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By M. Okido, R. Ichino, K. Kuroda

"Compound semiconductor, ZnTe, was electrodeposited in an acidic solution with K2TeO3, ZnSO4 and Na2SO4 solution. Since the reduction potential Te(IV)/Te(O) is remarkably noble from the solution comparing to Zn(II)/Zn(O), code position of Te and Zn was thought to be difficult from this solution. Resulting from EQCM analysis, furthermore, Te(IV) reduced to Te(O) and Te(-II) in this order so that Te catholically dissolved from the electrode surface at more negative potential. But ZnTe alloy were formed by the UPD of Zn at -0.7V at 298K on Te surface in lmM K2TeO3, 100mM ZnSO4 and 100mM Na2SO4 solution adjusted at pH 4. Content of Te in the deposits is, however, more than 80%.Electrolytic temperature is well known to affect on the deposits characteristics. The higher bath temperature was, the better ZnTe crystal was detected in this study. Thermal electrode method is a. process of heating only substrate by flowing ac current in substrate. This process makes the surface temperature of substrate higher than boiling point of the solution, 373K. From EDX analysis, deposits without thermal current were Te-rich, Te content in the deposits with thermal current decreased with increasing of thermal current. Te content was 62% for 5A ac current, 51 % for I OA and 45% for 20A, respectively. The deposits that produced with ac current of IOA were closed to the stoichiometric ratio, i.e. ZnTe.Consequently, thermal electrode method is more effective to obtain a good crystallized ZnTe without heat treatment after deposition.IntroductionThe current subject of solar cell materials is silicon. Compound semiconductors including GaAs and II-VI group are generally used in the developing field of digital information such as the rapid cellular phone and car telephone. Compound semiconductors consist of more than 2 kinds of element. There are many materials for these compound semiconductors such a SiC, InSb, CdS for binary system and CuinSe2 for ternary system. It becomes generally difficult, to produce high quality crystal with increasing of kinds of element due to a complicated structure and a compound ratio of element. Semiconductor materials as a device are usually simple binary compounds and/or these mixed crystals. Properties of compound semiconductors have variety of the forbidden band and lattice constant and that can be change easily by addition of another element for the usage of the solar cell. Since most compound semiconductors are direct interband transition type, which has steep optics absorption edge and large light absorption coefficient."

Jan 1, 2000

By Bhagyadhar Bhoi, Chitta Ranjan Mishra, Hara Prasanna Mishra

"In the Sukinda Valley of Orissa, India, the total quantity of nickel ore reserves comprising of both lateritic and chromite over burden(COB) have been estimated at around 231 million tonnes containing 0.3 to 0.9% Ni. While mining of one tonne of Chromite ore, around 6-7 tonnes of chromite over burden are removed. These overburden materials are disposed as waste materials, which causes lot of environmental hazards and ecological imbalance. India imports a large amount of nickel and ferro-nickel to meet its growing demands in various sectors. For import substitutions, efforts have been made to produced ferro-nickel from the lean deposits of nickel bearing lateritic ores/ chromite over burden materials by reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation and then the nickel rich magnetic fraction is smelted to produce ferro-nickel. It has been possible to produce ferro-nickel of grade varying from 4-25% nickel.IntroductionDuring mining of chromite ore, large quantities of overburden materials are being generated. The materials amount to approximately 10 million tones per year contain around 0.3-0.9% Ni, 0.02-0.06% Co, 20-50% Fe and 4-9% Cr2O3 depending upon the location and the depth of the mine. These materials presently do not find any application for the extraction of nickel due to lack of a suitable technology. The materials are also unsuitable for ferro-nickel making because of their very high iron to nickel ratio. The country is seriously looking for a suitable technology to utilize these resources as its entire domestic requirements of nickel is met though imports. In this connection, a systematic approach has been made at the Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar to develop a process for ferro-nickel making from this indigenous resource."

