Search Documents

By S. N. Monteiro, N. A. Cerqueira, E. B. Zanelato, J. Alexandre, M. T. Marvila, B. C. Mendes, A. R. G. Azevedo, G. C. Xavier

Mortar is a widely used building material and has its application in buildings in extremely vulnerable environments and susceptible to degradation, such as facades. The objective of this work was to evaluate the loss of mechanical resistance to compression and flexure and the loss of mass of the mortars with effluent sludge from paper industry, when exposed to saline environments. The specimens were done with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of incorporation in lime paste and subjected to saline mist equipment that sprays salt solution in cycles simulating natural degradation conditions using literature data. It can be concluded that mortars with a15%incorporation obtained a significant loss of mass and a decrease in their mechanical resistance, which impairs their use in civil construction and influence in other properties of the material, with a level of incorporation of 10% the results within Brazilian standards.

Mar 1, 2018

By B. M. Fisher

A process for making electrolytic copper of high quality from copper flotation concentrates is described. The concentrates are first slurried and then subjected to a high-temperature, high-pressure, oxidation-leaching operation under controlled conditions. The resulting slurry from the oxidation-leaching operation is cooled or flashed to atmospheric pressure and then subjected to a solids-liquid separation. The separated liquor, containing the recovered copper values, is cooled and then fed to an electrolytic deposition operation where metallic copper cathodes of high purity are produced. The spent electrolyte is then subjected to a sulfide treatment to precipitate the residual amounts of copper not deposited in the electrolytic cells. The precipitated copper sulfide is recovered and recycled in the form of a slurry to the initial stages of the process.

Jan 1, 1976

By Saeid Pournaderi, Ahmet Geveci, Ender Keskinkilic, Yavuz A. Topkaya

"This study investigated calcination behavior of one of the Turkish laterite deposits, which was recently found in Sivrihisar region. Representative limonitic laterite samples (1.26% Ni) taken from Yunusemre Karasivritepe and Kucuksivritepe location were first subjected to drying. Removal of chemically bound water and other volatiles were then studied, in detail. In the calcination experiments, temperature and time were the main experimental variables. Thermal treatment was conducted at the specific temperatures in 250 °C - 800 °C range. The weight losses due to elimination of chemically bound water and other volatiles were reported to be approximately 10 per cent of the weight of the ore. For the particle size used in the current work, 700 °C and 40 minutes were determined to be the optimum calcination temperature and time, respectively.IntroductionThe nickel ores that are economically valuable can be grouped into two categories: sulphide type nickel ores and oxide type nickel ores, namely laterites. Over all reserves in the world, 40% are sulphide nickel ores and the remaining 60% are laterites [1]. Pyrometallurgical nickel extraction from sulphide type nickel ores is conducted via matte smelting. More recently, laterite ore bodies have been subjected to nickel extraction. Depending mainly on the chemical composition of the laterite and the process economics, various extraction techniques have been implemented: pyrometallurgical route involves ferronickel smelting. High pressure acid leaching (HPAL) is the commercial method for hydrometallurgical nickel extraction, while ammonia leaching (CARON Process) is a combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes [2]. With the improvements in these processes, it is predicted that laterite’s share in the world nickel production will rise to 50% in 2012, while it was reported to be 42% in 1,200,000 tons of annual production in 2003 [3]."

Jan 1, 2011

By Upali Siriwardane, Tushar V. Kudale, Naidu V. Seetala

"Cellulose acetate (CA) membranes with 25% triethyl citrate (TEC) as plasticizer were prepared with varying thickness for CO2 gas separation from water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction products. The AFM analysis of the CA membrane showed that the uniform coating had fewer and smaller pores as the film thickness increased, and corroborated by gas permeability studies. The CO2 permeability has decreased faster than CO permeability with the CA/TEC membrane thickness, and findings support that the CA membrane could be used to entrap CO2. Several CA/TEC membranes were also staked to increase the separation efficiency. Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) was used to estimate the nano-porosity (pore size and concentration) changes of CA/TEC films. PALS results show a decrease in pore size with increasing CA-TEC concentration in acetone, while the pore concentration increases. The PALS results are correlated with the CO2/CO permeability variations as the CA-TEC concentration change.IntroductionHydrogen is one of the main energy sources available for the future advancement of clean fuel technologies especially for fuel cells. Generation of hydrogen and CO2 from Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction mixtures of CO and H2O is of interest to many researchers since it allows a large scale production of hydrogen [1, 2]. Once hydrogen is produced using the WGS reaction, the output products contain mixture of CO, CO2, H2, and water vapor. Metallic membranes have been used as hydrogen separation membranes [3-6]. As H2 is separated from the mixture using the metal membranes, we need to separate CO2, and find ways of sequestration of CO2 to avoid environmental problems by greenhouse gasses. Polymeric Membranes have been used for CO2 separation [7]. Plasticizer can control the micro-structural properties such as pore size and concentration of polymer membranes [8], which influence the size/molecular weight dependent diffusion rates of the gas molecules. We have used cellulose acetate with triethyl citrate as plasticizer to separate CO2 from the WGS reaction products. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is very sensitive and able to identify different kinds of defects and their agglomerates such as vacancies, vacancy loops, and voids [9, 10]. PALS has been successful in determining the free volume in polymers that influence the properties of the polymers [11, 12]. Microscopic properties of the free volume obtained from PALS have been correlated to macroscopic properties [13, 14]. We used PALS to study the nanoporosity (pore size and concentration) and fractional free volume changes of CA/TEC films, and used to understand the variations observed in the CO2/CO permeability as the CA-TEC concentration in the membranes change."

