Search Documents

"THE CONCEPT of energy as a commodity, while not entirely new, is not as widespread as the importance of the idea to this modern world would lead one to expect. The growth in the supply and use of energy over the past years has been tremendous, but our very closeness and familiarity have somewhat distorted the viewpoint, particularly of the younger generation. To many of us who remember the wonderful satisfaction of our first responsibility for directing two horsepower hitched to a farm cart or hay wagon, there still arises a feeling of some awe at the casual flick of the switch with which our sons and daughters summon to their convenience the service of some one hundred or more horsepower.Energy is the vital component of our existence and, no matter what contempt our day-to-day familiarity may •breed, it is wise to .pause from time to time and consider our national energy standing. Have we still capital in the bank? Are our expenditures wisely •conceived and well directed? Is provision being made for the years •ahead for the needs of our children and our children's children?"

Jan 1, 1953

"At a current mining rate of 3,750 tons per day, La Mine Doyon is currently the largest gold mine in Canada. La Mine Doyon is an open pit gold mine located in the Abitibi area of Northwestern Quebec. The project is a joint venture between Soquem, a Quebec Crown Corporation in the resource development field and Lac Minerals Ltd., a publicly-held, resource development company. Lac Minerals is the managing company and operator of the project.Doyon went into production in 1980 on a very limited basis at 600 tons/day, and has seen a step wise increase to the current rate of 3,750 tons/day. Initially, all the ore was processed at Noranda Mines, Horne Division as flux for the copper smelter. The East Malartic Mill in Malartic was then upgraded and began processing Doyon ore. The third step in the progressive increase of throughput was the commissioning of the Doyon mill in November of 1982. Doyon ore is currently being processed at all three locations.During 1983, an exploration ramp was driven to explore the ore below the ultimate pit depth. Current plans indicate the sinking of a shaft and the commencement of underground mining during the next 2 or 3 years.Since its humble beginning, La Mine Doyon has always been a success; ore reserves have been extended to the east and the west and will soon be confirmed at depth, the mining and processing rates have been increased 6 fold, and the recovery has been increased from a designed recovery of 85% to over 95%. The intent of this paper is to trace the history and reasons for these rather dramatic improvements."

Jan 1, 1984

By Gerald Sanders

Presentation Topics ? We?re Going to the Moon Again? ? What is Lunar Mining ? In-Situ Resource Utilization? ? What Are The Challenges to Lunar Mining? ? What is NASA Currently Doing?

May 1, 2009

By K. Svens, M. Lahtinen, L. Lehtinen

"Outotec's direct leaching process is an atmospheric leaching process for sulphidiczinc concentrates. The direct leaching process, based on special leaching reactors developed by Outokumpu and leaching know-how, is the most economical way to produce electrolytic zinc. The newest industrial-scale application of Outotec's direct leaching process will be started up in 2008 in China at Zhuzhou smelter. The process isintegrated to the existing production plant, replacing part of the old production facilities by modern technology and increasing the production capacity significantly. The process equipment supplied by Outotec includes also tailor-made reactors designed on the basisof the work and experience of Outotec Research Centre."

Jan 1, 2008

By Louise Pearce

?Environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) are: ??process-driven and scientific processes ??The process entails a number of steps and procedures which result in obtaining a licenceto operate ?and moving more towards a social license to cooperate. ?However, the primary premise of ESIA is to facilitate the consideration of environment and the communities in planning and decision-making which would ultimately make it possible to arrive at decisions that are ?sustainable?. ?Hence, ensuring the development of the mining sector on a sustainable basis is a critical challenge that needs to be addressed by the global community.