Jan 1, 2011

By Robert R. Beebe

On the night of August 1'9-20, 1995, seepage was seen at the toe of the Omai tailings dam in Guyana. The mill was immediately shut down, and within two hours the flow, then mostly water, was diverted into an inactive mining pit nearby. At about the same time a second more serious break occurred at a point where water and solids could flow directly into the Omai River. By the time Ii coffer dam could be completed in the early morning of August 24, some 4.2 million cubic meters of tailings water and solids had escaped from the dam, of which nearly2.9 million cubic meters had reached the Omai River. This paper outlines some initial Process considerations and operational decisions which might have contributed to the dam's failure, describes how the Government of Guyana and the operator, Omai Gold Mines Limited, cooperated in dealing with immediate problems and shows how the Government set about investigating the accident. In particular, the paper details the work of a Process Review Committee comprising Guyanese and foreign experts convened to assess the gold processing and effluent management systems at Omai, and to recommend actions where appropriate.

Jan 1, 1998

By B. Farouk, D. Apelian

"A numerical model has been developed to predict the temperature history of particles injected in a low pressure d.c. plasma jet. The temperature and velocity fields of the plasma jet are predicted as a free jet by solving the parabolized compressible Navier-Stokes equations using a spatial marching scheme. Particle trojectories and heat transfer characteristics are calculated using the predicted plasma jet temperature and velocity fields. Correction factors have been introduced to take into account non-continuum effects encountered in the low pressure environment. The plasma jet profiles as well as the particle/plasma interactions under different jet pressure ratios (from underexpanded to overexpanded) have been investigated.I. IntroductionIn the plasma spraying process a d.c. plasma jet is used as a heat source to melt and accelerate powder particles which subsequently impinge and solidify on a given substrate. During low pressure plasma deposition (LPPD) prooess, the plasma jet is expanded into a low pressure environment (40-80 Corr) which results in high plasma jet velocities with Mach numbers ranging from 2 to 3. Previous efforts to predict heat transfer and fluid flow in plasmas have made use of incompressible flow formulation employing turbulence models [1-3] for atmospheric plasma spraying. However, these theoretical calculations have been limited to the subsonic flow regime; hence, the compressibility effects and viscous heat dissipation were neglected. In the LPPD process, the plasma jet is operated at the supersonic flow regime, therefore, the compressibility effects and viscous heat dissipation are no longer negligible. This is the main motivation of this work.In addition, production of high quality dense deposits requires that a large fraction of the injected particles be in a molten state when they impact the substrate. An additional motivation for this work is that it is important to understand the plasma/particle heat and momentum transfer since these phenomena dictate both the particle thermal history and particle trajectory.Early computational works in supersonic nozzle field flow [4,5,6] consisted of patching methods that divided the flow field into an invisoid free stream and a viscous boundary and. mixing layers. Each was analyzed independently and coupled through appropriate boundary conditions. Later schemes [7,8] involved solving time-dependent, compressible Navier-Stokes equations over the entire computational domain. These schemes show a great promise in predicting flows with complex structure, and where the viscous effects became prevalent."

Jan 1, 1986

By Robert D. Rogers

The demand for phosphate will continue into the future, because phosphate is currently irreplaceable as a plant nutrient and in many chemical applications. Phosphate is not recycled, so the supply must be replenished through a process of mining and purification. Numerous microbial isolates. obtained from the environment were screened find those which demonstrated the greatest promise of solubilizing PO4 from the ore of interest. Screening was accomplished in a step wise manner an agar plate bioassay, shake flask studies, and semi continuous growth conditions. It was found that with the proper conditions of nutrient supply and solution pH; the bacteria and. fungus used in the semicontinuous process were able to solubilize in excess of 80% of an Idaho rock phosphate ore (RP) within nine days. A significant amount of solubilization occurred within the first six days. There was a 'reasonable correlation between the occurrence of soluble Ca and PO.4 during the processing of the RP thus providing evidence that the RP was being disintegrated by the organisms. In all cases, HPLC analysis of the solutions in which PO4 had been. extracted from RP showed that organic acids, which have been implicated as the mechanism of solubilization, were present.