Jan 1, 2014

By K. Lillkung, O. Forsen, J. Aromaa

"The dissolution rates of Pt, Pd and Rh in 250 g/L NaCl solution were calculated from the current densities determined by polarization curves and potentiostatic measurements measured with wire electrodes at atmospheric pressure. The results achieved with the two methods were similar. The dissolution rates at the corrosion potential were in the order of few nanometers per hour. The polarization curves indicated that to achieve dissolution rates required for economical operation on an industrial scale, the samples need to be polarized to higher potentials. When polarized to higher potentials, the metal dissolution rates were in the order of micrometers per hour. As the Tafel slopes of the metal dissolution region are fairly steep, the potential affects the dissolution rate greatly. Based on the activation energies, the dissolution reactions were controlled by a charge transfer step.IntroductionPlatinum group metals (PGM) have some very unique properties such as their inertness, giving excellent corrosion resistance, and a high melting point. At the same time, these factors make the refining of these metals very challenging. The main applications where PGMs are used are different catalytic converters, mostly in automotive catalysts. The used catalysts are also an attractive secondary source of PGMs. The exact concentrations of PGMs in catalysts vary widely depending on the manufacturer, the age and the capacity of the catalyst. The concentration of Pt in a new catalytic converter range from 300 to 1000 ìg/g, Pd from 200 to 800 ìg/g and Rh from 50 to 100 ìg/g [1]. Precious metal catalysts usually consist of a coat of the metal supported on ã- alumina. The recovery of metals from automotive catalysts has received much attention during the last few years [1-3]. In the near future, the use of PGMs in fuel cells is predicted to increase the amount of secondary PGMs available [4]."

Jan 1, 2012

By A. Yudiarto, M. Z. Mubarok

At the present paper, synthesis of magnesia from ferronickel smelting slag is discussed. The first stage was extracting magnesium from the slag by leaching in HCl solution. Magnesium extraction of 97% was obtained from the slag leaching with HCl 8 molar, solid:liquid ratio 1:40 (g/ml) and temperature 80 °C after 24 h. Solution purification was performed by adjusting solution’s pH at 95 °C with addition of MgO powder. At pH range range of 3–4, co-dissolved iron was removed as akagenite (b-FeOOH) precipitate. Dissolved nickel precipitation was detected at pH range of 4–6, while dissolved Mg and Al started to precipitate in the forms of pyroaurite (Mg6Fe2CO3(OH)16∙4H2O) and hydrotalcite (Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16∙4H2O) at pH range of 8–9. High purity of brucite (Mg(OH)2) was obtained by Mg precipitation at pH range of 11–12, under stirring speed of 300 rpm and stirring time of 4 h. Calcination of brucite at temperature of 1000 °C completely converted brucite to periclase (MgO) powder after 240 min.

Mar 1, 2017

By Shengfan Zhou, XUEWEN WANG, Bianfang Chen, Mingyu Wang

Vanadium was leached from roasted stone coal by NaOH solution, and the effect of leaching temperature, leaching time, addition of NaOH, liquid to solid ratio, the grinding fineness of stone coal, and stirring speed on the vanadium leaching rate was studied. The kinetics analysis for the process is presented by the shrinking core model. The results show that the vanadium leaching ratio of roasted stone coal can be beyond 75% at the 6% NaOH addition, leaching temperature of 95°C, leaching time of 7h, liquid to solid ratio of 1.2mL/g, and grinding fineness of 0.111mm. The leaching process is controlled by interfacial reaction kinetics and the apparent activation energy was 59.36kJ/mol.

