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By Glenn K. Nolan

"Today, more than any other time in recent history, aboriginal communities are looking for ways to be understood as more resource development companies continue to explore and develop Canada's vast resource potential.Recent Supreme Court rulings have affirmed the need to engage aboriginal communities early on in resource development projects. There are many conflicting ideas on how, who, and when to engage. Given the large number of communities and varied cultures, each resource development company must equip itself with a better understanding of the people they are planning to work with.The lecture will begin with a basic historical perspective on treaties and the various societies across Canada. We will also explore the current situation many communities find themselves in today. Building a meaningful relationship with a community is the foundation for a lasting partnership. Every community is unique and every approach to engage communities must be just as unique. The lecture will outline some basic steps that can lead to a better relationship building process between the communities and companies."

Jan 1, 2008

By M. K. Jain, Z. T. Xu, M. Bruhis, V. Hegedekatte

"Strain rate and temperature dependent deformation conditions are present during elevated temperature forming of aluminum and other metallic materials. While many constitutive laws have been proposed to represent such deformation conditions, a closer investigation often reveals their limited applicability in terms of fit to the experimental data, and interpolation within and extrapolation outside of the range of experimental stress-strain curves. This is often because material-specific primary deformation mechanisms of temperature-dependent strain and strain rate hardening are poorly captured. In the present work, the Voce-Kocks constitutive model based on mechanics of dislocations storage and annihilation has been found to be suitable for many metallic materials. The model was modified to include the effect of temperature dependent shear modulus. The modified model is then employed to represent the experimental data obtained from uniaxial tensile tests on AA7075-O sheet at elevated temperatures and strain rates. Also, hot gas bulging tests were conducted to verify the applicability of this model. Further, finite element simulation of the hot gas bulge test was performed by incorporating the model as a user material subroutine. Good general agreement was observed between the experimental and FE model predicted results. Some sources of discrepancy in the prediction are also discussed.INTRODUCTION There has been much interest in light-weighting of automobiles from automotive related industries to reduce overall carbon footprint and increase energy efficiency of the vehicles. Aluminum alloys, and especially the medium-strength 5xxx and 6xxx series alloys, have been the primary focus in the last 3 decades to reach the above environmental goals (Huo, Hou, Zhang, & Zhang, 2016) whereas aerospace industry has traditionally focused on high strength 7xxx series aluminum (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) alloys for structural components (Deng, Yin, & Huang, 2011). Recently, there has been much interest in high strength 7xxx series aluminum as a replacement for heavier steel automotive structural parts such as A-pillar, B-pillar, side impact beams etc. (Harrison & Luckey, 2014). This is both interesting and challenging since the above aluminum structural parts will need to not only meet impact safety standards but also possess sufficient formability for manufacturing such complex parts. Since the formability of high strength 7xxx series materials is quite poor at room temperature, much interest has focused on improving both formability and final part strength via high rate hot stamping, in-die quenching, and subsequent artificial ageing process steps (Kumar & Ross, 2016)."

Jan 1, 2018

By C. E. White

History The Con-Rycon mine is situated in the Yellowknife mining district, North West Territories, 608 air miles north of Edmonton, Alberta. The earliest reported discovery of gold in the area was made in 1898 but no extensive exploration occurred until 1928. The birth of Yellowknife as a mining community took place in 1934 with the staking of the Rich group and subsequent shipping of 16 tons of high grade ore. The Giant group was also among the claims staked in 1934, and later staking showed a tendency to close the gap between these two properties. In the fall of 1935, the A.Y.E. claims, situated south of the Giant group, were staked to cover a discovery of the Geological Survey of Canada and, after general release of the Survey's information, the adjoining ground was staked. These claims included the Con, Negus, Meg, and Kam groups. In 1936 four lapsed claims were re-staked as the P and G group and later acquired by Rycon Mines, Limited, controlled by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. The Con and various adjacent groups owned by Cominco are now operated with the Rycon under one management. Surface trenching on the Con property started in 1936 and, during the fall and winter of 1936-37, a 60- foot 5 ft. by 9 ft. inclined prospect shaft was sunk. The encouragement provided by the shaft and diamond drilling in 1937 led to the decision to establish a mining plant, and in August, 1938, the 100-ton cyanide mill produced its first brick- the first gold brick poured in the history of the North West Territories. In November, 1938, the mill was enlarged to a 175-ton capacity and operated at this rate until 1941, when refractory ore was encountered. This situation was met by the installation of flotation and roasting units and, at the same time, the milling capacity was increased to 300 tons daily. Labour shortages and Government restrictions forced a reduction of output and in 1943 milling was suspended while mine development continued on a reduced scale throughout the war years. The present full-scale of operations was resumed in 1946 and the total production to the end of 1948 amounted to 288,853 oz. gold and 72,347 oz. silver.