Jan 1, 1991

By Tina Maniatis

Applied Biosciences has developed a biological technology for removal of arsenic, nitrate, selenium, and other metals from mining and industrial waste waters.The ABMet® technology was implemented at a closed gold mine site in Canada for removing arsenic from tailings pond water. The system included six bioreactors that began treating water in the spring of 2004. Design criteria incorporated a maximum flow of 567 L/min (150 gallons per minute) and water temperatures ranging from 10°C to 15°C. Influent arsenic concentrations range from 0.5 mg/L to 1.5 mg/L. The ABMet® technology consistently removes arsenic to below detection limits (0.02 mg/L). Data from the full scale system will be presented, as well as regulatory requirements and site specific challenges. Keywords: Arsenic, Sulfate Reduction, Metal Sulfide Precipitate, Biological Water Treatment

Jan 1, 2005

By Jagdish C. Agarwal

Although copper ranks very low in the order of abundance of elements in the crust of the earth, it has been one of the first metals utilized by mar, at his emergence from the Stone Age, about 10,000 years ago. Use of copper for weapons, tools, utensils and ornaments dates back to the twilight of history, 6,000-5,000 B.C. Native copper outcrops and the malleability of the metal explain its very early use by the cave-dwellers. The working, melting and extraction of copper from its minerals are among the oldest metallurgical achievements of the human race. The oldest complete smelting installations for the extraction of copper from its minerals, dated about the fourth millenium B.C., were recently discovered in the Timna Valley, Wadi Arabah, Israel. (1) The history of the developments of the extractive metallurgy of copper has been adequately reviewed recently. (2,3) The center of copper production migrated from the Eastern Mediterranean to Northern Europe (Mansfeld, Germany, Swansea, Wales) towards the end of the Middle Ages (1500 A.D.). The production of the metal was boosted tremendously in North America since the end of the nineteenth century (Fig. 1).

Jan 1, 1976

By A. Vahed

The Goro Nickel Project is situated in the Southern Province of New Caledonia. Inco Limited and Goro Nickel S.A. have developed a process that features the use of pyrohydrolysis to produce nickel oxide. The process treats a blend of laterites by Pressure Acid Leaching followed by solvent extraction of nickel and cobalt using Cyanex 301®. Purified nickel chloride solution is converted to high purity NiO product and 6M hydrochloric acid, which is recycled back to the SX circuit. In co-operation with Andritz AG, spray roaster and fluid-bed pyrohydrolysis technologies were examined for this purpose. Tests were conducted at the Andritz AG pilot plant in Vienna, Austria, and at Goro in larger scale installations. The latter served to establish process engineering design parameters for scale-up. Several process variables were investigated in both technologies and the off-gas characteristics were established. Fluid-bed pyrohydrolysis was selected for the Goro commercial plant, primarily because it produced a granular nickel oxide. The main focus of this paper is to outline the results obtained in pilot plant studies of liquid fueled fluid bed pyrohydrolysis for the Goro Project. Keywords: lnco Goro Nickel, Fluid Bed Pyrohydrolysis, Pilot Plant Tests

Jan 1, 2004

By O. P. Pandey, Rama Arora, Gurmel Singh, Suresh Kumar

The tribological behavior of Dual Particles Size (DPS) rutile reinforced LM13 alloy composite was investigated under varying applied pressure from 125 kPa to 625 kPa at a constant sliding speed of 1.6 m/s. In the present studies, 15 wt.% of rutile particles of different sizes (50-75 μm and 106-125 μm) are reinforced in the Al-12Si alloy (LM13) by liquid metallurgy route. Microhardness of the prepared samples was measured in different phases. Microstructure, wear mechanism and surface morphology of the wear surfaces and debris was observed under optical and scanning electron microscope. The change in wear behavior has been explained with reference to the observed EDS analysis of the wear track and debris. However, an interesting change in wear feature, mild to severe wear transition at critical pressure was noticed in wear behavior of the composite. The Al-DPS composite has immense potential to be used as a component material for tribological applications.

