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By Earl Oliver

CONTENTS PAGE A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee Activity 3 Definition of Capture Rule: Robert E. Hardwicke 4 Westmoreland Natural Gas Co. vs. DeWitt 5 Kelly vs. Ohio Oil Co 5 Bernard vs. Monongahela Gas Co 6 Definition of Ownership in Place 7 Prospective Stabilization Remedies 7 Dean Roscoe Pound's Four Tests of Practicability 7 I: Mechanically Feasible 8 Capture Rule 8 Ownership in Place 10 Mechanical Separation Method 10 Engineering Appraisal Method. 11 II. Economically Advisable. ., . 13 Capture Rule 14 Ownership in Place 14 III. Politically Wise 14 Capture Rule 14 Ownership in Place 17 IV. Legally Sound 18 Capture Rule 18 Ownership in Place 19 Dean Henry M. Bates' Analysis 19 Resume 22 THE A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee was named in 1932 to ascer-tain whether some practical substitute could be devised for the Rule of Capture, which was generally credited with being the major cause of instability in the Petroleum Industry. After considerable intercommittee correspondence a letter was received from. E. DeGolyer under date of Jan. 25, 1935, in which he discussed the possibility of modifying rather than discarding the Rule of Capture. He summarized his proposal as follows:

Jan 1, 1937

By D. J. Jr. McAdam

PART I. OUTLINE OF INVESTIGATION, DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL AND METHODS RESULTS of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station, Annapolis, Md., have been discussed by the writer in several recent papers.1,2,3,4 In those papers references were also given to the work of Haigh in 1917.6 Efforts by the writer to obtain a better understanding of some of the factors involved in corrosion-fatigue finally developed into a general investigation of the effect of time and cyclic stress on corrosion of metals. Corrosion fatigue of Metals As described in the papers mentioned, rotating-cantilever specimens, conically tapered so that the stress is nearly uniform over a length of about 1.5 in., were subjected to simultaneous fatigue and corrosion. For this purpose a stream of water was diagonally applied so as to sweep the specimen from the outer to the inner fillet and surround the stressed surface with water. The fresh water is a calcium carbonate water, the composition of which has been given in a previous paper.2 The salt water is Severn River water having a saline content about one-third that of sea water.

Jan 1, 1928

By Akira Ishizu, Nobuo Matsui, Tatsuya Nagahama

In the concentrator of Kamioka Mine, lead-zinc bulk differential flotation is practiced. It results in three kinds of thickener over- flow, namely; tailing, lead concentrate and zinc concentrate, which are discharged as wastewater. Since these three kinds of overflow differ from each other in water quality, they are separately recycled to appropriate processes based on their water quality. The tailing and the lead concentrate thickener overflow are directly recycled to their respective suitable processes. However, as the zinc thickener overflow contains Cu(CN)3--, ZnS, CdS, CN-, xanthate and frother, the total zinc thickener overflow cannot be recycled at one time to any one process without creating harmful effects. Consequently, all the ingredients in the zinc thickener overflow other than CN- are floated by Ion-Precipitate-Ultrafine-particle flotation, using Nagahm flotation machine. After this treatment, the zinc thickener overflow, containing only CN-, is effectively recycled to the lead-zinc differential flotation circuit. Thus the integrated recycling of waste-water greatly reduces environmental problems, and in addition it generates a sizeable profit by improving overall mill recovery, and permitting the reduction of reagent consumption.

Jan 1, 1976

By Benjamin Smith Lyman

THE importance of topography to geology is so commonly underrated as to deserve to be pointed out again and again. The relation of topography to the different branches of geology may be seen best by a glance at them all. Geology is well understood to consist of the observation of facts about rocks as materials of the earth (geognosy ), and the explanation of those facts (geogeny). The facts to observe are: I. GEOMETRICAL, as (1) structure, including the dip and strike at different points, the size, shape, and position of basins and saddles; (2) vertical section, that is, the thickness of rock groups and of their parts ; (3) horizontal or geographical position. II. PHYSICAL, such as texture, whether sedimentary or crystalline ; and, if crystalline, whether granitic, porphyritic, amygdaloidal, globular, or concretionary; whether compact or granular; coarse or fine; pervious or impervious; hard or soft; firm or tender; with cleavage or without; massive or thin; the microscopic structure; also whether magnetic or not; soluble or insoluble; fusible or infusible; and the constituent minerals. III. CHEMICAL, that is, the composition of the rocks and of their minerals and their affinities. IV. PALÆONTOLOGICAL, as what kind of fossils are in the rocks,