May 1, 2011

By Peter Barker, Terry Jones

"The Kelsey Centrifugal Jig (KCJ) utilizes the application of centrifugal force (and the resultant enhanced gravitational field) to conventional jigging technology principles to successfully and efficiently process materials where the valuable constituent particulates are very fine and/or where there is a small specific gravity differential between these and the gangue minerals.The KCJ is applicable to a broad range of fine mineral recovery duties, with current installations in the mineral sands, tin, tantalum, gold and nickel industries. Other areas of application are being developed with mineral commodities including tungsten, base metals, iron ore, chromite and apatite/feldspar.Information on the principles of operation of the KCJ, typical performance figures in a number of application areas, comparison to centrifugal concentrators, key elements for a successful KCJ operation and recent developments with the KCJ are presented in this paper to demonstrate the capabilities of the KCJ.INTRODUCTIONAfter a number of years of development by inventor Chris Kelsey, the first commercial KCJ unit was installed at the Renison Bell tin mine in Tasmania, Australia, in 1992. The subsequent decade saw the installation of further KCJ units in applications including tin, tantalum and mineral sands.Development and improvement in KCJ hardware continued and culminated in the introduction of the high-capacity Model J1800 KCJ and standard features such as an automatic screen cleaning system. This opened up further markets and resulted in Model J1800 KCJ installations in the gold and nickel industries, as well as further KCJ installations in the mineral sands and tin industries. In recent years, work has continued on application of the KCJ to many other duties in industries including tungsten, base metals, iron ore, chromite, apatite/feldspar, etc."

Jan 1, 2007

By N. Ginouse, S. Reny

"In the mining industry time is critical as production depends on the speed of the mining cycle. During the mining process, the time required to re-open access for the next phase of an underground heading is a key point that strongly depends on the ability of the selected ground support technique to promptly ensure the safety of workers. Fiber reinforced dry-mix shotcrete has been proven to be an efficient and well adapted technique, able to produce a ground support material with the required energy absorption or flexural toughness in a single application phase. In this context, this paper demonstrates the possibility of significantly speeding up the mining process by using a new fiber reinforced dry-mix shotcrete. The new fiber reinforced dry-mix shotcrete is capable of developing flexural toughness in only 24 hours that is equivalent to what is typically achieved after 28 days using current fiber reinforced drymix shotcrete technology.INTRODUCTIONShotcrete is often used for ground support when using the drill and blast method or other tunnelling methods. But before re-opening access for the next phase of the underground heading, the applied shotcrete is required to reach a minimum compressive strength and in case of fiber reinforced shotcrete, a minimum flexural toughness (energy absorption) in order to ensure the safety of the workers going into the heading. Combined with bolts, the use of conventional fiber reinforced shotcrete becomes an interesting method for ground support as it is applied very soon after excavation and works to stabilize ground movements (Bernard E. S., 2009). In this case, the toughness development of fiber reinforced shotcrete becomes an important feature of the material when looking to speedup the mining cycle. However, early re-entry criteria in underground openings are difficult to ascertain as the load carrying capacity of fiber reinforced shotcrete is usually assessed after 7 or 28 days. For this reason, re-entry criteria varies from one mining area to another and are usually based on compressive strength requirements. For example, in northern Ontario, Canada, one of the current practices in the mining industry consists of allowing safe re-entry once fiber reinforced shotcrete has developed a compressive strength of higher than 4 MPa (Dufour, O’Donnell, & Ballou, 2003). Flexural toughness requirements on fiber reinforced shotcrete are also typically based on evaluation after 28 days."

Jan 1, 2015

By A. M. Childs, R. F. Mather, K. R. Rawling

"The challenges encountered in the design and construction of mines and their process facilities today are becoming more intense and the engineering more competitive. The need to incorporate new techno1ogy to compensate for ever rising costs is always present, but its application in the harsh environment of Northern Canada increasingly requires the inclusion of new proven methods and innovative approaches to arrive at economically attractive projects.This paper deals with the development of the process design for the Cullaton Lake Gold Mine in the Northwest Territories. Particular emphasis is given to the interaction of the imposed construction and testwork schedules, and their effect on certain process decisions.The challenge that faced the project team may be defined by the following factors:1. A schedule which required that metallurgical testing, engineering, and procurement and delivery of all equipment and construction supplies should be complete within a period of ten months.2. Transportation of all personnel, equipment and supplies to the site by airlift, as no road was available or affordable.3. A six week period when transportation to the site was impossible.4. The extremes of temperature beyond the tree line in the Northwest Territories.5. A complete lack of infrastructure in the area."

