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By E. H. Burroughs

This bulletin is the sixth in the series of petroleum bibliographies published by the Bureau of Mines, Bulletins 149, 165, 180, 189, and 216 being compilations for the years 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, and 1919- 1920, respectively. In this bulletin the same general plan has been followed in arranging the references, but one or two additions have been made in the classification.

Jan 1, 1921

By Zay Jeffries

IT HAS been known for centuries that iron and steel could be hardened by cold hammering and that the metal could be restored to the normal condition by heating to a red heat and cooling either rapidly or slowly with nearly pure iron and slowly with steels containing considerable carbon. The art of tempering steels is also very old. When a medium- or high-carbon steel is quenched from a cherry-red heat, the hardness is increased; this hardness can be reduced by heating to various temperatures below the lower thermal critical point, which is near 700° C. The present paper will not consider these old and well-known changes in iron and steel below the thermal critical range but will confine itself to the more unusual changes, some of which have been studied recently. Stromeyer,1 for example, in 1886, reports that both working steel and heat treatment of steel in the blue-heat range are highly injurious. Recently, however, some metallurgists believe that the straightening of warped steel forgings at a blue heat produces a beneficial effect on the metal.2 The Engineering Division of the National Research Council has constituted a committee on Physical Changes -in Iron and Steel Below the Thermal Critical Range, which has the following personnel: R. R. Abbott, H. C. Boynton, William Campbell, J. V. Emmons, F. B. Foley, H. J. French, H. M. Howe, Zay Jeffries (chairman), F.C. Langenberg, J. A. Mathews, P. D. Merica, A. H. Miller, J. H. Nelson, G. A. Reinhardt, W. E. Ruder, H. F. Wood: This committee is studying several aspects of the physical changes in iron and steel. The results, reported in the literature and obtained by recent experimentation, will be given; this will be followed by a general theoretical discussion of the more important

Jan 2, 1920

This publication summarizes, for all interested parties, the research, development, and demonstration in-house projets programed by the Bureau of Mines for fiscal year 1980 (October 1, 1979 - September 30, 1980) under its Minerals Health and Safety Research program. The objective of these projects is to provide an ordered and sequenced series of advances toward the Bureau's overall goal of providing the system technology required to create a healthier and safer working environment for the Nation's mining and minerals processing workers.

Jan 1, 1980

By G W. Clamp

The most traum atic event within the lUK coal industry during the last 30 years was its privatisation. Who were the relatively unknown people from RJB: white knights or robber barons? This paper highlights the strong safety and progressive engineering cultures th at existed and continues within the company. A long-term view of the business coupled with proven professionalism is amply developed. Quite dearly, to revert to private ownership is not a return to Victorian values but ‘back to the future’.

Jan 8, 1997

By D. Bienstock

The use of alkalized alumina in removing sulfur dioxide from a coal-combustion flue gas at 625° F was investigated on a pilot plant scale. The absorber was 26 feet long and 1.6 inches ED. Counter-current gas-solids flow at gas velocities of 8 to 15 ft/sec in the presence and absence of baffles, as well as solids entrainment at gas velocities of 20 to 23 ft/sec with solids recycle, were employed. The spent absorbent as regenerated as fixed bed with the reducing gases--reformed natural .7.7d hydrogen. Of absorption-regeneration were successful completed using the alkalized alumina rolled into spherical granules 10 to 16 mesh. There was no loss in activity of absorbent toward SO2 with a modest attrition equivalent to 0.l percent of the solids feed. Supporting studies were conducted on the effect of the sodium content in the absorbent, the composition of the reducing gas, thermal treatment to increase absorbent hardness, and removal of absorbed chlorine from the absorbent. A mathematical model was formulated to describe the removal of SO2 by alkalized aluminum from fixed and falling beds.

Jan 1, 1967

By Christopher Haycocks

Because of growing pressure from government and consumers to produce more coal, the mining industry must improve existing techniques and devise more efficient mining methods. Mining of the thicker, shallower and geologically superior coal seams in the western United States is being subjected to increasing pressure from environmentalists; and so in order to meet the demand, the coal industry is exhausting the more accessible surface seams and beginning to mine seam of over 1,000 feet in depth and less than. 30 inches in thickness. The longwall mining system is the natural choice for extracting deep and thin coal seams, as it operates almost independently of the overburden rock stress. Due to the added fact that longwall mining is an inherently more productive method than room and pillar mining, many coal producers are looking to it as a means of increasing productivity without a corresponding cost increase. The consistent rise in application of longwall mining in the United States in the last decade illustrates the excellent potential of this technique for the future. American mining conditions are geologically different from those in Europe where longwall mining has been highly developed and extremely successful. Although numerous successes have been recorded in the U.S. with this mining system, a substantial number of failures have also occurred. These failures are due primarily to roof control problems usually over the face, in the tail entry, or both. Another problem area for American operators contemplating the use of this method has been correct selection of equipment, which should be custom fitted to local mining conditions for optimum productivity. It is essential that correct estimates for chock resistances, support densities, supported and unsupported roof spans, as well as rates of advance and length of working faces be provided to optimize mining conditions. Unless extensive pilot projects are planned engineers must choose their equipment correctly at the outset. A typical investment in longwall equipment will amount to several millions of dollars.

