hardness or density between chill-cast and heat- treated alloys as shown in Fig. 4. Zachariasen2 was able to index the diffraction lines of P and to determine the arrangement of the atoms in the unit cell. He concluded that the composition must be US. However, it is felt that the metallurgical studies are reliable and that Zachariasen's X-ray work does not furnish positive proof that the P phase exists exactly at the stoichiometric composition U3Si. There are many instances in alloy systems where a phase does not occur at the composition dictated by the molecular structure. It is possible that the chemical analyses used in the present work were subject to some systematic error. This seems unlikely, however, since recent work in several laboratories seems to show excess compound at 25 atomic pct Si.

Jan 1, 1958

By Walter E. Hopper

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) I. LOCATION AND EXTENT. THE Caddo oil-field, shown in Fig. 1, is located in Caddo parish, northwestern Louisiana. The known producing territory of oil is covered by townships 19 N, 20 N, 21 N, 22 N, and ranges 15 and 16 W., shown in Fig. 2. The center of the field may be taken as Oil City, 24 miles north of Shreveport, on the Kansas City Southern railway. Shreveport is the second largest city in the State, and is the connecting point of five rail-road-lines. Drilling at the present time, however, is going on all over northern Louisiana, especially in Caddo and the neighboring parishes. II. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT. Natural gas escaping at the surface is found at numerous places in northwestern Louisiana. At Shreveport, the plant of the Shreveport Ice & Refrigerating Co. has been lighted by natural gas for 20 years. The well was drilled for water, but was abandoned on account of the gas. A test well, put down in 1905 near the western limits of Shreveport, was driven to 1,650 ft., and encountered indications of gas and oil at various depths, but did not succeed in finding enough to be profitable. Attention was first attracted to the Caddo field in 1895 by indications in water-wells from 40 to 60 ft. deep, in which the pressure of natural gas was noticeable. This indication of gas in a shallow well led to the drilling of the first well in the Caddo field, the old Savage Brothers & Morricell, or the Caddo Lake Oil and Pipe Line No. 1. The rig for this well was erected in May, 1904, and drilling began in June, 1904. The well was bailed Mar. 23, 1905, with a small amount of oil. It was deepened July, 1905, and converted into a "gasser " Jan. 3, 1906. It was abandoned January, 1907. In consequence of the finding of oil in the Savage well, drilling-operations were pushed with energy; and in April, 1905, four wells were drilling. Great trouble was experienced with

Apr 1, 1911

Jan 7, 1976

By Laurence Pellier

Electron microscopical studies were made of the effect of sensitization at 1200oF on a Type-.104 stainless steel with high carbon and low nitrogen and oxygen contents, after solution annealing and after cold working. The loci of the carbide precipitates in the early stages of sensitization were followed in dry stripped plastic replicas. Some observations were made by direct electron transmission on thinned films. Intragranular dislocations showed a high degree of stability through the annealing necessary to produce sensitization. I HE present work was undertaken to determine the effect of sensitization, at 1200°F, for 1/2 hr, on the electron microstructure of a Type-304 stainless steel with high carbon, and low nitrogen and oxygen contents, after solution annealing and after cold working. Many electron microscopical studies of sensitization of 18-8 stainless steels have already been made. Most of them utilized extraction replicas, from which the morphology and composition of the precipitated carbides could be established.'-" ry stripped replicas were seldom used for such studies, although it was demonstrated that they are applicable, in general, to EurveYs of the general microstructure of many alloys' and, in particular, to the observation of precipitated carbides in austenitic stainless steels.3

Jan 1, 1963

By A. H. Bell

DEEPEST hole in the earth, and deepest producing oil well in the world-such is well No. K.C.L. A-2, of the Continental. Oil Co., completed on April 12 in the San Joaquin valley about four miles west of Wasco, Calif. It penetrated the earth's crust to a depth of 15,004 ft.- almost three miles-a depth that exceeds by over 2200 ft. that of the previous record holder in western Texas. It is now producing oil from sands at a depth from 13,092 to 13,- 175 ft., which is about 1500 ft. deeper than the record formerly achieved in Louisiana. Continental's new well was bottomed in what is possibly Domengine-Avenal Eocene sand, and is producing from the Middle Miocene equivalent to the Rio Bravo sand.