Jan 1, 1949

By C. H. Hopper

THE gold orebodies of the Matachewan Consolidated mine are of particular interest geologically because of their odd shapes, their apparent lack of connection one with another, and the fact that they occur in a number of different formations. All of the orebodies exhibit a similar fracture pattern and the areas of fracturing appear related to the local folding. However, the lack of either horizontal or vertical continuity suggests additional controls not yet discovered. The question of origin, so ably discussed by H. C. Cooke in 1919, will be reviewed in the light of the additional evidence uncovered since his examination of surface trenches twenty-four years ago. The Matachewan Consolidated mine, with its neighbour, the Young-Davidson mine, is in Powell township, 25 miles by road northwest from Elk Lake, 30 miles west of Kirkland Lake, and 45 miles southeast of Porcupine. It may be considered as being on the westerly extension of the Kirk-land Lake sedimentary belt, where the rock column is markedly similar. There is no similarity in structure, however, for great ore-bearing shears and faults simply do not occur at Matachewan. Rather may it be said that the region, under stress, failed in isolated brecciated patches, some of which make up today's orebodies. The mine currently treats 1,000 tons a day of porphyry ore averaging 0.10 oz. gold per ton. It started operations in 1934 on greenstone ore, and the mill then treated 150 tons a day of ore averaging 0.23 oz. gold per ton. Total production to the end of 1941 has been 929,484 .tons averaging 0.160 oz. gold per ton.

Jan 1, 1942

By K. Nagai

The Asian projects are now in their second terms after the five-year first terms. Ultrafined-grained steels were developed in lab-scale and/or in practical process. Basic approach has been performed to explore the evolution mechanisms of ultrafine-grained microstructures. There have been investigated two approaches to make the ultrafine grains: the "recrystallization route" and the transformation route. In the "recrystallization" route, heavy deformation at low temperature is necessary for the ultra-refinement. In the transformation route, making the high density of ferrite initiation sites in the deformed austenite, especially of the heavily compressed austenite structures, is essential for the ultra-refinement, and further hindering the ferrite growth is also inevitable to utilize the high initiation rate. Strength and toughness are dramatically improved by the ultra-refinement. Fatigue property is also excellent. The poor uniform elongation can be enhanced by the design of the second phase dispersion. At the same time the application has been also pursued from various viewpoints of engineering to take advantages of the ultrafine-grained steels. Bridge, ship, construction, automobile and other high strength parts are being attempted for the application.