Jan 1, 1983

By Charles Goodeve

"BEFORE I begin, I should like to thank The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy for the honour they have bestowed in inviting me to give this address at the fourth annual C.I.M. Conference of Metallurgists banquet.Secondly, I should like' to convey the greetings of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain in accordance with a request made by its Council at its last meeting. The I.S.I. hopes for the continued growth in strength of this annual Conference and in the collaboration between our respective societies.When I read the program of this Conference, it was brought home to me what a non-ferrons country Canada is. Also, I realized what enormous advances have been, and are being made, and what an ex-citing field non-ferrous metallurgy is for the scientist. This made me wonder, as I have done before, whether the future for steel was proof against these advances.At present, iron and steel stand astride the metallurgical world like a Colossus; I hope that the bronze industry will pardon my stealing their thunder and mixing my metaphors! Will this still be so in the future?The best way to answer this question is to take a look at the fundamentals to see why the iron atom dominates to such an extent that al! other metals are called ""non-ferrons."" Is its present position due to historical and therefore ephemeral reasons, or is there a fundamental difference between the atom of iron and those of other metals?"

Jan 1, 1966

By A. Rousselet, H. Gilbert-Tremblay, A. Berton

"Robex Resources interrupted production at the Nampala Mine in September 2014 following throughput and gold recovery results which were below expectations during the first months of operation. After a thorough plant audit, an important brainstorming took place in order to identify an economical path to resume production. It was clearly identified that a significant investment was necessary at the concentrator prior to restarting the plant, namely the addition of a ball mill and a new elution system.The mineral processing simulation software USIM PAC was used in order to simulate the grinding circuit in design. The simulations’ outputs allowed the ball mill characteristics and the surrounding classification devices to be designed with more accuracy. Many ball mills available from second hand retailers were therefore studied in the simulated circuit. The chosen ball mill, which was in perfect condition, had the advantage of being available for rapid delivery on site.The paper first describes the ball mill sizing method in comparison with the conventional Allis Chalmers method. It then describes the phase 2 concentrator start-up (that took place in 2016) with the commissioning of the ball mill, the classification circuit, the gravity concentration, the four (4) new carbon-in-leach (CIL) tanks, and the Zadra elution system (The phase 1 start-up took place in 2014). It finally provides production data compared to expected simulation data, as commercial production was reached in January 2017.IntroductionDesigning a new concentrator or new equipment within an existing concentrator requires significant efforts to identify possible bottlenecks and their causes (i.e. limiting equipment or sectors) and accurate sizing of major equipment can have a tremendous impact on the economy of the whole project. In the presented case study, the ball mill was the critical equipment and oversizing it could have brought the Capex to a level where the project would not have gone through. Inversely, undersizing the mill could have resulted in lower production and therefore no economic viability for the project once it is in operation.During engineering studies, equipment sizing often relies on a static mass balance and one-by-one sizing of all pieces of equipment. The sizing is then left to the equipment manufacturer or in the case of mills, evaluated with empirical models mostly relying on the Bond equations (Allis Chalmers method) [Rowland and Kjos, 1978]. This methodology shows the disadvantage of not considering interaction between equipment in a mineral processing circuit, especially when recirculation occurs. Also, it has the disadvantage of not using the more advanced grinding models that include the use of the whole particle size distribution as well as phenomenological components by only using limited parameters in the ore particle size distribution (i.e. the P80). This can be explained by the lack of data that sometimes needs to be gathered in order to tune the more advanced models but also by the conservative mindset in mineral concentration engineering which does not always favor the use of process simulation. In many aspects of process engineering, Soutex has demonstrated its affinity to using simulation in order to size equipment with more accuracy, consider process variability, simulate complex systems, and study supply chain management (Berton et al., 2015)."

