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The University of Chicago Press, 5750 Ellis Ave , Chicago, Ill This Press publishes books on a wide variety of subjects of scientific interest, as well as several journals Only a few books on geology have been published, however, and the Journal of Geology. The Journal of Geology: A semiquarterly standard American publication in the geological field. $6 per year, single copies, $1, back numbers, within the past five years, $6 per volume Books on geology: The origin of the earth, by T. C Chamberlin, $2 50, Two solar families, by T. C Chamberlin, $2 50, Quantitative classification of igneous rocks, by W. Cross, J. Iddings, L V Pirsson and H. S Washington, $1.75; Studies in minor folds, by C. E. Decker, $1 50; An introduction to the study of ore deposits, by F. H Hatch, $3, A descriptive petrography of the igneous rocks, by A. Johannsen, $4 50, Essentials for the microscopical determination of rock¬forming minerals and rocks, by A. Johannsen (revised ed ) $3, Outlines of geologic history, with special reference to North America, edited by R D. Salisbury, 8150

Jan 1, 1933

By F. B. Plummer

GEOLOGICAL engineering as applied to oil fields, or production geology as some prefer to designate the profession, is designed to fill in the border line between pure geology and pure petroleum engineering. Therefore the production geologist may, and frequently does, reach out to grasp much in both professions. Where once the oil geologist was content to pick samples out of a mud ditch and try to identify oil formations from the color or appearance of flakes of rock bailed out of a well, now he has to deal with graphic electrical logs obtained by intricate and highly technical electrical apparatus and to make exact determinations to the fraction of an inch of the depth and thickness of an oil sand 2 miles below the surface.

Jan 1, 1944

ALABAMA Altoona -Cain, J Anniston-Cowie, L K Hermrod, A A White, H E Bessemer -Abbott, C E Ball, E M Mitchell, F R Thompson, N E Birmingham -Adler, J E Aldrich, T H Aldrich, T H, Jr Blackburn, A R Bush, M W Clark, G H Cowrn, P G Crane, W R Crawford, G G Crockard. F H

Jan 1, 1923

By AIME AIME

DESTRUCTION of the plants, machines, utilities, tools, materials, and other essentials for peacetime living penalizes not only the owners of the materials destroyed, but the world as a whole. Specifically, the fundamental fallacy of any proposal for the in- discriminate destruction of the German industrial system is that it fails to differentiate between the wartime and the peacetime economy of the Reich. We are for one simple, clear objective-an effective industrial means to keep Germany from starting another war. This objective should not be con- fused, especially before the war is even won, with the appropriate punishment of Germany or with the international arrangements for the long future to be made around the peace table by the representatives of the Allied Nations after victory is achieved. This paper, therefore, does not deal with broad, complex postwar questions of diplomacy and international policy. "Unconditional surrender" implies disarmament of the German armies, the surrender of all arms, munitions, air- planes, and other ordnance material in stock piles or in process. It also should include the elimination of all German war production facilities, such as ordnance plants, munitions plants, and submarine works, and the control of raw materials required by war industries.

Jan 1, 1944

By J. J. Friel, E. S. Erickson

Dolomite-fluxed pellets of various compositions were made from magnetite concentrate, hematite concentrate and a concentrate containing a natural mixture of both. Physical properties and reduction test results were used to ascertain proper compositions and firing temperatures. These pellets were subjected to physical tests and to reduction tests. Petrographic and electron microprobe examinations were made to evaluate the effect of composition and fining on the phase assemblage. We interpreted our test results in terms of chemistry and microstructure and related these to properties. This approach enabled w to determine the composition best suited to each of the three concentrates. Compared with acid pellets, dolomite- fluxed pellets of the optimum compositions had similar physical properties but swelled less, softened at a higher temperature, and reduced faster and more completely.