Jan 1, 2004

By Jean-Marc Lulin

"Depuis 1906, près de 130 gisements ont été découverts dans la inture archéenne polymétallique (Cu, Zn, Au, Ag) du nord-ouest québécois. Une étude régionale du développement du potentiel inier est présentée puis détaillée pour quatre secteurs: Rouyn-Dranda, Val d'Or-Malartic, Bousquet-Cadillac et Matagami.L' analyse est conduite a l' aide des paramètres suivants: temps, méthodes de découverte, profondeur des gisements et poids métal. Les courbes cumulatives illustrant le nombre de gisements découverts fonction du temps montrent une forme générale en ""S"" dont les i'iations de pentes correspondent aux variations dans les taux de couverte. Initiation, réalisation et stabilisation des cycles de décourté sont ainsi mis en évidence. Deux ""bourns miniers"", de 1922 à 1945 et de 1955 à 1965, rassemblent 72 % des mines identifiées sqú à présent.La plupart des mines sont trouvées en subsurface: 90% ont leur mmet entre 0 et 100 mètres de profondeur dont 70 % entre 0 et 10 êtres. Dans le temps, il y a d' abord récolte par prospection puis par ophysique et enfin, développement progressif du potentiel en proeur avec des méthodes composites. Environ 80% du poids métal extrait de 4 camps miniers, couvrant 8% de Ia surface régionale quelques gros gisements dominent /a production.Ces données permettent de proposer une nouvelle approche pour analyse d' une région minière:La distribution de Ia profondeur des gisements en fonction du temps est indicatrice de la maturité d' un camp minier et peut servir a évaluer son potentiel résiduel.L’analyse des courbes en ""S"" permet d’extrapoler les taux de succès relies aux différentes méthodes et met en relief le rôle crucial de I' innovation dans I' exploration.ABSTRACTSince 1906, some 130 deposits have been discovered in the Archean polymetallic belt of northwestern Quebec. In this paper, the development of the mining potential is analyzed at the regional scale and for the following mining camps: Rouyn-Noranda, Val d'OrMalartic, Bousquet-Cadillac and Matagami.The analysis is based on the following parameters: time, discovery method, depth and weight of metal extracted. Curves showing the cumulative number of deposits discovered as a function of time are ""S"" shaped with slope variations corresponding to changing discovery rates. Initiation, realization and stabilization of discovery cycles are thus well represented. Two ""mining booms"", 1922 to 1945 and 1955 to 1965, account for 72% of the mines identified to date.Most exploitable orebodies have been found near the surface: 90 %have their top between 0 and 100 meters, including 70% between 0 and 10 meters. Early discoveries were made by prospecting, followed by geophysics while the progressive development of the depth potential is being realized by a combination of methods. Approximately 80 %of the metal extracted comes from four mining camps which cover 8% of the area, but most of the production can be allributed to only a few large deposits. Based on these data, a new approach to the analysis of a mining region is proposed:1) The distribution showing deposit depth versus time is indicative of the maturity of a mining camp and can serve to evaluate its remaining potential.2) The ""S"" curve analysis can be used to extrapolate the success rate of a specific exploration method and also stresses the crucial role of innovation in exploration."

Jan 1, 1989

By J. H. Archibald

"IntroductionShot-saws are used for sawing rock throughout the dimension stone industry especially in granite quarry mills. Shot-saws, as currently designed, have an inherent wear problem which leads to slow cutting rates and repetitive blade changes which consumes much time. Because the saw blades are made from steel the abrasive shot used with them is limited to a certain hardness which effects the over-all efficiency of the sawing operation. Suggestions are made toward optimization of blade design and the sawing process. Blade DesignA common steel blade design is shown in Figure I. Note the perforations in the blade. These perforations or holes in the blade serve two or three purposes. The most obvious reason is to allow the abrasive shot a pocket in which to collect at the bottom of the blade, so that it can be distributed from these pockets into the cutting zone underneath the blade. The abrasive is fed to the saw in a slurry and usually comes in from the top. The blade must then cut a kerf wider than itself in order that the abrasive grains have a path leading from the top of the blade, down along its sides, and finally reaching the pockets and cutting zones. This circuitous path followed by the abrasive leads to side wear on the blades and high friction which can lead to blade buckling in severe cases. However, the fluidized path of the abrasives down the sides of the blade serves another purpose which is a positive gain if conditions are properly controlled. The abrasive slurry interacts with the perforations of the blade, the blade itself and the rock. This gap and the perforations in the blade, which are fluid filled, are sites of constant shearing motion. Eddy currents form in these gaps and pockets which tend to stabilize the blade by setting up balanced hydrodynamic forces which otherwise might not form in a non-perforated blade. A stable blade produces a more uniform cut in the rock. The third and final reason for the perforations are to allow the blade to wear in such a fashion that new pockets are always being formed and, consequently, new cutting surfaces between these pockets are also formed."

Jan 1, 1993

By M. Pawlik, E. Arinaitwe, V. Ferrera

A series of flocculation tests were performed on dilute quartz suspensions with the use of five polyacrylamide-based flocculants of similar molecular weights but of different degrees of anionicity. The tests were performed as a function of ionic strength and pH. The macromolecular conformation of flocculants in solution was assessed through intrinsic viscosity measurements under the same physicochemical conditions as those of the flocculation tests. It was generally found that the flocculating efficiency of the polyacrylamides correlated with their ability to coil or stretch in solution. Polyacrylamides with the degrees of anionicity on the order of 10-18% showed the highest flocculating efficiency in terms of the settling rates of the flocculated solids and the residual turbidity of the resulting supernatant. At the same time, these most effective flocculants were also found to exhibit the greatest tendency to coil and stretch in solution. This result suggests that the flocculating power of a flocculant is determined not only by its ability to adsorb onto (and bridge) fine particles but also on its ability to conform to the size of the resulting floes.