Jan 1, 1979

By Guilherme L. M. G. Carvalho, Zachary T. Fleming

In a world of 2-dimensional design documents, envisioning and understanding 3-dimensional interferences for complex foundation construction scenarios can be challenging. Videos and computer models serve as 3-dimensional spatial aids but have drawbacks related to a fixed perspective. Augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) provide new tools to communicate design challenges and improve construction planning. This paper provides a practical look at the basics of AR/VR systems and the tools available to the foundation design and construction industry by giving a high-level example of the technologies’ use in the design and delivery phases of a complex micropile installation project for the remediation of a dam foundation. Using these technologies, GEI was able to design and deliver a complex foundation remediation solution. AR/VR benefited regulators, and the client, to help understand the design concept, construction sequencing, and approach to overcoming installation challenges. Due to its user-friendly nature and less rigorous programming and hardware requirements, AR proved to be more useful than VR for this scenario. AR/VR will likely not replace videos and computer models; however, it can be a useful 3-dimensional visualization aid that complements the project delivery process and offers benefits that traditional methods cannot. INTRODUCTION Augmented and virtual reality is a promising and rapidly developing technology within the engineering and construction world. Like any rapidly developing new technology, the language describing it can be confusing and dynamic. To eliminate the confusion some definitions must be made. AR/ VR definitions The definitions of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) for the purposes of this paper are as follows: VR is a computer-generated immersive environment that the user experiences within a digital 3- dimensional space (Satava, 1993)AR is a composite view created by superimposing digital objects into the user’s real-world view (Azuma, 1997). Often, VR is used in an office environment and allows the user to “visit” the digital site to review site planning, construction sequences, and interference geometry. AR can be utilized in both the office and onsite environments. Like VR, the in-office application for AR is commonly site planning. AR also can be utilized in the field for applications such as seeing through the ground to locate known existing obstructions like utilities, gas tanks, etc.

Jan 1, 2019

By Zhi-xiang Cui

Effects of flux, vulcanizing agent and reductant on slag cleaning in new-type slag cleaning furnace (Φ3.6 × 8.1 m) were investigated under the conditions including smelting temperature of 1200 and 1250 °C, settling time of 30 and 60 min, and Fe/SiO2 of 1.7–1.9. The results show that addition of SiO2, B2O3 or CaF2 into original copper smelting slag can improve settling separation effect. Though no effect on copper recovery, addition of FeS can provide heat required by reaction with oxygen and reduce copper dissolution in spinel phase and slag. Copper content in discarded slag can be controlled at 0.26% under the optimum comprehensive conditions with ratio of oxygen to natural gas of 1.6.

By Galymzhan Karamyrzayev, Rashid Nadirov

Zinc ferrite ( ZnFe2O4) is a by-product of non-ferrous metal production and is considered a promising source of raw zinc. The most efficient way to extract zinc from its ferrite is via acidic extraction, specifically leaching by hydrochloric acid. A comparative study of synthetic zinc ferrite hydrochloric acid leaching in isopropanol, aqueous, and the mixed solvent was performed. Zinc ferrite was obtained by sintering a zinc and iron (III) oxide mixture. Crushed samples were subjected to leaching in 1 M HCl at 323, 333, and 353 K and pulp density of 1 g/100 mL. The dissolution of zinc and iron into solution in organic media reached 77% at 353 K, while in an aqueous environment this value was 65%. The activation energy of 70.0 kJ/ mol was found for the leaching process in an isopropanol environment, which is lower than that in an aqueous solution by 15%. The more efficient leaching effect of isopropanol is attributed to the lower dielectric constant of the alcohol which increases the affinity of chloride anions for zinc and iron cations at leaching.