Jan 1, 1983

By Clarence E. Sims

An effort has been made to give both a comprehensive and simplified picture of the origin, modes of formation, and characteristics of nonmetallic inclusions in steel. Exogenous inclusions, those formed by mechanical entrainment or heterogeneous reaction, have their principal source in ladle refractories. Mechanical emulsion is not considered a likely mechanism. Endogenous inclusions, resulting from homogeneous reactions, are formed mainly during cooling and freezing. They are principally oxides and sulfides but include some nitrides and carbides. Deoxidation affects both the quantity and character of such oxide inclusions and significantly affects the size and shape of sulfides. The importance of inclusions is largely in their effect on mechanical properties. It is fitting and proper that we should honor the memory of those technical giants who have left such a rich heritage to our profession. Today, according to annual custom, we pay tribute to such a man. To have been chosen to play a part in this observance prompts in me an inordinate pride while I am humble before the responsibilities of my task. The ranks are growing thin of those who had the good fortune to come under the personal influence of Professor Howe, but the number who continue to benefit from his legacy of technical wisdom con-stantly increases. I am among the latter. One has only to read his works to appreciate his unusual ability to take data and observations from many sources and give them a clear and comprehensive

Jan 1, 1960

By B. J. Nelson, F. N. Rhinos

Studies upon the rates of oxidation of copper alloys containing small quantities of the alloying elementsl,2 have shown that steady growth of the scales at predictable rates is limited to a small concentration range and to oxidation at temperatures above 600°C., whereas unpredictable and erratic oxidation behavior is found with alloys containing larger additions and at low temperatures. The latter effect appears to be associated with modifications in the geometric disposition of the oxides. At low concentrations of the baser elements in copper, simple oxidation behavior is typified by the formation of two distinguishable zones of oxidation: (I) a subscale composed of discrete particles of the oxide of the alloying element embedded in substantially pure copper and (2) an external scale composed of cuprous oxide (with a very thin layer of cupric oxide on the outside) containing particles of the alloying element distributed throughout, but most profusely near the metal surface (see Fig. 2, top). Where this type of structure obtains, the process of oxidation is believed to be implemented, and its rate controlled, by the diffusion of the reacting elements through a' continuous matrix phase; i.e., through the alpha (metallic) phase of the subscale and alloy and through the cuprous oxide of the external scale. Copper is presumed to diffuse outward through the cuprous oxide layer to the external surface, where it reacts to form more cuprous oxide.3 Oxygen is delivered at the oxide-metal interface in the form of cuprous oxide, which may either react with the alloying element to deposit its oxide at the inner limit of the external scale or dissolve in the pure copper that remains at the surface of the metal after it has become depleted in its oxidiza-ble alloying elements. Both oxygen and the alloying element are pictured as diffusing through the metal, the oxygen inward and the alloying element outward. Where the two diffusion streams meet in sufficient concentration the oxide of the subscale is precipitated. If the oxygen pressure in the surrounding atmosphere is just below the pressure necessary to maintain cuprous oxide undecomposed, no cuprous oxide can be formed; some of the oxide of the alloying element may form upon the external surface, if its decomposition pressure is below that of cuprous oxide, and a normal sub-scale appears. This condition is achieved experimentally by enclosing the alloy with cuprous oxide together with an excess of copper. At temperatures from 600°C. downward, the precipitated oxides tend to accumulate at the grain boundaries of the alpha phase where a relatively small volume establishes a partial barrier to the diffusion of the reactants- Similarly, large volumes of Precipitated oxides tend to deposit in various patterns that may be expected to