Jan 1, 2009

By Ish Grewal

The ACACIA Reactor - Introduction What is it? The Acacia Reactor is a fluidized bed high intensity cyanide leaching system. Purpose for its existence? The Acacia Reactor was developed to treat high grade gold concentrates generated from primary gravity concentration systems. Why intensively cyanide leach a gravity concentrate? Current secondary upgrading processes, such as tabling, create significant losses of fine gold that is initially recovered in the primary gravity concentration units. Additional benefits include improved security and a reduction in health hazards associated with calcining.

May 1, 2002

Optimizing production scheduling in open pit mines is important for managing cash flows of mining operations. This paper describes a new, probabilistic, mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation which has been developed to minimize the risk of not achieving planned production targets, in terms of metal production and ore tonnage feed for the mill during production, while considering maximization of total discounted economic value. The new MIP model also recognizes that to minimize movement of excavators over long distances and accommodate equipment access, the blocks scheduled for mining within a period cannot be spread too widely. The model is applied to a laterite nickel-cobalt deposit, as an example of multi-element deposits that have complex ore quality constraints. The results show that the proposed model generates feasible schedules. When compared with traditional optimization techniques, the new model is superior in terms of minimizing the risk of not meeting production targets, especially at the early stages of production, and in terms of generating practical scheduling patterns.

Jan 1, 2006

By Jean-Marc Lulin

"Depuis 1906, pres de 130 gisements ont ere decouverts dans la inture archeenne polymetallique (Cu, Zn, Au, Ag) du nord-ouest becois. Une etude regionale du developpement du potentiel inier est presentee puis detaillee pour quatre secteurs: RouynDranda, Val d'Or-Malartic, Bousquet-Cadillac et Matagami.L' analyse est conduite a l' aide des parametres suivants: temps, ethodes de decouverte, profondeur des gisements et poids metal. ~~ courbes cumulatives illustrant le nombre de gisements decouverts fonction du temps montrent une forme generale en ""S"" dont les i'iations de pentes correspondent aux variations dans les taux de ~ouverte. Initiation, realisation et stabilisation des cycles de decourte sont ainsi mis en evidence. Deux ""bourns miniers"", de 1922 a ~5 et de 1955 a 1965, rassemblent 72 % des mines identijiees squ' a present.La plupart des mines sont trouvees en subsurface: 90% ont leur fmet entre 0 et 100 metres de profondeur dont 70 % entre 0 et 10 etres. Dans le temps, il y ad' abord recolte par prospection puis par fphysique et enjin, developpement progressif du potentiel en proeur avec des methodes composites. Environ 80% du poids metal extrait de 4 camps miniers, couvrant 8% de Ia surface regionale quelques gros gisements dominent /a production.Ces donnees permettent de proposer une nouvelle approche pour lysed' une region miniere:La distribution de Ia profondeur des gisements en fonction du temps est indicatricede /amaturite d' uncampminieret peut servir a evaluer son potentiel residue/.L' analyse des courbes en ""S"" permet d' extrapoler les taux de succes relies aux differentes methodes et met en relief le role crucial de I' innovation dans I' exploration.ABSTRACTSince 1906, some 130 deposits have been discovered in the Archean polymetallic belt of northwestern Quebec. In this paper, the development of the mining potential is analyzed at the regional scale and for the following mining camps: Rouyn-Noranda, Val d'OrMalartic, Bousquet-Cadillac and Matagami.The analysis is based on the following parameters: time, discovery method, depth and weight of metal extracted. Curves showing the cumulative number of deposits discovered as a function of time are ""S"" shaped with slope variations corresponding to changing discovery rates. Initiation, realization and stabilization of discovery cycles are thus well represented. Two ""mining booms"", 1922 to 1945 and 1955 to 1965, account for 72% of the mines identified to date.Most exploitable orebodies have been found near the surface: 90 %have their top between 0 and 100 meters, including 70% between 0 and 10 meters. Early discoveries were made by prospecting, followed by geophysics while the progressive development of the depth potential is being realized by a combination of methods. Approximately 80 %of the metal extracted comes from four mining camps which cover 8% of the area, but most of the production can be allributed to only a few large deposits. Based on these data, a new approach to the analysis of a mining region is proposed:1) The distribution showing deposit depth versus time is indicative of the maturity of a mining camp and can serve to evaluate its remaining potential.2) The ""S"" curve analysis can be used to extrapolate the success rate of a specific exploration method and also stresses the crucial role of innovation in exploration."

