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The past four years since the 2008 MINExpo have been a roller coaster ride for the mining industry, with highs and lows and everything in between. One of the natural consequences of this uncertainty has been a number of significant consolidations and mergers, and this trend has trickled down into the crushing industry. And while there have been some significant changes to this sector of the mining industry, many of the big players have weathered the storm. The following is a look at some of the mineral processing companies that will be at MINExpo. McLanahan Corp. McLanahan Corp. is an example of the changes in the sector. The crushing and grinding stalwart acquired Universal Engineering, expanding its traditional focus on soft mineral crushing to hard rock crushing. At MINExpo, it will be showing off three new pieces of equipment, the LabMill Crusher, the Rocker Tooth Crusher and the Recessed Filter Press.

Jan 1, 2012

By G. T. Lineberry

Underground mine development begins with the positive investment decision to mine and ends with the inception of full-scale exploitation. It incorporates all activities, personnel, and equipment required for creation of underground access to a mineral deposit. Because of the depletion of near-surface mineral resources, the reduced mobility of large surface mining equipment, increasingly stringent environmental constraints, and the introduction of promising innovations to rock penetration and rock excavating equipment (e.g., continuous miners, rock borers), under-ground mining is projected to account for an increased share of worldwide mineral production in the foreseeable future. Without proper engineering during the mine development phase, failure of the underground mining project is axiomatic. A frustration attendant to coverage of the complex area of underground mine development lies not only with the need for treatment of the many disparate specialties within the area but even with the lack of systematization of these specialties in what is recognized as a vital precursor to successful mining. Section17 offers insights into (1) the basic principles of the planning and design process, including baseline assessment, reserve determination, premine planning, and subsystem design (Chapter17.1); (2) equipment selection and sizing, with emphasis on exca-

Jan 1, 2008

By J. Perlacia

"As the bulk handling sector continues its transformation to Industry 4.0, the mining industry, and its harsh working and environmental conditions, provides a perfect spot to study the feasibility of remote analysis and maintenance of the components used for bulk handling. The most important and expensive tools have been adapted to the digital era in recent years, from remotely controlled haul trucks to monitored conveyor belts.However, the big items of the installations rely on smaller parts that have been leftaside, mainly due to the difficultyof adapting them to the Internet ofThings (IoT).The paradigmatic example is the lack of monitored rollers, while all the other components of the conveyorbelt installations (the belt itself, motors, drums, etc.) were monitored some time ago. The main problem is that a failure of a single roller can cause the stoppage of the entire conveyor, due to possible damage to the belt. Thus, the implementation of an integral monitoring system of all the components of the conveyor is a must.The research and development department of ULMA Conveyor Components has been working since early 2012 on the development of monitored rollers, testing all the problems until their final installation in different demanding conditions, from the extreme heat in Australia to the freezing cold of Norway. All the tests have been done under actual working conditions, in real installations and have provided valuable knowledge in the identification of problems, their solutions and the final advantages of a roller monitoring system.Background and current stateThe malfunction of a single roller in certain conveyor belts can force the standstill of the entire installation until its replacement, due to the risk of greater and more expensive failures, such as a rip in the belt. In the case of a bulk handling installation, where a continuous supply of material is necessary, an unexpected stop of one hour could result in huge economic losses."