Jan 1, 2015

By I. D. Reznik

The flowsheets of converter matte production from sulphide copper - nickel and oxide nickel ores on Severonickel and Yuzhuralnickel integrated ,;corks are given. The cobalt behaviour in electrosmelting and autogenous ore smelting, converting and converter slag cleaning is observed. A list of acticles published in the 80 th is given.

Jan 1, 1993

By U. Kammer

The reduction of the lead content in the separator fraction produced during the mechanical processing of spent lead-acid batteries is an important environmental and economical issues. The reduction of lead down to less than 1 percent is very difficult using hydroseparators that are common in battery recycling facilities. Very promising results were achieved performing experiments on a test rig using a new technology in battery treatment: a discharge-type jigging unit. The materials is fed onto the jigging bed and transported through the machine. Due to the intensive movement of the feed, an additional washing effect is also obtained in addition to separation of the lead and plastic fractions. The knowledge gained from this development work at UVR-FIA GmbH in Freiberg, Germany, led to a patent application. This paper focuses on the results of the development work and the start-up and one year's operation of the industrial-scale application at Harz-Metall GmbH in Goslar, Gennany.

Jan 1, 2000

By Jing Lin, Yuan Xu, Qingcai Liu, Dengfu Cheng

"Smelting reduction technology has been developed greatly in recent years. But one of the key problems for this technology is about the refractory that used as lining material in the molten bath. Investigation and test shown that corrosion rate of refractory was much higher and the corrosion mechanism was much more complexity in the molten bath of smelting reduction with iron bath than that of the blast furnace and rotary furnace technology [l-5]. The corrosion behavior and corrosion rate of Al2OrC-ZrO2 series refractory in the melt of smelting reduction with iron bath have been studied by rotary immersion and quasi-static immersion test in this paper. The major factors that affect the interaction between the melt and refractory were investigated. The test results shown that the corrosion rate of AI2O 3-C-ZrO2 series refractory decreased with the ZrO2 increasing when ZrO2 content was from 3% to 10%. Ferrous oxides content, relative moving speed between the melt and refractory and temperature of the molten bath were the important factors that affect the corrosion rate. But the ferrous oxides concentration was the most important one. The corrosion rate was increased as a linear relation with the rising of ferrous oxides content of the melt. The corrosion rate in the quasi-static immersion was much less than that of the dynamic immersion (rotary immersion) for the Al2O 3-CZrO2 series refractory in the same testing condition. The corrosion mechanism of Al2OrC-ZrO2 series refractory is: graphite oxidized in advance, then interaction between the constituents of refractory and melt taken place and deteriorate layer of refractory and new compounds were formed, the properties of refractory was changed.IntroductionSmelting reduction with iron bath is a typical technology [3, 4, 6]. The obvious features of the melt for smelting reduction technology with iron bath are much higher ferrous oxides and much more complexity melt composition and structure than that of the blast furnace technology [2, 5-8]. The properties of the melt were changed dynamicilly and constantly in reduction process. On the other hand, the behavior of the melt depends on the activity and the reduction rate of ferrous oxides in the molten bath[9]. Because of the high concentration of ferrous oxides in slag and high reduction rate in the molten bath, the corrosion behavior and corrosion mechanism of the refractory lining by melt are an important factor in development of the technology of smelting reduction with iron bath. Up to now, improving refractory quality to anti-corrosion of melt and developing high quality and long term refractory used as the lining refractory materials in the molten bath of the final reduction furnace are also the most important questions for developing smelting reduction technology."

Jan 1, 2000

By Dong-sheng Li, Hong-ming Long, Tie-jun Chun, Chao Ning, Zhen Wang

Iron ore sintering is an essential process in modern iron and steel production. It has the largest emission of the PM (particulate matter) in the iron and steel industry, accounting for about 40% of the total emission. The physical and chemical properties of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in the iron ore sintering were introduced, and the research development of PM emission reduction was also summarized. The potential future development of PM emission reduction by chemical agglomeration and capture in the iron ore sintering process was also carried out. The interface chemistry relationships between PM and polymer, such as sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and polyacrylamide (PAM), in agglomerates were also investi- gated in this paper. It is signi ficant to reveal the characteristics of PM and develop the emission reduction technology of PM for the cleaner production of iron ore sintering.