Jan 1, 2018

By H. A. Halupka, I. A. Mozer

"At its plant in San Juan, Peru, Marcona Mining Company operates two grate pelletizing furnaces for the agglomeration of 3.5 million long tons of magnetic concentrates annually. Line One, installed in 1963, was built by Lurgi as a downdraft process furnace utilizing a furnace fan for the recuperation of hot gases from the cooling zone. This line was modified in 1966 to include both updraft drying and downdraft drying, and the original roof burners were converted to side-wall burners. Line Two, a Dravo-Lurgi furnace with an annual capacity of 2.4 million long tons, was built in 1966. This line, in contrast to the modified Lurgi furnace, employs direct recuperation of hot gases from the cooling zone and utilization of process gases from the firing zone for updraft drying.At its plant in San Juan, Peru, Marcona Mining Compa-ny operates two grate pelletizing furnaces for the agglo-meration of 3.5 million long tons of magnetic concentrates annually. Line One, installed in 1963, was built by Lurgi as a downdraft process furnace utilizing a furnace fan for the recuperation of hot gases from the cooling zone. This line was modified in 1966 to include both updraft drying and downdraft drying, and the original roof burners were converted to side-wall burners. Line Two, a Dravo-Lurgi furnace with an annual capacity of 2.4 million long tons, was built in 1966. This line, in contrast to the modified Lurgi furnace, employs direct recuperation of hot gases from the cooling zone and utilization of process gases from the firing zone for updraft drying. 5 per cent increased capacity, 30 per cent lower fuel oil consumption, and approximately 400 per cent reduction in grate bar and pallet corrosion. Firing of the pellet bed was improved by conversion from roof to side-wall burners. This modification also permitted utilization of monolithic refractory in place of pre-fired shapes, thereby improving over-all furnace availability and reducing refractory stock requirements from 154 different shapes to 18.Data are presented to compare operating performance of the Dravo-Lurgi furnace and the modified Lurgi furnace. These data show 30 per cent lower fuel oil consumption and 10 per cent higher capacity per unit grate area for the Dravo-Lurgi furnace, which also averages higher availability due to greater operating flexibility."

Jan 1, 1970

By D. Knuutila, G. Goyette, James A. Finch, G. Bartolacci, A. Fortin, Chi Ho Lau, A. Lockhart

"In a COREM-McGill collaborative research and development project, gas dispersion parameters and froth properties were manipulated in a copper flotation plant to study interactions between the collection and the cleaning zones. In this paper, specific work on developing some relationships between operating conditions and froth stability in a rougher column flotation cell of 125 m3 is reported. Froth stability, measured by image analysis, was related to the following process conditions for specific flotation machines in an industrial case study: Gas flow rate, collector dosage, pH, frother type and dosage. Across the range examined, froth stability was improved through a decrease in gas flow rate and/or increasing frother dosage. Metallurgical results (grade and recovery) showed that both gold and copper were dependent on froth stability.INTRODUCTIONMcGill and COREM have over the past two years collaborated in a research and development project to merge gas dispersion parameters, frother analysis (McGill technology), and froth properties (COREM’s imaging system) to study the interactions between the collection zone (pulp) and the cleaning zone (froth). The main goal is to increase knowledge of flotation cell hydrodynamics since it is known to govern the metallurgical performance of the flotation process (Power et al., 2000). In this paper, specific work on developing some relationships between operating conditions and froth stability in a copper flotation circuit is reported.The objective of this work is to study gas dispersion in a large volume flotation column (hydrodynamics) and to measure its impact on the froth. By froth imaging, it is possible to diagnose operational problems on the basis of froth characteristics (Bartolacci et al., 2005a) and consequently, to propose ways of improving process performance by froth analysis (Bartolacci et al., 2005b).Another approach to froth characterization is investigated in this paper. In the same flotation column, a froth stability apparatus (column) was included (Triffet and Cillers, 2004). The mechanical froth stability apparatus is used to link “hard” froth characteristic measurements to “soft” froth characteristic measurements (those obtained by imaging)."

Jan 1, 2008

By R. Barbaroux, B. Dubreuil, D. Lemieux, K. Nasrallah, G. Garcia Curiel

"As conventional, base or precious metal ores are being depleted worldwide, the mining industry is being faced with an increasing exploitation of arsenical sulfidic ores. Enargite is a common example. The downstream processing of these ores poses several problems ranging from high smelter penalties to finding economical and environmentally acceptable means of disposing of the arsenic. Several hydrometallurgical processes have been proposed for extracting arsenic from enargite concentrates, notably using alkaline sulphide leaching (ASL). However, few alternatives exist for removing the arsenic from solution and stabilizing it in an approach that is both economical and environmentally acceptable.Dundee Sustainable Technologies (“DST”) has developed a technology for the sequestration of arsenic by vitrification. Originally optimized to cost-effectively stabilize arsenic trioxide (As2O3), DST has shown that vitrification could be successfully extended to the stabilization of other arsenical products, such as calcium arsenate (Ca3(AsO4)2) and sodium arsenate (Na3AsO4). In this paper, the vitrification of arsenic in the context of an enargite leaching was newly explored and demonstrated successfully.Two processing routes are being proposed by DST for the removal of arsenic from enargite concentrates and their stabilization by vitrification. In one route, arsenic is extracted by ASL and is then precipitated under atmospheric conditions and with minimal use of reagents and time. The resulting precipitate is an unstable hydrated ferric arsenate (FeAsO4•2H2O) that is then vitrified in a non-dilutive method, significantly increasing the stability of arsenic and meeting the TCLP guideline. Unlike is required for scorodite, stabilization was successfully achieved without concern for the crystallinity of the precipitate."