Nov 1, 2019

By Mark Lawshe, Shosie Serata

The conventional method of mining underground, using narrow rooms and wide pillars, has proven to be poorly adapted to the powerful earth forces that act on underground openings. The high costs of roof bolting, timbering, steel arching, and other means of artificial roof support for both room-and--pillar operations and longwall gate roadways attest to the limitations of traditional mine design. Too often, productivity halts when corners buckle under "cutter roof' stresses, floors heave, and roof strata fall. In the 1960s, an entirely different approach to strata control was developed. The Stress Control Method (SCM) stabilizes failing roofs and heaving floors by removing the cause of failure - highly concentrated stresses around the openings. This is achieved by regrouping three to 10 rooms into a single entry where the rooms are separated by very narrow yielding but stable pillars. SCM employs a specified excavation sequence to redirect earth pressures away from the mine openings. The yield pillars act as scaffolding until a permanently protective secondary stress envelope forms around the entry (lower part of Fig. 1). The result is a dramatic improvement in roof stability and a significant reduction in artificial support costs. Some roof bolting must still be done, mainly to meet Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) requirements. Potash, salt, coal mining The stress control method was first applied to the deep potash mines of Saskatchewan. The new SCM design actually increased room widths to enlarge the stress envelope, redistributing the stress concentration away from the entries (Serata and Schultz, 1972). This resulted in a turnaround from pervasive roof fall/floor heave conditions that threatened operations in the eight new mines opened in the Saskatchewan potash field during the 1960s. In addition to eliminating all roof bolting, SCM successfully stabilized ground conditions and substantially increased productivity over the original design (Serata, 1976, 1982). Similarly, the deep Boulby potash mine of Yorkshire, England, was about to close after various conventional means of combating roof failure had failed. An SCM test area was excavated that resulted in the ground quickly stabilizing without need o artificial support (Serata, 1982; Chilton and Laird, 1982). Another example is the Diamond Crystal salt mine in Louisiana. Here, multiple level mining was being extended from the third to the fourth level downward in the Jefferson Island salt dome. Extensive roof failure was occurring at 396 m (1300 ft) ii the third level. SCM design principles in creased the room size from 24 to 49 m (80 t( 160 ft) on the fourth level at a depth of 457 m (1500 ft). This unprecedented expansion of room width was first questioned and later ap¬proved by MS HA, which expressed satisfaction in seeing the improvement documented by field validation data in 1973. The most recent SUM application to salt mining has been in the Michigan Basin a: Goderich, Ontario. The anticipated abandonment of Domtar Chemicals Group/Sifto Salt Division's deep operation in bedded sale was prevented by a multi-year SCM implementation. The success of SCM in dry mining[lecc] to its application to solution mining of salt This adaptation of the method is now being implemented in bedded salt at Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta by Dow Chemical Co., and in St. Clair, MI by International Salt Co. Application of SCM to solution mining in a salt dome is proceeding at Napoleonville. LA by Dow Chemical. The same technology has also been applied to cavern design for the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), and the compressed air energy storage (CAES)

Jan 1, 1989

By K. H. McDaniel

People are our most valuable resource. It is as true today as any point in mining history as we face unprecedented personnel shortages aggravated by a workforce that is aging, significant generational gaps and difficulties recruiting younger professionals all amidst increasing global mineral demand. The educational system has a similar, but slightly contrary problem. Many historically strong mining engineering programs have died. Now, fewer mining oriented universities are trying to produce more students in order to meet the demand. Moreover, their situation is aggravated by a similarly aging workforce, a general lack of mid-career PhD?s with the interest and field experience to teach effectively, an extremely slow hiring and funding process, and an inability to be competitive against private industry compensation packages. The traditional instructional model, while not necessarily broken, is most certainly dated, and can penalize programs and students where schools do not have in-house expertise in a given topic. Mining companies, like Rio Tinto, have the opportunity, if not necessarily the obligation, to positively influence how this model works. Educational Partnerships may be the key. This paper will address some observations, and possibilities, associated with Rio Tinto?s efforts in this area.