Mar 1, 2018

By A. Erçin Ersundu

In the present work, three different domestic iron ores; Sivas Divrigi B Head high grade hematite lump ore, Malatya-Hekimhan-Hasançelebi medium and low grade magnetite lump ores reduced with Soma-Kisrakdere lignite coal to investigate their suitability for sponge iron production. A laboratory scale box furnace was used to carry out the reduction experiments. In the experimental studies different operation parameters were selected being Cfix/Fetot. ratio, temperature in the range of 1100 - 1250 oC and time, to determine their effects on metallization. Metallization degree up to 90 % was found in the reduction experiments realized by using Sivas Divrigi B Head high grade hematite lump ore, whereas for Malatya-Hekimhan-Hasançelebi medium and low grade magnetite lump ores 60 - 65 % metallization degrees were obtained.

Jan 1, 2008

By W. G. Davenport

The Cu content of industrial flash furnace concentrates varies considerably. It is usually around 30% Cu (Tables 2.1, 3.1) but it may be as high as 55% Cu and as low as 20% Cu. The mineralogy of flash furnace concentrates also varies. The most common Cu mineral is chalcopyrite (CuFeSz), but many concentrates contain bornite (CuSFeS4), chalcocite (CU2S), covellite (CuS) and even native copper (CUO). Pyrite (FeSz) :is also present in many concentrates. This chapter examines how concentrate composition affects flash smelting -with specific reference to 'low-Cu-grade' FeS2-CuFeSz concentrates. Chapter 14 does the same with 'high-Cu-grade' CuzS-CuFeSz?concentrates.

Jan 1, 2001

By H. Itou, J. M. Toguri, T. Takasu

"Marangoni convection has a large effect on materials processing since it remarkably enhances heat and mass transport near a free interface. To have a better understanding of the behavior of Marangoni convection in molten salts, observation and calculation of the thermal convection in a column held between a pair of Pt disks (2mm in diameter) fixed to hot thermocouples, were carried out.Calculated flow patterns and absolute values of fluid velocity agreed well with the observed results. When the temperatures of both disks were set equal and the height of liquid column was 2.4mm, four vortexes were generated on the longitudinal plane with a typical velocity of 15mm/s . From the calculated isothermal lines, the behavior of the enhanced heat transport was obvious; fluid heated at the disks was conveyed to the free surface and the cooled fluid at the surface was conveyed to the inner region. Increase in the height of column and/or increase in the absolute value of applied temperature difference lead to increase in fluid velocity lineally in this calculation range.IntroductionIn the processing of many materials, fluid flow of melts has a large effect on refining capabilities and on the characteristics of the produced material. Marangoni convection is generated when a spatial gradient of interfacial tension exists on the free interface due to differences in temperature and/or concentration. This promotes heat and mass transfer locally near the interface.For example, Marangoni convection which are created following the dissolution of interfacially active materials, increases the local corrosion rate of refractories (1-3). In absorption and discharge of oxygen and/or nitrogen in a molten metal, the effective reaction rate of the gas components through the gas-liquid interface increases (4-7). Also in crystal growth, the distribution of defects and impurities in the crystal is affected and this can alter its quality (8-11 ). The temperature distribution is also affected and can greatly change the productivity. For these reasons, the effectiveness of Marangoni convection in refining should be quantitatively clarified and its control should be better understood."