Jan 1, 2017

By Gerald Blackmore

"This paper suggests that with the settlement of long-term contracts of fifteen years' duration, with prospects of extension, the coal mining industry has, for the first time, a complete commercial justification for large-scale planning.The labour costs of coal production over past years are analyzed and, with the acceptance of the premise that the basic shift rates are certain to rise in the years to come, the paper suggests that forward planning should provide &r capital investment to make a traditionally labour-dense industry into a capital-dense industry.Automated methods of manpower deployment and timekeeping and the monitoring of all equipment back to a central control point are discussed as ail-important means of obtaining maximum utilization of high-cost capital investment.Principles of payment of the work-force, and the utilization of equipment 24 hours a day, seven days a week and the maximum number of days a year, are dealt with as means of achieving maximum capital utilization. Some of the new technical underground and coal preparation problems which will undoubtedly result from the concentration of workings and maximum machine utilization are discussed, and the author makes suggestions as to how these might be solved.In short, the author predicts that if the coal mining industry is prepared to recognize the problems and invest in modern equipment backed by highly trained staff. then the outcome will justify the high capital investment involved. He stresses the importance of human communications in achieving this end."

Jan 1, 1970

By Stanley G. Butcher

"Introduction Many operators in western Canada, with a background in the minerals industry, talk of ""coal beneficiation"", whereas the coal industry generally uses the term ""coal preparation"" . The sophisticated cleaning circuits and thermal drying units found in western Canada makes the term beneficiation particularly appropriate. This chapter uses standard coal preparation terminology(l,2J and assumes general knowledge of coal preparation unit processes and equipment(3,4,5). The geologic setting and mining methods of western Canada, described elsewhere in this volume, present for preparation run-of-mine coals which have particular problems. As a result the cost of preparation is a higher proportion of the total minesite production costs than in other coal fields . Preparation requirements are determined by the types of coals being produced and the markets in which they are sold. Western Canadian coals have a low sulphur content and do not require cleaning on this account. Prepared coal from western Canada has to be shipped vast distances -to the Pacific Rim countries and Ontario in particular -and the savings in transport costs justify the high costs of preparation. Factors which dictate selection and operation of the preparation processes are: i) Market specifications and coal rank. ii) Size distribution of particles and particularly the liability of coal and refuse particles to degrade during handling and processing. iii) Quantity and characteristics of the associated refuse. iv) Washability characteristics (the distribution of particles by specific gravity within each size fraction). v) Surface characteristics of the fines. vi) Variability of the raw coal. Where the product (coal or discard) has a high fines content special consideration must be given to dewatering, the removal of surface moisture, to give acceptable handle ability characteristics. In the severe winter climate of the western foothills and mountains thermal drying is necessary to prevent freezing of washed coal in stockpiles and railcars."

Jan 1, 1985

By H. O. Seigel, J. C. Gingerich, E. O. Köstlin

"To satisfy their continuing need to replenish or expand their ore reserves, mining companies are faced with the dilemma of arriving at a proper balance between the dual avenues of discovery through in-house exploration and of acquisition of properties that are relatively proven or are even in production. The returns from exploration activities may be spectacular, but are unpredictable. The allure of an acquisition lies in its promise of quick and risk-reduced addition to reserves. However, it is historically clear that quantum increments in shareholders’ values have arisen primarily through major exploration discoveries, rather than through major late-stage acquisitions. Late-stage acquisitions can prove highly profitable, sometimes based upon the planned use of superior mining or metallurgical technology, but more often occur as the result of unexpected windfalls. At the other extreme, they can become expensive failures through inadequate due diligence, or unforeseeable factors.Citing numerous case histories and industry statistics, it is concluded that a judicious combination of both exploration activity and the acquisition of prospects is the most advantageous strategy for adding new ore reserves. A skilled exploration staff is essential for success, be it through exploration discoveries or through opportunistic acquisitions, preferably at their early stages. In the future, it is anticipated that there will be fewer opportunities for acquisition because of reduced funding for junior exploration companies, leading to increased competition and higher costs for fewer properties, both in the advanced exploration and mining stages."