Feb 23, 2014

By Mokhinabonu Mardonova, Yosoon Choi

Open-source technology for supporting the Industry 4.0 has become the target of academic research in many sectors. This study reviewed the trends of open-source technology, its forms, and some industrial applications. As a case study using open-source hardware and software for the mining industry, this study proposed a low-cost environmental monitoring system for non-metallic underground mines to support mine safety and occupational health issues. The system was developed using open-source hardware, Arduino and 3D printer, to design the monitoring device. An open-source software, MIT App Inventor, was used for developing an Android application for smartphones to enable remote communication with the system. Field experiments were conducted at an underground tunnel and a non-metallic underground mining site to assess the performance of the system in both mobile and static modes, respectively. Although a few limitations related to the precision of the low-cost dust and gas sensors still exist, the findings of the experiments show that the mining industry can benefit from open-source technology deployment when considering cost factors

By R. E. McIvor, Brian Cornish, J. A. Finch, Yue Tan, Claude Gagnon

Fred C. Bond is recognized throughout the mineral processing world as the father of comminution equipment applied science and engineering. The Bond Work Index became a universal standard, and is the most widely used measurement tool for comminution energy consumption. This biography is the story of his lifetime of study, work experiences, experimentation, analyses and findings. His numerous published writings are reviewed. His legacy is one of comminution process engineering that will be used in perpetuity.

Feb 1, 2024

By Georgene Renner, Chee Theng, William Gleason

"In February 2018, drawn in part by the states’ proud mining heritage, SME took its Annual Conference & Expo to Minneapolis, MN for the first time. More than 5,000 people and 554 exhibitors converged on the Minneapolis Convention Center for three days of networking, exhibiting and technical sessions.The state’s mining legacy, one that continues today, is fueled in large part by its vast iron ore resources in the northern part of the state. The historical significance of the mines in the Mesabi Range, otherwise known as the Iron Range north of Lake Superior, cannot be understated. “Mining is a way of life here,” said U.S. Congressman Rick Nolan of Minnesota’s 8th Congressional District. A native of the Iron Range, the three-term U.S. congressman was one of the featured speakers of the opening keynote session. “We like to think we contribute enormously to the well-being of this country and the world. We were the source of the iron ore and steel that helped win two world wars. And we like to think that we are part of the progress that has taken place in the United States ever since.” Nolan kicked off the keynote sessionthat focused on innovation and its part in the mining industry. The session included Rene Aquilar, vice president of corporate affairs and sustainability, Antofagasta Minerals Group; Bob Anderson, vice president for research and development, 3M; Rolf Weberg, executive director, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota-Duluth and Christopher Beck, executive vice president and president, Nalco Water. The panel session looked at U.S. and global minerals production, and the importance of the United States to maintain a major role in the minerals industry, both as a producer and as a technology leader. The panel also touched on the global mining industry and the issues that impact mining around the world. Sustainability, the use of water in mining and earning a social license to operate were among the topics discussed by the panel.Speaking of the importance of mining, Nolan conceded that talking about the benefits of mining to the crowded auditorium at the SME conference might be akin to a preacher speaking to the choir, but, following the adage that all politics are local, he continued to illustrate his point by emphasizing the importance of mining to the Great Lakes.“A study by Homeland Security concluded that 13 percent of the nation’s GDP comes out of Lake Superior through the locks at Sault Ste. Marie and most of that is iron ore,” said Nolan. “That study found that, if those locks fail, it would create a national depression. It would put millions of people out of work. That ore and those minerals supply the steel mills, the auto industry, the heavy industrials. They are the heart of our economy. The study concluded that if the states that make up the Great Lakes were a nation, it would be the fourth largest economy in the world.”"

Jan 5, 2018

By F. Mielli

Ranging between 20% and 40% of the typical mining operational costs, energy in mining operations is a growing concern for the industry. However, this concern is a complex, multi-faceted variable that involves government regulations, societal pressures, cost and competitiveness. A mining company successful in energy efficiency is becoming the standard of a successful company. The suggested energy strategy in mining and mineral processing operations has to follow a well structured approach that entails the following: ? Understanding where energy is being used and why, ? Recommending and implement energy conservation measures, ? Driving visibility to targets and results, ? Leveraging the energy spend across the enterprise, ? Developing a robust energy and sustainability strategy.