Jun 5, 2022

By W. R. ARGYLE, R. A. SHERMAN, Henry Kreisinger, John Blizard, B. J. CROSS, A. R. Mumford

On entering the World War the United States was confronted with the necessity of building in a short time a large number of ships of tonnage adequate to transport troops and war materials to Europe and to carry food supplies to the allied countries, whose merchant fleets had suffered greatly by submarine warfare. The necessity of building ships quickly led to the formation of the United States Shipping Board, which was charged with the duty of developing an efficient organization for the purpose. Such an organization was developed under the name of the Emergency Fleet Corporation; it was under the control of the Government, but could conduct its business in the most direct way, like a private corporation. In order to build the largest- number of ships possible without drawing too heavily on the steel industry, which was already taxed heavily by the production of munitions, it was decided to build wooden as well as steel ships. These ships were built from a few standard designs to enable a large number of duplicate parts to be fabricated in inland shops and transported by railroad to the shipyards on the seacoast, where they were assembled into ships. In other words, the plan was to manufacture the ships rather than to build them. The shops on the seacoast were reserved to make those parts of the ships' equipment that could not readily be transported. The inland shops made the parts that could be transported to the seacoast by railroad. Among the more important parts of the ships' equipment to be standardized were the boilers. As the Scotch marine boiler in large units is bulky and can not be transported by railroad, and as, for the same capacity,much more steelis needed in its construction than for water-tube boilers, a few simple designs of water-tube boilers were developed that inland shops having ordinary equipment could make in large quantities.

Jan 1, 1924

By Howard E. Parkinson

In 1969, new coal mine health and safety legislation was enacted in the United States. As a result of this legislation, the Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines has carried out communications research aimed at developing whole mine communications for increased safety and efficient operation. The research has advanced and many promising results are now being demonstrated to the mining industry. However, there remains a challenge to further improve wireless communications within the mine workings and through the overburden above the workings. The objectives for future research and development will be discussed, together with the physical and operational constraints that new mine communication systems must face.

Jan 1, 1973

By A. L. Peyton

Manganese-oxide minerals occur in irregular pockets distributed through the residual clays of the Cartersville district, which lies 45 miles north-west of Atlanta in Bartow County, Ga. The district produces, or has produced, limonite, barite, specular hematite, ochre, ferruginous manganese, manganiferous iron are, as well as manganese. Bureau of Mines engineers have visited the district on three occasions - in December 1939, February 1941, and October 1942. During the visit of February 1941, 80 tons of samples of manganese-bearing clays were taken from seven properties for ore-dressing tests, which were conducted at the Bureau of Mines laboratory at Rolla, Mo. The. October 1942 visit was for the purpose of reappraising the district in the light of knowledge gained from the ore-dressing studies and to prepare a plan for the district's development. Exploratory drilling was begun in March l943 and was continued until June 1945. Nine properties were explored that, roughly follow a line beginning near Cartersville and extend to a point 2 miles northeast of the village of White. The work consisted of bulldozer trenching, rotary bucket churn drilling, sampling, and analytical determinations. The manganese district is 18 miles long with a maximum width of 7 miles at Cartersville, which lies at the center of the district. The work of the Bureau was confined to the northern half of the district between Cartersville and Pine Log. The properties explored comprise but a small portion of the Potential producing area.

Jan 1, 1949

By Wilbert J. Huff

For the past 9 years , the technical studies conducted by the Explosives Division of this Bureau have been summarized in a series of reports issued annually . The following account presents investigations undertaken from July 1 , 1943 , to June 30 , 1944. The work is detailed under a number of main headings corresponding to the organizational structure of the Division , the various activities being under the immediate direction of unit chiefs , who report directly to the author . Specific credit , however , is due to the individual unit leader and his assistants .

Jan 1, 1945

Jan 1, 2001

By Edward Hall Smith

The E1 Indio Mine is located in the Andes mountains about 180 kilometers East of La Serena, capital of the Fourth Region of Chile. It is reached by an international highway running up the Elqui Valley as far as Juntas from where the last 42 kilometers is on a road constructed by the Company. The plant is located at 3.900 meters above sea level among extremely rugged terrain with nearby mountains rising about 5.500 meters. Climatic conditions at these altitudes are severe with winter temperatures down to -20°C. Snow storms lasting several days and leaving up to two meters of snow have been experienced, while fierce winds are corm=.

Jan 1, 1984

By William P. Blake

The ancient city of Guanajuato, the capital of the State of that name, has been built up and sustained chiefly by the milling industry based upon the veins of the Veta Madre and La Luz. It is distant about twelve hours, by rail, from the City of Mexico. Its elevation above the sea is about 6300 ft., and it has a salubrious climate. The population, at the date of my visit in 1891, was estimated at from 80,000 to 100,000 persons. The place is justly celebrated for the antiquity, depth and extent of the mines, the magnitude of the deep shafts, and the enormous total yield of the district in silver and gold, which is comparable with that of the Comstock Lode in the United States. Several important public institutions are located at this center. The State office for the records of claims and of the statistics of mining and production is known as the Deputacion de Mineria. The Mining College, with its fine collection of ores and minerals from the mines of the region, is highly interesting to mineralogists. A mint for the coinage of silver, but not of gold, coins from four to twelve millions of' silver dollars annually. The silver received at the mint is melted in an open-hearth furnace, and is ladled out and cast into long and thin bars, which are rolled down to the proper thickness for the blanks. The bars contain some gold which is not parted. There is an export of dore bars to Germany, amounting in value to from $1,000,000 to $1,500,000 annually. There were, in 1891, upwards of forty reduction-works in and about the city where the silver ores were treated, chiefly by the ancient patio method. In these works were 65 Chilean mills, 301 arrastres of large size, and 936 of smaller dimensions. There were 36 steam engines, but mule-power was generally used at the ar-