Jan 1, 2016

By Adolfo Pillihuaman Zambrano

Fe-Cr-C production is a very high electrical energy consuming process. Decrease up to 10% of this electrical energy is expected when self-reducing agglomerates are used. This research aims to understand how the synergetic effects are when stronger reductant, like Fe-Si, is substituted for coke in self reducing pellets. Brazilian chromites containing 41.2%Cr2O3 were mixed with petroleum coke and agglomerated with cement as the binder. Small amounts of 1%, 2% and 4% of Fe-75%Si were substituted for the equivalent petroleum coke, and pure silica plus hydrated lime were added for adjusting the slag composition. The mixture was pelletized, dried and submitted at 1773K up to complete the reactions. The results showed that the reduction reactions were 1.4 and 2 times faster with 1% and 2%Fe-Si addition, respectively, than with no addition. The microscopic analysis showed that it was formed a liquid phase, but the pellet did not collapse what indicates that the coalescence of the metallic phase depends on the dissolution of the pre-reduced particles of the chromites into slag.

Jan 1, 2008

By Tianzu Yang, Weifeng Liu, Lin Chen, Deyu Wang

"Due to the gradual exhaustion of easily extractive gold ores, it is vital to make efficient use of refractory gold ores which hold 30% gold storage of the world. However, the disadvantage of current processing technologies for refractory gold ores consists of severe pollution, low gold extraction ratio, high investment, etc, thus great research interests were attracted during recent years. This article provides an overview of the distribution and categories of the refractory gold ores in the world. The state of art in processing refractory gold ores by pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and biometallurgy techniques and their industrial applications are highlighted. Potential environmental conservative techniques for efficient gold extraction are also reviewed.IntroductionResources of Refractory Gold OresAs easily extractive gold ores are going to be exhausted with the large scale mining nowadays, refractory gold ores are becoming more and more important. Gold in the refractory gold ore cannot be fully extracted using conventional method (cyanidation) even with fine grinding. The amount of gold in the refractory gold ores is about 1500~2000t in China, which occupies 30~40% of the total gold storage [1]. Therefore, it is vital to make efficient use of refractory gold ores."

Jan 1, 2013

By Ping Long, Peipei Liu, Xinlin Ren, Yunke Wang, Bin Yang, Jian Wu, Wenli Zhang

In this research, ICP-AES was used for determining ten impurity elements (Fe, Pb, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Al, As, Sb, and Bi)in tin concentrate and smelting products, such as crude tin and slag. Samples were dissolved by hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Determination conditions were investigated in detail. Influences of matrix and coexisting elements were eliminated by selecting proper analysis spectral lines. Under the optimum conditions, the correlation coefficient of cali- bration curves were higher than 0.999. The detection limits of these ten impurities were in the range between 0.0009 to 0.0621 lg/ml. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values were lower than 6.0%, and the recoveries of standard addition were between 85 and 109%. The proposed method was demonstrated to be reliable by comparingwithstandardanalysismethodsandcertifiedvaluesofstandardsample. It could be applied for determining impurity elements in tin concentrate and smelting products successfully.

Mar 1, 2017

By S. N. Monteiro, E. B. Zanelato, J. Alexandre, M. T. Marvila, A. R. G. Azevedo, G. C. Xavier

The incorporation of industrial waste into ceramic tiles is a major trend in the search for alternative raw materials, and also in the search for environmentally correct disposal of waste. In order to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of residues from the ornamental stone industries, in the properties of ceramic tiles, incorporations of up to 40% by weight of the residue in ceramic mass were studied. It is noteworthy that this residue is constituted basically by limestone and its characterization was performed by grain size analysis, Atterberg boundaries, grain density and chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence. The specimens were burned at 800 °C and the following properties were evaluated: linear retraction, water absorption and bending rupture stress. The results indicated that the residue of ornamental rocks is a material with potential to be used as a component in the mass of red ceramic tiles.

Mar 1, 2018

By R. Padilla

A thermogravimetric study has been conducted to follow the decomposition and volatilization of arsenic from enargite concentrate in nitrogen and slightly oxidizing atmospheres. Temperature has a large effect on the rate of volatilization of arsenic. Fractional volatilization of arsenic as high as 98% were obtained in less than 60 min at 650°C in nitrogen atmosphere, while in slightly oxidizing atmosphere the same volatilization could be achieved in 30 min. It was found that arsenic volatilizes as sulfide in nitrogen atmosphere and as 4xture of sulfide and oxide in atmospheres containing 1% oxygen. By using the pore blocking and the first order kinetic models, apparent activation energies of 213 and 200 kJ/mol for the temperature range of 780 - 900 K and 205 and 184 kJ/mol for the temperature range of 900 - 985 K were determined for enargite and copper concentrate, respectively.