Jan 1, 1990

By C. H. van Eendenburg

"Installation of a 3.6 km long raw coal conveyor in the Balmer open pit was undertaken to improve over-all haulage efficiency. This paper covers the rationale behind this project, system design and construction aspects and initial operating experiences. The majority of the construction work was performed by our own personnel. Where feasible, used equipment was installed to reduce capital cost and facilitate a tight construction schedule.BackgroundWestar Mining Ltd's Balmer Mine is located in the British Columbia Rockies, just outside of the town of Sparwood in the southeastern corner of British Columbia. The open pit mine, which has been in operation since 1969, currently produces about 6 million clean tonnes of coal per year, mostly for the metallurgical coal export market. Run-of-mine coal tonnages total between 9 and 9.5 million annually and waste removal volumes exceed 30 million bank cubic metres.The mine is a truck/shovel operation; loading equipment includes nine electric shovels, five front-end loaders and a hydraulic backhoe. The truck fleet consists of 40 units of 154-tonne, 181-tonne and 315-tonne capacity. The newer 154-tonne trucks are used for coal haulage for which they have been equipped , with tailgates to maximize their coal carrying capacity."

Jan 1, 1990

By Kathleen A. Altman

"This paper supplements the information provided annually at the Canadian Mineral Processors Operators Conference regarding the education of Mineral Processors in Canada. The purpose of the paper is to provide information regarding the engineering accreditation process in the United States and the universities that offer programs in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy in the U.S.There is a critical shortage of trained Mineral Processors and Mining Engineers world wide. The Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) formed a task force to evaluate the national needs for trained engineers and to track the number of engineers who graduate from U.S. universities each year. The statistical information for Mining Engineers is well-developed. The current effort is to assemble similar information regarding students who graduate with expertise in Extractive Metallurgy and Mineral Processing as well as to explore the limitations of the accreditation system in the United States and its impact on the education of Mineral Processors. The long-term objective is to develop a data base regarding Mineral Processing programs and Mineral Processing graduates that is as complete as the one that has been maintained by the Canadian Mineral Processors.INTRODUCTIONIn the United States engineering curricula are accredited by ABET, which was formerly known as the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology. The objective of ABET accreditation is to ensure that educational programs in applied science, computing, engineering and technology meet quality standards set in conjunction with the professional organizations that represent professionals in the industries which hire students graduating from those educational programs. For example, the Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) is the lead society for accrediting Mining Engineering programs in the U.S. For Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering programs, the lead society is The Mineral, Metals and Materials Society (TMS). SME is a cooperating society for accrediting Metallurgical Engineering programs. Cooperating societies for the accreditation of Materials Engineering include the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers (NICE), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)."

Jan 1, 2008

By E. W. Shaw

The past year (1950) has been a big one for the oil industry in Canada, with new records being set in almost every phase of exploration and development activity. New highs were reached in acreage holdings, in geophysical activity, in wildcat drilling, and in field development and production. The only item that did not show a substantial increase over recent years was the amount of reserves added by new discoveries. This was not due to a decrease in the number of new discoveries, however, hut rather to the fact that most of the discoveries were made during the later months in the year and could not be fully evaluated by the year end. The foregoing remarks pertain mainly to activity in Western Canada. In Eastern Canada, operations continued on a modest scale. with exploration drilling down slightly from the previous year but with development drilling and production at about the same level. Returning to Western Canada, it is observed that the general exploration play was one of expansion and intensification. The issuing of new petroleum and natural gas regulations by the province of British Columbia precipitated a moderate entry of companies into the northeastern part of the Province.

Jan 1, 1951

By P. H. Tolcher

Canada, as the Free World's largest mine producer of zinc and the third largest mine producer of lead, has a vital interest in the future growth in demand for these metals. This paper traces the development of lead and zinc consumption in the last two decades, both on a total-Free-World basis and by major market areas. How Canada, as a major mine producer, has shared in this growth is also indicated. In addition, future consumption for both metals in the current decade of the 1970's is fore-cast. The demand these projections will make on Free World mines, particularly on Canadian mines, is examined. Some of the opportunities and challenges the Canadian mining industry will likely face during this period are also dealt with.