Jan 1, 2012

By James D. Bliss

Sedimentary deposits of pluvial Lake Bonneville are an important source of sand and gravel suitable for aggregate and construction in Utah. Data on Lake Bonneville basin sand and gravel deposit thickness, volume, grain size, percent of fines, and durability were statistically analyzed to detect variations associated with geologic domains, geographic location, Lake Bonneville shorelines, and sand and gravel deposit type, and to construct quantitative deposit models. Analysis showed several trends; (1) sand and gravel in younger shorelines was slightly more durable and the deposits considerably larger in volume, (2) younger shore- lines are also more likely to contain more than one genetic deposit type, (3) the volume of terrace deposits is larger than beach deposits, (4) terraces and beaches are generally thicker than spits and bars, (5) the northern part of the Bonneville Basin contains slightly more durable sand and gravel than the southern part of the basin and is more likely to contain deposits composed of more than one genetic deposit type, aid (6) the Wasatch domain deposits are composed of more than one genetic deposit type more often than deposits of the Basin and Range domain. Three additional conclusions with immediate economic significance are; (1) the median sand and gravel deposit in the Wasatch domain, 360,000 m3 (275,000 yd3), is three times larger than that of the Basin and Range domain (120,000 m3 [90,000 yd3]), (2) the median deposit thickness in the Wasatch domain, 5.8 m (19.0 ft), is nearly twice that of the Basin and Range domain (3 m [lo ft]), and (3) the Wasatch domain also contains slightly larger diameter gravel. These three conclusions are significant because the trend for sand and gravel development in the Bonneville Basin is to move from the Wasatch domain to the Basin and Range domain. Smaller, thinner deposits with smaller diameter gravel will require more surface area to mine than would have been necessary in the Wasatch domain. The result is a higher cost for sand and gravel in construction projects in the Salt Lake City area, especially since the gravel must also be hauled farther.

Jan 1, 2001

By Richard E. Thill

Engineering properties of rock are essential in most phases of mining from site reconnaissance through mineral processing. Review of the literature indicates, however, that property data is scarce for most coal measure rocks in the United States. The Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, has undertaken a wide-ranging testing program to provide more complete property data for coal strata in the U.S. coal basins. The property data are expected to have application in geophysical exploration, the development of pre- mining and hazard detection probes and instrumentation, mine design, engineering and rock mass classification, subsidence engineering, and ground control. This paper describes the comprehensive program encompassing in situ geological, geophysical, and geotechnical properties and laboratory determinations of acoustic, electromagnetic, physical, mechanical, and index properties and discusses results for 500 ft of coal measures at a minesite in the Northern Appalachian, Eastern Coal Province.

Jan 1, 1982

By S. K. Bhatt

This paper reviews major developments in continuous haulage technology for underground coal mines. Haulage systems, both in use and development, are investigated through a comprehensive literature search and visits to mines and manufacturers. The systems include flexible conveyor train, mobile conveyor, multiple-unit continuous haulage, extensible, and belt turning systems. Strengths and weaknesses of the systems are assessed in light of their operating under remote control and their application to the computer-assisted continuous mining machine being developed by the U.S. Bureau of mines. Through mining scenarios, candidate haulage systems are conceptualized to be consistent with the capabilities of the mining machine.

Jan 1, 1990

By Arne M. Myrvang

Rock stress measurements have been carried out by the Mining Department, the Norw. Institute of Technology (NTH) since 1964. Before that time rock stress measurements were carried out at a few locations by the Swedish professor Hast as early as 1958. From the very beginning the NTH engagement in the rock stress measuring field has been very practically aimed, and we have all the time enjoyed a very good cooperation with the Norwegian mining industry. At a very early stage the industry realized that proper measurements with proper equipment could be a very valuable practical tool. Hence the industry also was willing to grant considerable funds for the education of experts and development of measuring techniques. Since 1964 measurements have been carried out in the great majority of Norwegian mines. During the last years a large number of measurements have also been carried out in connection with hydro-electric power plants, road tunnels etc.