Jan 1, 1944

By F. N. Rhinos, B. J. Nelson

Studies upon the rates of oxidation of copper alloys containing small quantities of the alloying elementsl,2 have shown that steady growth of the scales at predictable rates is limited to a small concentration range and to oxidation at temperatures above 600°C., whereas unpredictable and erratic oxidation behavior is found with alloys containing larger additions and at low temperatures. The latter effect appears to be associated with modifications in the geometric disposition of the oxides. At low concentrations of the baser elements in copper, simple oxidation behavior is typified by the formation of two distinguishable zones of oxidation: (I) a subscale composed of discrete particles of the oxide of the alloying element embedded in substantially pure copper and (2) an external scale composed of cuprous oxide (with a very thin layer of cupric oxide on the outside) containing particles of the alloying element distributed throughout, but most profusely near the metal surface (see Fig. 2, top). Where this type of structure obtains, the process of oxidation is believed to be implemented, and its rate controlled, by the diffusion of the reacting elements through a' continuous matrix phase; i.e., through the alpha (metallic) phase of the subscale and alloy and through the cuprous oxide of the external scale. Copper is presumed to diffuse outward through the cuprous oxide layer to the external surface, where it reacts to form more cuprous oxide.3 Oxygen is delivered at the oxide-metal interface in the form of cuprous oxide, which may either react with the alloying element to deposit its oxide at the inner limit of the external scale or dissolve in the pure copper that remains at the surface of the metal after it has become depleted in its oxidiza-ble alloying elements. Both oxygen and the alloying element are pictured as diffusing through the metal, the oxygen inward and the alloying element outward. Where the two diffusion streams meet in sufficient concentration the oxide of the subscale is precipitated. If the oxygen pressure in the surrounding atmosphere is just below the pressure necessary to maintain cuprous oxide undecomposed, no cuprous oxide can be formed; some of the oxide of the alloying element may form upon the external surface, if its decomposition pressure is below that of cuprous oxide, and a normal sub-scale appears. This condition is achieved experimentally by enclosing the alloy with cuprous oxide together with an excess of copper. At temperatures from 600°C. downward, the precipitated oxides tend to accumulate at the grain boundaries of the alpha phase where a relatively small volume establishes a partial barrier to the diffusion of the reactants- Similarly, large volumes of Precipitated oxides tend to deposit in various patterns that may be expected to

Jan 1, 1944

By AIME

A GEOLOGIST --one versed in geology, the science which treats of the history of the earth and its life, especially as recorded in the rocks; that is Webster's definition. William Embry Wrather-one of the country's foremost geologists who heads the U. S. Geological Survey; this is the 1948 President of the Institute. He has studied the geology of areas on the face of the earth as far-flung as Texas and the Balkans, and now heads the world's largest staff of geologists. Vital statistics on Dr. Wrather would show his place of birth as Brandenburg, Ky., the year 1883. He will celebrate his threescore and five years of full living the twentieth of this month. As is usual in biographical sketches of this nature, the formative years of youth, and in many ways the most important years of one's life (since professional tendencies as well as many important personal decisions are evidenced before the teens are left behind) are passed over with the mere fact noted that a degree was earned at such and such educational institution. And so we note that Dr. Wrather received his Ph.B. degree at the University of Chicago in 1907, and followed up that degree with two years of graduate study.

Jan 1, 1948

By Clark A. Sumner, D. Arthur Burnham

A process for recovery of greater than 99% of the copper contained in acid leach solutions by sulfide precipitation using hydrogen sulfide as a hydrometallurgical reagent has been developed. The process incorporates the concept of hydrogen sulfide addition to recycled copper sulfide solids in a turbulent flow area where further precipitation or agglomeration occurs to increase the effective particle size of the copper sulfide precipitate. Because the recycled solids provide a larger number of particles upon which momentary excesses of hydrogen sulfide are absorbed, oversulfidization of the product is prevented. Copper sulfide precipitates produced in this manner in a laboratory test reactor showed greatly improved physical characteristics compared to copper sulfide precipitates obtained by conventional direct precipitation in which H2S is bubbled directly into acid leach liquor. Copper sulfide precipitates were evaluated and compared by use of filtration tests and settling rate studies. Electron microscopic examination of the solids confirmed the presence of larger particles in reactor-precipitated copper sulfide. Flotation was examined as an alternative to filtration for recovery of CuS precipitates and was found to achieve complete CuS removal without addition of collector or frothing reagents in a period of 2 min. In the same test reactor, a rapidly floatable CuS precipitate was also formed by mixing H2S with acid liquors used to leach crushed copper oxide-copper sulfide ore (LPF process). In the presence of gangue from the crushed ore, flotation of both natural and reactor-produced copper sulfides resulted in recovery of better than 90% of the copper contained in the crushed ore.