Jan 1, 1971

By F. K. McKean

THE task of establishing a new corrosion testing laboratory is more difficult than it need be because there is very little information on the subject available in the literature. Many articles describing tests and results may be found, but a wide search will unearth only passing remarks on the different types of equipment that may be selected for accelerated corrosion tests. An article describing some of the apparatus needed in a corrosion laboratory should be of help to those interested in building a new unit or in making additions to an old one. In May of this year, the writer was given the assignment of equipping a laboratory for general corrosion testing, to form a part of the new Physical Metallurgy Research Laboratories of the Department of Mines and Resource~ at Ottawa. With the help of senior members of the staff, along with what could be gathered from other sources, a list of necessary equipment was compiled and a plan for arranging it in the rooms was decided upon. Where possible, the apparatus was constructed in the excellent machine shops at the disposal of this Department, while the rest was placed on order with the manufacturers.

Jan 1, 1945

By Min-Yuan Cheng

Heavy rainfall and typhoon oftentimes cause the collapse of hillslopes across mountain roads. Disastrous consequences of slope collapses necessitate the approach for predicting their occurrences. In practice, slope collapse prediction can be formulated as a deterministic classification problem with two class labels, namely ?collapse? and ?non-collapse?. Nevertheless, due to the criticality and the uncertainty of the problem, evaluating the collapse susceptibility of an area is a challenging task. This study proposes a novel Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach, named as K-Nearest Neighbor Based Bayesian Classifier (KNNBC), to deal with slope collapse assessment. In the proposed model, Bayesian inference is used as a framework to achieve probabilistic prediction of slope collapse. Meanwhile, K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) is employed as a density estimation technique. Equipped with probabilistic outputs, the K-NNBC is able to yield predictions with different levels of confidence and diminish misclassified cases. Experimental results point out that the proposed model is very helpful for decision-makers in slope collapse assessment and disaster prevention planning.

Aug 1, 2013

By G. E. Murray

Introduction The development of the method for recovering zinc from lead blast-furnace slags at Trail is interesting and important in the history of both lead and zinc metallurgy. Many efforts have been made in the past, particularly in Germany, to make economic recovery of zinc from slag. The Pape process on Oker slags was successful and is being worked at the present time. More recently the Waelz process has come to the fore. One effort at Cockle Creek, Australia is of special interest in view of subsequent developments. This was re-ported in detail by Guy Courtney in 1920(1). It deserves mention as it shows how, as in many other instances in the metallurgy of lead and zinc, important pioneering work has been done in Australia. These experiments, started over 25 years ago, comprised reduction with coke, powdered coal, and eletrothermically in carbon-lined furnaces. The so-called slag eye furnace, which volatilised the metals from a blast furnace running with a hot top, was also investigated.

Jan 1, 1933

By Edgar Dernedde

Cryolitic melts at a temperature of about 960 °C are used in reduction cells to dissolve alumina and to produce primary aluminium. At these temperatures cryolitic melts with an acidic composition have a significant vapour pressure, which contributes substantially to the evolution of fluorides from these cells, The Antoine equation is commonly used for relating vapour pressure data of liquids at different temperatures, It is also applicable to cryolitic melts, Published equations have at least 20 numerical constants, in order to allow for the effects of melt composition. In the present work a simplified equation with only 12 numerical constants was developed and is applicable for multiple additions to molten cryolite up to 30 wt %, The simplified equation was compared with the published equations of Haupin & Kvande and Gustaysen & Ostvold using 472 vapour pressure data of cryolitic melts. Results showed that the simplified equation has the same accuracy as the published equations in the composition range of interest to industry.

Jan 1, 2004

By D. R. Derry

"IT WOULD TAKE a braver man than I to try to forecast the future of mining exploration far into Canada's second century. Even to look ahead ten or twenty-five years we must review the figures of the fairly recent past -and I have found this quite a time-consuming but interesting job -in order to find trends and project them into future years. The trends to which I will refer are: firstly, the annual expenditure on exploration and its relation to value of output; secondly, the discovery rate and its relation to production initiations; and thirdly, the methods by which discoveries have been, and will be, made. Exploration Expenditures Figures on the annual expenditure on mining exploration in Canada have been collected and published for some years by the Do-minion Bureau of Statistics. These have some unavoidable limitations; e.g., in the varying definition between one company and another of what comprises ""Exploration"" and in the difficulty of getting complete returns. However, although the actual figure for a given year may be subject to question, I believe that the relative figures from one year to another are reasonably reliable. There is also a lapse of time between the collection of data and publication -the last published figures are for the year 1963. In bringing the figures up to date to 1966 I have canvassed eight of the larger mining and exploration companies and obtained their figures for 1963 to 1966 inclusive, and then averaged these for each year and applied the progression to the 1963 figures."

Jan 1, 1968