Jan 1, 2002

? Founded In 1953 ? Mining growth of 83% since 2007 ? We produced over 1 million ounces of Au in 2012 ? We Forecast of 20% Au production in 2013-2015 ? We have paid a dividend 31 years consecutively. Terry Reid ? 1992-93 Electrical Technical, College ? 1994-95 On the job placement College ? 1998 ? Licensed Millwright, ? 2005-12 ? Maintenance Reliability Planner ? 2012- Present Business Process Owner

Aug 1, 2013

By P. Quinn

"The Venturi-aerated flotation column (VAC) is based on a reactor and separator design for a new generation of flotation machines. The reactor is a Venturi tube, where the air/slurry contact takes place with intensive aeration for efficient particle collection. The separator is a column of 1-3 m length that provides quiescent hydrodynamic conditions for effective separation of bubble-particle aggregates from the remaining slurry.Aeration in the Venturi tube occurs via two mechanisms: air dispersion and nucleation (cavitation). By forcing air through a restricted passage with a fast flowing slurry stream, air is dispersed into fine bubbles. Bubble formation due to cavitation occurs on the surface of particles in the low-pressure section of the Venturi, from dissolved air contained in the liquid.Size-by-size recovery and flotation rate constants were determined for a small-scale laboratory Venturi-aerated flotation column. The results were compared to those obtained in a laboratory 2.2 L Denver cell. It is shown that the Venturi-aerated flotation column has slightly slower flotation kinetics to the Denver cell, but with much higher flotation selectivity. A portable Venturi-aerated flotation column can effectively be used to investigate process or equipment problems in operating plants.INTRODUCTIONFlotation processes can generally be divided into two sub-processes: 1) selective collection of hydrophobic particles by air bubbles and 2) separation of bubble-particle aggregates from hydrophilic particles that remain in the pulp. The methods of aeration, or bubble generation, control the mechanism of particle collection by either collision with, and subsequent attachment to bubbles, or by in situ bubble formation on the surfaces of hydrophobic particles. A flotation device should provide optimal aeration conditions for efficient particle collection and a suitable hydrodynamic environment for effective removal of bubble-particle aggregates from the remaining pulp."

Jan 1, 2002

On the 26th of June 2000 a hydraulic fill retaining barricade failed at the Bronzewing mine in Western Australia. The barricade failure resulted in the release of 19,000 m3 of saturated hydraulic fill into the mine and caused the deaths of three miners. Following this tragic accident, the practices and procedures of mines using hydraulic fills came under intense scrutiny by regulatory bodies and mining companies. At this time, the use of hydraulic fill at Normandy?s zinc/copper Scuddles mine was suspended and waste rock became the sole backfill material in use underground. By 2003, development of the adjacent Gossan Hill mine had progressed to a point where a self supporting fill material was required to enable full recovery of high grade ore. Cemented hydraulic fill (CHF) was identified as the optimal fill type and work began on designing appropriate management procedures and controls to ensure the safe implementation. This work included definition of the fill properties, plant design and construction, reticulation system design, design of stope barricades and drainage systems and fill placement control and monitoring practices. CHF placement began on 16th July 2004 and has continued to date. Significant operational experience has since been gained in areas including plant performance, fill product quality assurance, barricade construction, stope drainage and in-situ performance.

May 1, 2007

By Willem P. C. Duyvesteyn

"Scandium International Mining Corp (SCY) has been involved in the commercial development of its Nyngan Scandium Project for about ten years. Various studies at a variety of global R&D organizations have been carried out in an attempt to define the deportment of scandium in both the limonite as well as the saprolite phases of Nyngan ore to assist with process development. Technologies such as sulfuric acid baking, high pressure acid leaching, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid atmospheric leaching and heap leaching have been extensively investigated both at the bench and pilot scale level to arrive at the most economic process flow sheet that will be discussed in some detail in this paper. Solvent extraction, ion exchange and other refining technologies have been tested and an optimum configuration has been established for the Nyngan project which is expected to be the first primary scandium mine and metallurgical plant in the world.Because of a lack of product availability the current scandium market is limited to less than 20 tons per year. Technologies have been identified to produce product with different specifications for aluminum alloys and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Preliminary economics have identified that Nyngan will be a robust and low capital cost project that can readily be expanded as the size of the scandium market increases."

Jan 1, 2016