Jan 1, 1974

1-Iron and Steel JOHN A MATHEWS, Chairman Ralph H SWEETSER Vice-chairman WILLIAM CAMPBELL, Vice-chairman MAX ROESLER, Secretary Iron Ore CHARLES B MURRAY, Chairman R C ALLEN W O HOTCHKISS MAX ROESLER ERNEST F BURCHARD THOMAS T READ DWIGHT E WOODBRIDGE M M DUNCAN WILLIAM KELLY CARL ZAPFFE C T FAIRBAIRN CHARLES F RAND

Jan 1, 1923

The visitors to the October meeting will be given opportunity to visit the coal fields in Illinois, adjacent to St. Louis, the steam-shovel operations near Pittsburgh, Kan., and the Oklahoma oil fields. The coal mines of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas furnish fuel over all of the central region of the country. Especially at this time, this district is of importance because of the necessity of producing enormous quantities to meet the country's demand. Some of the mines produce as much as 5,500 tons in 8 hr., and. the total output of Illinois, alone, in 1916, was 63,000,000 tons. Visitors may see elaborate underground electric tram systems, large underground machine repair shops, surface plants equipped for rapid loading, and some of the most modern coal-washing installations. The conditions for mining here are somewhat simpler than in the east.

Jan 8, 1917

By AIME AIME

THE Hazleton district of the Pennsylvania Anthracite Region will be the scene Oct. 14 and 15 of the fall meeting of the Coal Division and the Pennsylvania Anthracite Section. Here, coal mining has been active for more than 100 years and hereabouts industrial necessity inspired the numerous inventions of the Pardees, Eckley B. Coxe, a former A.I.M.E. president, and the Marltles, who contributed much to the success of the Institute in its early days, as well as to the upbuilding of modern methods in the anthracite and bituminous industries. Headquarters will be the Altamont Hotel, Hazleton, Pa. There will be two technical sessions Friday, registration preceding the first which is scheduled for 11 a.m. to 1 p. m. The second will be called at 2:30 p.m. Saturday is reserved for mine and plant visits, with golf and tennis after luncheon for those so inclined. The ladies are cordially invited to the meeting and arrangements have been made for their participation in much of the program. The chairmen of the committees preparing for the meeting are: Donald Markle, president, Jeddo-Highland Coal Co., General Committee; R. E. Hobart, mechanical superintendent, Lehigh Navigation Coal. Co., Committee on Visits and Inspections; H. D. Kynor, general manager, Northumberland Mining Co., Committee on Programs and Papers; B. H. Stockett, general manager, Weston; Dodson, Inc., Reception Committee.

Jan 1, 1932

COMMITTEE IN CHARGE SPENCER PENROSE, Chairman A. E. CARLTON, Chairman Finance Committee GEORGE M. TAYLOR, Vice-Chairman J. DAWSON HAWKINS, Secretary DENVER Arrangement DAVE G. MILLER FRANK BULKLEY GEO. E. COLLINS Entertainment F. H. BOSTWICK F. E. SHEPARD HOWLAND BANCROFT B. P. MORSE J. G. PERRY Finance T. B. STEARNS RICHARD A. PARKER T. B. BURBRIDGE

Jan 7, 1918

Meeting, June 26, 1913).-On the petition of 29 members residing in and near San Francisco, Cal., the San Francisco Local Section was established. The territory of the St. Louis Local Section was established to include the following States and parts thereof: All the State of Missouri ; That part of the State of Illinois south of and including the city of Urbana ; That part of the State of Indiana south of and including the city of Indianapolis ; That. part of the State of Kentucky west of and including the city of Frankfort ; That part Of the State of Tennessee west of and including the city of Nashville That part of the State of Arkansas north of and including the city of Little Rock.

Jan 7, 1913

By L. L. Oriard

In order to predict the influence of blasting on slopes, one must first understand the action of explosives, the manner in which rock is broken or displaced, and how seismic waves are transmitted, and the nature of these seismic waves. In this paper, the author describes the action of high explosives on rock masses, beginning at the source of the explosion, extending through the zone of rupture to a distance where only elastic waves of low energy persist. The paper describes the relationships between explosives charge quantities and distances, including the character and intensity of the seismic waves in various types of terrain. In looking at the analysis of slopes subjected to seismic waves, it has been common practice to assume a simplified model in which the anticipated acceleration is applied horizontally to the slope as an equivalent static force, or a model in which there is a rigid base subjected to mechanical shaking. Such models do not accurately portray blasting activity taking place within or near the slope in question. In dealing with blasting effects, it is important to under- stand seismic wave types, wave lengths, attenuation and transmission paths, as well as vibration intensity. In most cases, those slopes that are the least stable under static loading will also be the least stable under dynamic loading, although there may be rare exceptions. Thus, the more that is known about a slope statically, the better will be the assessment of it dynamically.