Jan 1, 1997

By Jim Hardy, Tim McKnight

"The thermal mass flow controller, or MFC, has become an instrument of choice for the monitoring and controlling of process gas flow throughout the materials processing industry. In the semiconductor industry, these MFCs are used on over 70% of the processing tools. Reliability and accuracy are major concerns for the users of the MFCs. Calibration and characterization technologies for the development and implementation of mass flow devices are described. Sources of inaccuracy in process gas handling are described, and a model to correct for these inaccuracies is outlined. A gravimetric calibrator is described that allows flow sensors to be calibrated in corrosive, reactive gases to an accuracy of 0.3% of reading, at least an order of magnitude better than previously possible. All described capabilities are implemented in a Department of Energy User Facility which is available to industry and universities to test and develop gas flow sensors and controllers and evaluate their performance related to environmental effects, reliability, reproducibility, and accuracy.IntroductionMaterials processing is at the heart of semiconductor manufacturing. To make today's advanced integrated circuits, silicon wafers are subjected to over 200 process steps. Most of these steps involve processes such as etching, implanting, diffusion, annealing, deposition, and lithography (resist deposition and hardening). Often one or more process gases are used to complete the process step. To achieve the quality and performance required in the micro devices, accurate measurement and control of these gases is essential. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), in conjunction with the semiconductor industry, has been working to improve process gas measurement and control accuracy and reliability. Standardized test methods have been developed to characterize and benchmark the performance of mass flow controllers (MFCs), the method of choice for monitoring and controlling gas delivery. Testbeds have been designed and fabricated to produce repeatable and accurate data using these standards. Baseline testing was performed along with development of a unique mass flow instrument, the gravimetric calibrator."

Jan 1, 1997

By O. Ryosuke Suzuki

A new metallurgical process via sulfide is proposed: a sulfide is produced at a high temperature from its metallic oxide using gaseous CS2, and this sulfide is electrochemically reduced to its metallic state using molten salt. This combined process via sulfide is effective to obtain high purity of metallic powder, even if the metal in its oxide is strongly combined with oxygen. For example, it is not easy to reduce stable oxide TiO2, and only Ca can remove oxygen to form α-Ti. However, a fairly large amount of oxygen remains as Ti–O solid solution. Because the solubility of S in Ti is very small, this proposal was examined experimentally both on the conversion of TiO2 to TiS2 and on the successive reduction of TiS2 to Ti. TiO2 powder was exposed to CS2 gas flow at 1073 K, and the conversion to TiS2 was confirmed. TiS2 could be reduced to Ti powder either by calciothermic reduction or electrolysis in a CaCl2 melt. By Ca reduction at 1133 K in CaCl2 melt, sulfur concentration decreased to 0.03 mass%S when the amount greater than twice the stoichiometric calcium amount is added. By electrochemical reduction at 1173 K in CaCl2–CaS melt, S concentration significantly decreased to 0.01 mass% S when four times larger amount of electric charge was supplied.

By Mariana Barcelos, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Giulio Rodrigues Altoé, Pedro Amoy Netto, André Gomes, Sergio Neves Monteiro

Environmentally correct composites, made from natural fibers, are among the most investigated and applied today. In this paper, we investigate the mechanical behavior of polyester matrix composites reinforced with continuous fique fibers, through bending tensile tests. Specimens containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% in volume of fique fiber were aligned along the entire length of a mold to create plates of these composites, those plates were cut following the ASTM standard to obtained bending tests specimens. The test was conducted in a Instron Machine and the fractured specimens were analyzed by SEM, the results showed the increase in the materials tensile properties with the increase of fiber amount.

Jan 1, 2015

By Carlos Maurício F. Vieira, Gabriel Oliveira Glória, Maycon Sidney Gomes de Camargo, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Fábio da Costa Garcia Filho, Maria Carolina Andrade Teixeira, Frederico M. Margem

The society is increasingly the concern about the ambiental impacts, and demand for eco-friendly materials. The composites reinforced with synthetic fibers are been replaced by composites reinforced with natural fibers because of the environmental advantages. Besides the environmental advantages, those fibers have economical and properties advantages, like the low density and cost. Composites with up to 30%of PALF fibers were tested. The analyzed parameters were the loss modulus, the storage modulus and the delta tangent. The test was conducted in the temperature interval from 25 to 195 °C in a DMA equipment operating at 1 Hz of frequency under a nitrogen flow. The results showed that the incorporation of continuous and aligned PALF fibers tends to increase the viscoelastic stiffness of the epoxy matrix. Contrasting this, minor changes occurred in both the glass transition temperature and the damping capacity of the structure as measured by the tan delta peaks.

Mar 1, 2018