Jan 1, 1938

By Sydney H. Ball

A QUARTER of a century ago, a pessimistic Belgian financier in conversation with the founder of the Belgian Congo, that great ruler, Leopold II, emphasized the danger to the colony should the synthesis of rubber be discovered. The king replied, "I do not worry. The Congo has had its ivory period; it now has its rubber period. Tomorrow it will have that of its mineral wealth; eventually that of agricultural products." That "tomorrow" arrived some twenty years ago. Through her mines the Belgian Congo has survived the present depression, and her mines for the next decade will safeguard her. The Congo, in turn. is the surest foundation industrially and financially of Belgium itself. In few, if any, political units is mining as dominant as in the Belgian Congo. In 1930, 1931 and 1932 mineral products represented respectively 67.9 per cent. 70.5 per cent and 59.3 per cent, of the total exports. In 1933 for each white person in the colony, there was produced about $1,675 worth of gold, diamonds, copper, tin ore and minor mineral products and in 1930 the per capita production, notwithstanding the larger population, was almost $2,000.

Jan 1, 1934

United Engineering Trustees, Inc. W. D. B. MOTTER JR., '44 A. L. QUENEAU, '41 ALBERT ROBERTS, '43 The Engineering Foundation GEORGE D. BARRON, '44 F. F. COLCORD, '42 A. L. QUENRAU, '41 Engineering Societies Library Board A. T. HASTINGS, '41 J. W. LAIST, '44 A. B. PARSONS, EX-Officio T. T. READ, '42

Jan 1, 1941

By C. K. Leith

OTHERS here are far better qualified than I to discuss some of the specific proposals for government regulation of the oil industry. I shall make no attempt to carry oil to Oklahoma. The question of public control, however, is inherent in other branches of the mineral industry in varying degrees, and my comments will be directed mainly toward some of the trends affecting the mineral industry as a whole, as a background for your more specific consideration of oil legislation. A proud American tradition has been the insistence on freedom of competition, on equality of economic opportunity, on a policy of laissez faire. Nowhere has this principle been given wider application than in the mineral industry. The mineral field has been open to all comers, and the job of mineral exploitation has naturally attracted daring and independent spirits. The laws governing conditions of discovery and development, as well as the anti- trust laws, have been devised to foster the spirit of private initiative. The result has been the building of a mineral industry on a scale never before approximated anywhere in the world. The impetus thus gained, the methods, the technique, the financial resources, have been projected be- yond our boundaries and have made the American mineral industry the purveyor to the world for many essential commodities and first in the exploitation of the world's minerals. Our habits of individual self-reliance and success are deeply ingrained, and there is hardly an individual in the entire mineral field who does not instinctively recoil fro111 the extension of collective control, whether public or private.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. H. Jr. Herty

ALMOST every metallurgist who has given the Howe Memorial Lecture has had a personal contact with the distinguished gentleman to whose honor this hour is devoted. Unfortunately for me, such personal contacts were not possible. However, in the preparation of a thesis on the open-hearth process, one of my earliest tasks was to make a survey of the literature, and it was from Professor Howe's Metallurgy of Iron and Steel that I drew a number of references to previous work which formed the foundation for my reading. In his volume there is such a complete exposition of the then current thought on the subject of slags and on their role in the elimination of phosphorus from steel that I feel no hesitation in discussing in this Howe Lecture the subject of "Slag Control." In the present era of close specification, the drive for uniformity of product, and the close inspection of the product and of the cost sheet, the utmost efforts must be made to control the steelmaking variables to the best advantage of the steel producer. One of the major variables is the slag in the furnace and its effect upon the composition and quality of the metal. What advantages are to be gained from slag control? In the broad sense the advantages must be tremendous, because the very foundations of good steel melting are based on "shaping up" the slag to a point where, with proper temperature, the heat is ready for the final additions. Every melter works toward these ends through his experience with innumerable heats of steel. The elimination of undesirable constituents such as phosphorus and sulphur is entirely a matter of slag composition and physical nature, a point well known for over half a century. The role played by the slag in assisting in proper heat transfer from roof and flame to the steel has been equally well known. In more recent years there has come the problem of oxygen control in the more accurate gaug-ing of additions for making high-grade rimmed steel for the new strip mills, and in the deoxidizing additions for grain-size control and cleanli-ness of forging steels, both carbon and alloy. In this problem the oxidiz-ing characteristics of the slag are of prime importance.