Jan 1, 1983

PERSONAL (Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period Oct. 10 to Nov. 10, 1914: Jintaro Kojima, Ashio, Japan. E. R. Hinckley, Seoul, Korea. J. Homer Stover, Trenton, N. J. S. A. Taylor, Pittsburgh, Pa. Kirby Thomas, New York, N. Y. Lawrence Addicks, Douglas, Ariz. Keijiro Nishio, Tokyo, Japan. Noel Cunningham, Bethlehem, Pa. Alexander K. Hamilton, Chicago, Ill. E. C. Vigeon, London, England. Harold N. Lawrie, Portland, Ore. S. E. Fairchild, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. C. Spence Thomas, Cardiff, Wales. W. C. Schmidt, Jr., New York, N. Y. Henry Tackmann, New York, N. Y. Kenneth C. Browne, New York, N. Y. Dr. David T. Day has resigned his position with the U. S. Geological Survey and opened an office at 1331 F Street, N. W., Washington, D. C., for practice as a consulting engineer.

Jan 12, 1914

By John F. Elliott

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Acting Editor, Poul G. Shewmon Carnegie lnstitute of Technology Schenley Pork Pittsburgh 13, PO. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: Rich-ard C. Cole, President; Karl L. Fetters, Past-President; J. H. Scoff, Vice President; R. L. Henneboch, Treasurer, R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: R. E. Lund, Chairmon; T. E. Dancy, P. R. Gouwens, W. A. Krivsky, F. C. Longenberg, E. R. Morgan, R.R. Nosh, Poul Queneou, W.O. Philbrook, J. H. Scoff, L. L. Seigle, and M. E. Wadsworth. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: M. E. Wadsworth, Chairmon; R. E. Grace, Vice Chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., G. M. Bell, D. H. Bridges, J. M. Cigon, G. W. Healy, R. A. Lewis, C. E. O'Neill, A. W. Schlechten, R. E. Shinkoskey, and W. W. Stephens. Iron and Steel Division: T. E. Dancy, Chairman; A. Muan, D.W. Murphy, R. D. Pehlke, J. M. Uys, J. 5. Wagstoff, and R. G. Word. lnstitute of Metals Division: R. R. Nash, Chairman, H. H. Johnson, Jr., Vice Chairman; M. R. Achter, P. A. Beck, J. J. Becker, G. F. Bolling, J. 0. Brittain, J. 8. Clark, R. 5. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, L. A. Girifalco, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendrickson, L. Himmel, J. P. Hirth, R. H. Richmao, H.C.Rogers, W. Rostoker, 0. D. Sherby. E. A. Steigawald, R. Steinitz, H. C. Stumpf, R. A. Swalin, W. A. Tiller, W. R. Upthegrove, D. Walton, H.W. Weart, and D. Wilsdorf. Published bimonthly by the American lnstitute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York 17. N. Y. Telephone PLaza 2-6800. Subscription $30 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $32, foreign;$30per $7 50 for AlME members. Single copies, $6.00, single copies foreign, $6.50. The AlME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications ... Copyright 1963 by the American lnstitute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc....Registered cable address, AlME New York . .. Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . Second class postage paid ot New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 227, Number 4.

Jan 1, 1963

By E. M. Wise

THOUGH known as the platinum-group metal- the sextuplet, platinum, palladium, iridium. rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, might well be called the American metals or perhaps Pan-American metals, as the ore containing them eras first discovered in South America, and in recent years the largest production has come from North America. The South American alluvial deposits, which also, contain gold, are in active production, as are the alluvial platinum deposits of Alaska, but the main production is from the copper-nickel ores of Sudbury, Ontario. The Russian deposits in the Urals were the source of most of the worlds platinum for about 100 years, but since 1934 have assumed second place. For a time considerable amounts of platinum came from several rather rich deposits in South Africa but these were exhausted quickly. However, a tremendous reserve of lower-grade ore exists there, which could be worked profitably if the price of platinum were considerably higher.

Jan 1, 1942