Jan 1, 1981

By Borje Bjorkvall

At LKAB's plants in Lappland, Sweden, sintered pellets are manu-factured according to three different industrial processes, viz. shaft furnace at Malmberget, straight-grate at Kiruna and grate-kiln at Svappavaara. At present the total annual capacity amounts to 4.7 million tons. However, since it has been decided to erect a new straight-grate plant (2.5 million tons) at Malmberget, and because of the decision to extend and rebuild the existing plants, it is estimated that the annual capacity will be increased to somewhat over 8 million tons by 1973. The great majority of the pellets produced is exported. They are thus reloaded several times and generally speaking roughly handled, resulting in larger or smaller product losses on arrival at the point of use. It is there-fore of great economical interest to have a good control over the transport strength of the pellets by appropriate quality testing at the point of production. In addition to good transport strength, further demands are ob-viously made on pellets destined for blast furnace operation. The blast furnace burden must maintain a good permeability for the gas. The pellets must thus have a favourable size distribution and must not be so weakened by reduction that they disintegrate under the stresses and clog the blast furnace shaft. Furthermore, the burden must have good reducibility. An increase of the rate of reduction can obviously mean increased blast furnace capacity and reduced coke consumption. In order to optimise the properties of the pellets in these respects, the producer must also be thoroughly familiar with their behaviour during reduction, particularly as the customer's interest in the reduction properties of the pellets' has increased over the last few years. Up to now the only quality demands the customer has made have generally had to do with the cold strength and the screen analysis. Thus a quality control of in addition to good transport strength, further demands are obviously made on pellets destined for blast furnace operation. The blast furnace burden must maintain a good permeability for the gas. The pellets must thus have a favourable size distribution and must not be so weakened by reduction that they disintegrate under the stresses and clog the blast furnace shaft. Furthermore, the burden must have good reducibility. An increase of the rate of reduction can obviously mean increased blast furnace capacity and reduced coke consumption. In order to optimise the properties of the pellets in these respects, the producer must also be thoroughly familiar with their behaviour during reduction, particularly as the customer's interest in the reduction properties of the pellets' has increased over the last few years. Up to now the only quality demands the customer has made have generally had to do with the cold strength and the screen analysis. Thus a quality control of

Jan 1, 1972

By Mike Tracy

This section of the Handbook deals with general principles to be evaluated in the development of a mining operation. It addresses the major issues that must be examined to fully evaluate a mining venture. Of course, one of the main topics to be evaluated is mine planning, which is covered in more detail in other sections (13, 17) of the Handbook and should be referenced in mine development projects. The topics to be discussed in this introduction include equipment and supplies, infrastructure, utilities, and project management. In any of the aspects mentioned, the current existing conditions at or near the mine site must be evaluated. This will include assessment of current use of utilities, infrastructure, housing, equipment suppliers, etc., as well as anticipated growth, both in the supply aspect of these systems as well as projected usage on these systems. After full assessment of both these aspects, an evaluation must be made as to the requirements the project will place on these items. Assessment must be made as to any up-grades required to bring the project on line, what impact the project will have on existing or expanded systems, and anticipated future growth impacts on support systems not only of the project but of other surrounding industry and urban devel-opment

Jan 1, 2008

By Michael A. Piepenburg

The East Side Access (ESA) Project will extend Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) into midtown Manhattan via 11 km of tunnels, a new terminal station and associated support facilities. In addition to the hard-rock tunneling currently underway in Manhattan, soft-ground tunnels in Queens will traverse beneath Amtrak?s Sunnyside Yard and Harold Interlocking, the busiest rail interlocking in North America. This paper details ESA?s coordinated approach to interfacing with both Amtrak and LIRR with regard to the planned tunnels, shafts and related construction beneath or adjacent to the operating railroads. This interface includes integration of railroad staff, extensive presentations, reviews and agreements with the railroads regarding settlement mitigation, real-time automated geo-instrumentation monitoring, ground improvement, and geotechnical/environmental controls.