Jan 1, 1902

By Julie Dénommé

Today few in business would argue with the idea that we are living in a world that is Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous. Coined VUCA by the US Army War College, these four words define the ?turbulence? and ?continuous white water? that the business literature has been documenting for the last decade. This VUCA world became even more relevant to business in 2007 when the Institute for the Future fellow Bob Johansen published the idea of transforming VUCA into Vision, Understanding, Clarity, and Agility. We call this VUCA Prime (VUCA'), and place an infinity loop (8) between them to show their dynamic interaction. This paper presents an exploration of the impact of VUCA 8 VUCA' on business and the conditions under which these dynamic forces help to successfully navigate change.

Oct 1, 2010

By E. P. Youngman

Tantalum is a rare element ; estimates indicate that there is less tantalum than gold in the earth's crust . After remaining a laboratory curiosity for many years , it was used to a limited extent and for relatively few years (1903- 1911) for incandescent electric-light -bulb filaments . Another wave of interest in tantalum appeared when its electrolytic-valve action was taken advantage of in charging storage batteries , especially for radio work . Tantalum chargers were eventually displaced by other types of chargers , but for a time they were manufac tured in sufficiently large numbers to create a demand for the metal and to bring about its production on a commercial scale in the United States . As tantalum became available in larger quantities and at substantially lower prices , and as high prices for platinum encouraged the employment of tantalum as a substitute , the metal was put to many new uses . Ferrotantalum was made and sold before the World War , and patents have been taken out for a number of special alloys for industrial purposes , but probably the largest use for the metal to-day is in vacuum tubes .

Aug 1, 1930

By Staff

This paper contains an outline of the history of the Sullivan mine, now owned and operated by the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company of Canada, Ltd.; some account of the various methods by which the ore has been treated in efforts to solve the metallurgical problems which its complex character presents, and, finally, to give, as concisely as possible, an outline of the present mining and metallurgical practice along with a description of the mining and milling plant at Kimberley and the smelter and refineries at Trail, in British Columbia. EARLY HISTORY In May, 1892, Pat Sullivan, John Cleaver and Mike Holland left the Coeur d'Alene country, in the State of Idaho, to seek their fortunes in the Kootenay lake district in British Columbia. They were aided in their venture by James Cronin, afterwards locator and owner of the St. Eugene mine at Moyie. Two months later the party broke up, Sullivan and Cleaver crossing the mountains from Crawford bay on Kootenay lake to the head waters of the St. Mary's river, the course of which they followed down to Fort Steele. Here they found a good deal of excitement about the North Star mine, and, joined by "Ed." Smith, who was familiar with this part of the country, they determined to return and prospect in its vicinity.

Jan 1, 1924

By Jun Lu, Mark Van Dyke, Daniel W. H. Su, Greg Hasenfus

"This paper presents the geologic and ground control challenges that were encountered by CONSOL Energy’s mining operations in southwestern Pennsylvania. A sandstone-to-limestone geology transition was encountered by Mine A, where the primary 8-foot bolts were anchored in claystone. Upon experiencing roof sags and a roof fall in the return entry, 6-foot high-tension, fully-grouted primary bolts were employed along with 16-foot center cable bolts at every other strap to improve beam building and to ensure proper anchorage into the competent limestone. No longwall delay was reported within this geologic transition zone, although there was some difficulty in maintaining an open #2 entry airway behind the longwall face.The geologic encounter in Mine B was more complex, where fluvial deposits of massive sandstone channels, shale channels and pyritic-rich, green claystones were encountered on both sides of the mains, and which impacted both development and longwall ground control. In particular, poor transitional roof areas near the edges of the sandstone and shale channels often posed significant ground control challenges. In addition, hydraulic fracturing was sometimes utilized to enhance caving of massive sandstone behind the shields to relieve pressure at the face. Longwall face conditions and advance rates were documented to illustrate the effects of sandstone channels, shale channels, and green claystones on safety and productivity and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the hydraulic fracturing.Shale channels, slickensided zones, laminated roof zones, soft floor, and a regional syncline were encountered in Mine C, the combination of which posed unique ground control challenges during both development and longwall mining. The presence of soft floor, coupled with the presence of thick floor coal and deep cover, resulted in headgate convergence during retreat of the first right-hand longwall panel. Two-piece 8-foot bolts were sometimes observed to fail at the coupler within the laminated roof zone, and 6-foot, 1-piece, fully-grouted point-anchor bolts were employed as the primary bolts thereafter."

Jan 1, 2015