Jan 1, 1940

By John B. Hastings

THE occurrence of such a large amount of gold in the Hartsel granite, even though the surmised existence of similar areas is not new, brings freshly to mind the pegmatite type of magmatic differentiation lately brought again to attention by occurrences at Silver Peak, Nev., described by Spurr; and in Alaska, described by both Spurr and Brooks. In both localities graunitic rocks or dikes are thought to pass into metalliferous quartz-veins. An interesting association in this connection is the occurrence of diamonds in residual pegmatitic clay of San Juao de Chapado, Brazil, described by Derby :1 (P. 142) "Bodies of pegmatite are quite common in the older rocks of Brazil, both in the. diamond regions and elsewhere, occurring not only in the gneiss and granite, but in the schistose series as well. Those that have been examined are dike-like in their mode of occurrence and granitic in composition." (P. 143) "The question of the eruptive or secretionary origin of pegmatites has long been a subject of discussion among geologists. . . . The recent studies . . . seem to have clearly established that most if not all of them are essentially eruptive masses, though possibly modified in some way by aqueous agencies. Even before becoming acquainted with the literature of the subject this view had seemed to me to be the only acceptable one as regards the typical pegmatites of Brazil." What is pegmatite ? J. F. Kemp says ". . . veins or dikes-it is an open question which is the more correct term-are met formed of very coarsely crystalline aggregates of the same minerals that constitute granite. These are called pegmatite and in them is the home of graphic granite, the curious intergrowth of quartz and feldspar, such that a cross fracture of the blades of quartz suggests cuneiform characters. . . . In regard to the larger veins or dikes it seems improbable that true igneous fusion could have afforded such coarsely crystalline aggregates, and so we are forced to assume such abundance of steam and other vapors, i.e, mineralizers, as to almost, if not quite, imply solution."

Jan 5, 1908

By Arthur Green

A GROUP of 13 cities situated in Los Angeles and Orange counties in Southern California is engaged in constructing an aqueduct to carry water from the Colorado River at a point near Parker, Arizona, to a distribution point sear Riverside, California. The aqueduct will have a total length of approximately 241 miles, and is designed to deliver 1605 cu. ft. of water per second, or a little more than one billion gallons per day. The aqueduct crosses a barren, desert waste and the project includes approximately 91 miles of 16-ft. tunnel. The large amount of tunnel driving that has been done in this country in the past few years has resulted in some remarkable developments in equipment and methods. The building of the Colorado River Aqueduct, with its 91 miles of tunnels, has called on the best engineering knowledge in the country. New and better equipment has been designed for all phases of the work, and this equipment has been coordinated and adapted to the various conditions with a high degree of efficiency. The result has been that records for tunnel driving have been set under adverse natural conditions that exceed the estimates for progress under good conditions. All of the tunnels in the main aqueduct, except the Valverde and Bernasconi at the western end, have a finished diameter, inside the concrete lining, of 16 ft. Fig. 4 shows a section of the tunnel with the concrete lining in place. Fig. 5 illustrates the finished tunnel in three typical sections. The standard tunnel grade is 3.432 ft. per mile in the 16-ft. tunnels, but the Valverde and Bernasconi tunnels have a steeper grade and a finished diameter of 15 ft. 3 in. The rough bore of the large main aqueduct tunnels averages 12.95 solid cubic yards of material per foot of advance in timbered sections and 10.76 solid cubic yards per foot in unsupported sections.

Jan 1, 1936