By R. L. Virta

Four companies mined ball call in four states in 2009, H.C. Spinks Clay Co. Inc. (owned by Lhoist Group), Kentucky-Tennessee Clay Co. (owned by Imerys Group), Old Hickory Clay Co. and Unimin Corp. Production, on the basis of preliminary data, was 820 kt (904,000 st) with an estimated value of $39.4 million. That was a 15-percent decrease in tonnage from 967 Mt (1.1 mil-lion st) with a value of $44.3 million that was produced in 2008. Tennessee was the top producing state with 59 percent of domestic production, followed by Texas, Mississippi and Kentucky. About 71 percent of production was airfloat, 18 perc

Jun 1, 2010

By J. Kretschmann, H. Mischo, O. Drusche, S. Krause

Mining is and will be inevitable in spite of the increasing implementation of circular strategies. The energy transition and population growth will boost the demand for critical raw materials. It is the opportunity for miners to reinvent their business models. Generating attractive new business cases with sustainability-oriented innovations meets investor and stakeholder expectations from the beginning. This contribution guides managers on their pathway towards sustainable success. Contextual sustainable business model patterns will be presented that can be adjusted individually, regardless of actor’s size. It will also point out, how sustainable value creation can be measured on business model level.

Feb 1, 2023

By F. N. Kissell

U.A. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) coal dust compliance data sometimes shows high silica levels at roof bolters. However, it is unclear whether this silica normally originates from the bolter itself or from other dust sources upwind of the bolter research studies to answer this question at individual mines have been conducted. However, operational practices vary from mine to mine thus, the information gleaned from any one study cannot be accurately extrapolated to describe silica dust sources in most mines. In this paper, three decades of bolter dust research are reviewed the results showed that, while inadequate maintenance on the bolter dust collection system can result in excessive dust, more likely reasons for high silica levels are inadequate ventilation of the mine entries being bolted and dust traveling downwind from the continuous miner to the bolter. Scrubbers on continuous miners may not be removing as much silica dust as expected. Mining Engineering, 2011, Vol. 63, No. 10, pp. 78-82. Official publication of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy and exploration, Inc.

Jan 1, 2011

By William Gleason

"Caterpillar is the largest manufacturer of mining equipment in the world. In hundreds of surface mines around the globe, Caterpillar’s flagship 793 haul trucks can be found moving material for copper, coal, gold, iron ore and other mines. Likewise, its iconic yellow bulldozers are at mine sites the world over — the company recently announced the sale of its 40,000th large dozer. And since its acquisition of Bucyrus in 2011, Caterpillar has positioned itself to become a worldwide leader in the underground mining sector as well.But don’t think that the company is resting on its reputation. As evidence of its commitment to the global mining sector, as well as its confidence in the future of mining, Caterpillar invited mining trade press, including Mining Engineering, to its Tinaja Hills Training Center near Tucson, AZ in November to introduce the latest editions to its mining portfolio. The two-day event focused mostly on the newest electric drive haul trucks, the Cat 796 AC, which will operate in the 326-t (360-st) class, and the 798 AC in the 360 t (400 st) weight class.Caterpillar representatives also spoke about new offerings in the underground space as well as the newest version of the D11 large dozer.“It has been 10 years since we launched the F Series,” Jean Savage, Caterpillar’s vice president, surface mining and technology said. “Since then, we have been on a journey to serve our mining customers and we wanted to have trucks in every application. Today, we are launching two new trucks that will allow us to fill out our portfolio.”While Caterpillar previously offered the broadest range of off-highway haul trucks to the mining industry, it was noticeably absent from the 326-t (360- st) and 360-t (400-st) weight classes."

Dec 1, 2018