Jan 1, 1997

By Jianhong Dong, Min Chen, Cuihuan Huang, Bo Li, Nan Wang

"Scale layer can be formed on the slab surface in the areas of secondary cooling and strand discharge during continuous casting process. From 1000 °C -1200 °C, the influence of steel composition on the stable oxide phases inside scale layer, particularly the types of alloying elements including aluminum, silicon and chromium, is investigated under different partial pressures of water vapor by the calculated predominance diagrams of iron oxide as well as its intermediate compounds formed with other metal oxides, and the stable oxide phase composition within scale layer under the working condition of secondary cooling is discussed. At lower partial pressure of water vapor, only a iron spinel (or ferrosilicate) phase is the stable phase with any alloying element contents in steel composition, whereas the stable phases are FeO and iron spine! (or ferrosilicate) inside the scale layer at higher partial pressures of water vapor .IntroductionOxide scale formation on the surface of cast and rolled products because of oxidation by the surrounding oxidizing atmosphere is a significant disturbance factor in steelmaking. The yield loss of iron because of scale formation is considerable during continuous casting and hot rolling process. Surface quality more often is impaired by scale property, which increasing the difficulty of quality assurance, dimensional accuracy and performance control. Furthermore, a potential source for subsequent surface cracking (hot shortness) can be caused by the enrichment of scrap residuals (Cu, As and Sn) at the steel substrate surface as a result of steel oxidation [1-2]. In flat products manufacture via thin slab casting technologies, these phenomena are particularly pronounced and require enhanced development efforts in descaling efficiency [3].Compared with the scale formation in continuous casting, the quantity of scale formed during hot rolling and reheating in the rolling mill is larger, and control of scale formation and descaling is a long-established task in hot rolling. Therefore, extensive research and development work have been carried out, including the effects of heating and rolling temperature on the thickness and microstructure of scale layer, heating time and furnace atmosphere, cooling mode, and steel composition on the scale formation, more attention has been given to the control of scale formation during reheating and hot-rolling process. On the other hand, hardly any specific efforts and countermeasures are taken in continuous casting, and very less research has been done despite the network-type crack on the as-cast strand surface caused by the subscale enrichment of scrap residuals [ 4-7]."

Jan 1, 2014

By Kotaro Ogura

"Ethylene has been produced in aqueous solution from CO2 by the electrochemical reduction driven by a natural energy. This process is useful for storing a large amount of the natural energy. In the closed system, the conversion efficiency of CO2 is almost 100%, and the maximum selectivity for the formation of ethylene is more than 70%. On the other hand, the current efficiency for the competitive reduction of water is less than 10%. The electrolysis is practicable under such special conditions as three-phase interface consisting of gas, solution and metal, concentrated solution of potassium halide, low pH and copper or copper halide-confined metal electrode. These requirements are thoroughly examined, and the grounds to reply upon are revealed. A series of chemical apparatuses including an electrolytic cell in a large scale are designed for the ethylene production, which allow us continuously to supply raw CO2 and to extract the product.IntroductionIn connection with the depletion of the petroleum reserve, much attention has been paid to the utilization of natural energies such as sunlight, wind force and waves. However, these energies are always changeable, and some means of storing them are necessary for the common use. In general, natural energies are transformed to the electric energy at the time of utilization, but the electricity is not very storable. This is one of the reasons why the application of natural energy is not so expanded. On the other hand, the storing of natural energy by plants is very skilful. In the photosynthesis, solar energy is transformed to chemical energy by fixing carbon dioxide."

Jan 1, 2009

Conventional ferronickel smelting has five main steps: Drying, calcination, prereduction, smelting and refining. In the scope of the current work, smelting experiments were conducted using Sivrihisar laterite ores (1.26% Ni) of Turkey. The ore samples previously subjected to drying, calcination and prereduction stages were smelted in alumina crucibles in a laboratoryscale horizontal tube furnace under argon atmosphere. Smelting experiments were performed at 1500, 1550 and 1600 oC. The amount of excess coal used in prereduction step was another variable. Sivrihisar laterite ore is a limonitic one with low MgO composition. Therefore, MgO was added to the smelting charge as a flux. The effects of experimental variables on metal Ni content and slag composition were investigated.

Jan 1, 2012

By Chuandong Wei, Mao Chen, Baojun Zhao, Zhixiang Cui

The first bottom blown copper smelting furnace (BBF) has been successfully operated for 10 years at Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals. In addition to many advantages of the BBF reported previously, stable operation with spinel-containing slags enabled the BBF refractories to achieve three-year campaign life. Understanding of the degradation mechanisms of the magnesia-chromite refractory will be able to further prolong the service life of the refractories and develop new refractories. In the present study, the post-mortem refractories were collected from different locations of the BBF during the annual maintenance. It is the first systematic study for the used refractories of a BBF. The phases present in the refractories and their compositions have been determined by Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis. The degradation mechanisms of the refractories are discussed based on the analyses. The results will be used to optimize the operation and select proper refractories in the furnaces.

Mar 1, 2018

By Ying Wang, Min Chen, Cuihuan Huang, Haohua Deng, Nan Wang, Ming Chen

Adding limestone directly into converter is considered to be favorable to energy conservation and emission reduction by transferring the decomposition reaction of limestone from the shaft or rotary kiln to the converter. In this paper, the kinetics of limestone decomposing in early converter slag was studied at 1300–1400 °C, and the effects of slag temperature and stirring speed introduced to the slag bath were examined. The kinetic results based on shrinking core model analysis showed that the limestone decomposition was a mixed rate control of chemical reaction and heat conduction through the lime layer, which could be promoted at higher slag temperature by supplying more heat to the converter bath. In addition, the chemical reaction rate constant and effective thermal conductivity were determined.

Mar 1, 2018

By Xu-ling Chen, Qian Li, Yong-bin Yang, Zhao Jing, Tao Jiang, Guang-hui Li

"It is generally known that alkali metals are harmful to blast furnace production resulting in aggravating RDI of sinters, abnormal expansion of pellets, deteriorating blast furnace lining, etc. Sinters regarded as dominating burden of blast furnace are determined as the main source of alkali metals. In this study, the removal behavior of potassium and sodium oxides by pre-reduction sintering during the sintering process was studied. The removal ratio ofK20 and Na20 was greatly influenced by coke powder content, carbon species, coke powder adding ways, additive and so on. Under the conditions of carbon rate 12% and 5% dosage of CO supplied in the sintering process, the corresponding removal ratio ofK20, Na20 was 69.00% and 32.79%, and metallization ratio could reach 4.65%. This technology provided a novel process for reducing the content of alkali metals in sinters and dramatically improving the quality of blast furnace burden.IntroductionSinter is the main iron-bearing charge of blast furnace for iron-making in China, making up about 80% of the total burden; therefore, its quality has a significant influence on the quality of pig iron and blast furnace operation. Research and practice of numerous years prove that potassium and sodium coming from ores are brought into blast furnace and upgraded, which is one of the essential reasons that lead to blast furnace nodulation and influences its strength. Currently, effective flow sheet to remove potassium and sodium is weak magnetic separation-intensive magnetic separation-flotation [l], while iron ore concentrate is still ofhigh levels of potassium and sodium. As sintering process is also not effective to remove potassium and sodium, blast furnace in China is of high alkali burden, e.g. it reaches 5.6-6.2kg/tFe in Baotou iron making plant, which is greater than international tolerated level of2.55kgltFe [l]."

Jan 1, 2013

By Tang Chaoho

Laboratory research on the reducing and matte smelting of Jamesonite concentrate has been carried out. The influence of the process conditions such as the smelting temperature, the amount of pyrite cinder (the agent of fixed sulfur) and the amount of additives on the smelting process have been studied. Under the optimum condition the direct recovery ratios of antimony and lead are 83.26% and 68.50% respectively. The ratio of fixed sulfur is 98.97% but more than 15% lead and 30% silver remained in the ferrous matte. The key problem to be solved of this new process is how economical and effective is the recovery of silver and lead in ferrous matte.

Jan 1, 2003

By Shijie Wang

In pressure oxidation leaching of copper anode slimes, than 65% of the tellurium is m' cxtraoted during decopperizing. About l0- 15% of the selenium is also dissolved simultane¬ously by severe leach conditions. Current operation for the treatment of the leachate is to constantly recirculate the leach solution through a bed of copper turnings. The tellurium and sele¬nium are precipitated from the leach liquor as copper telluride and copper selenide and sepa¬rated from the solution by filtration. In order to improve the reaction efficiency and reduce the process cost, viz, minimize the copper addition, cut retention time, and reduce the energy consumption; a chemical reducing agent is studied and the cementation process tested in the laboratory. In this paper, the test results are presented and the process chemistry is discussed.

Jan 1, 2003