Jan 1, 1873

By R. R. Spencer, C. A. Campbell, R. J. Marcotte, A. S. Kromer, P. H. Ostlender

Calumet Div. of Calumet & Hecla Inc. is engaged primarily in mining, milling, and smelting the native copper ores of northern Michigan. The copper occurs in fragmental tops of lava flows and in certain interbedded felsitic conglomerates of Pre- Cambrian age. The most famous native copper ore- body in world history is the Calumet conglomerate, which outcrops between the villages of Calumet and Laurium for a distance of about 2 miles. The Osceola lode parallels the conglomerate lode and is mineralized for about 3 miles. Horizontal distance between the two is 750 ft. In 1932 the price of copper dropped to 54 per lb. Coupled with the high cost of obtaining copper from extreme depths, this low price made the venture un- profitable, and the mining unit was abandoned. After the shaft pillar copper was removed from several of the conglomerate shafts in a retreating operation, the mine was allowed to fill with water. In post-depression years, when the price of copper stabilized at about 12¢, Calumet Div. found it profitable to operate its remaining mines on other lodes, as well as its tailings reclamation plants.

Apr 1, 1956

By L. W. Kempf

THE thermal expansion characteristics of aluminum alloys have been examined by several investigators, among whom may be mentioned Shakespear,1 Schulz,2 Hidnert,3 Hidnert and Sweeney4 and McCullough.5 Shakespear compared the expansion of a series of aluminum alloys containing 14 per cent copper, with separate additions of about 1 per cent each of manganese, tin and zinc with that of pure copper. Schulz examined the expansion of aluminum and zinc and some aluminum-zinc alloys. Hidnert determined with a high degree of precision the expansion characteristics of pure aluminum, some aluminum-copper, aluminum-zinc, aluminum-silicon and some commercial alloys. Hidnert and Sweeney examined the expansion characteristics of aluminum-beryllium alloys. McCullough, by an interferometer method, determined the expansivity of some aluminum-copper, aluminum-magnesium, aluminum-iron, aluminum-nickel, aluminum-silicon and aluminum-manganese alloys. Incidental to an investigation carried out during the past six years and leading to the development and exploitation of an aluminum piston alloy of relatively low thermal expansivity, the expansion characteristics of a wide variety of alloys were examined. Some of the data which might be of general interest are gathered in this paper.

Jan 1, 1933

By Laurence Delisle

The aim of this paper is the description of a technique to be applied to the study of sections of metal powder particles, less than 20 microns in diam. with the electron microscope, by the replica method, using for replica a material such as formvar or parlodion. This work originated with the study of particles of tungsten powders. Such particles were too small to be examined in sufficient detail with the light microscope. On the other hand, examination with the electron microscope of the powders dispersed in the supporting film was not found satisfactory because: 1. It did not permit differentiating between single particles and aggregates. 2. It did not show the true outlines of the particles but only the projection of a whole surface. 3. No details appeared. For that reason it was attempted to make replicas of sections of the particles imbedded in a mounting material suitable for polishing and etching. The method proved satisfactory for the examination of tungsten powder and was then extended to car-bonyl nickel and carbonyl iron powders. Procedure Several mounting materials commonly used in ordinary metallography were investigated. The problem consisted in finding a mounting material

Jan 1, 1950

By Robert Stefanko

Roof bolting in coal mines has progressed very rapidly in the last decade, and today this method of support is in general use. There are many theories concerning the functions of roof bolts, but the importance of beam building is indisputable. Proper tension in the bolts minimizes shearing along bedding planes and creates a thick, competent beam from individually weak layers. Bolting must be accomplished immediately upon exposure of the roof, and bolt tension must be maintained if roof failure is to be prevented. Seams are being mined today with roof bolt support where conventional timbering was not effective1. The widespread use of continuous mining equipment was made possible by roof bolts which permit long supported spans free of obstructions.2 Since adequate anchorage is the key to successful bolting, better methods for determining the efficiency of anchorage are continually being sought. Attempts have been made to measure bolt loads, thus assessing anchorage efficiency by employing sensing devices between the bolt head and roof. 3,4,5 None of the techniques appears to be very accurate, and all have at least one serious deficiency.

Jan 5, 1962

By F. W. Bradley

This chapter on the Alaska Juneau mill is intended to make clear that "choice of methods," or the selection of proper methods, is the first essential step in launching a new enterprise; and to illustrate that when entering into new country where local conditions and physical features are new or strange to an engineer, he should respect the practices already adopted and followed in meeting peculiar conditions in these new countries that may seem strange to a casual visitor. For example, Americans going into Malay Peninsula with their most up-to-date machinery for drilling placer prospect holes found their cost to total about $3 per foot; by adopting native methods, it was found the same work could be done for 50 cents per foot. Also, those not used to frozen road conditions in a country of arctic climate might scrape the snow off such a road and cause unending road troubles into the following spring and summer; while natives understanding local conditions would leave the snow on the road. So in the neighborhood of Juneau, Alaska, where successful gold-milling operations had been going on for

Jan 1, 1932

By John M. Logan, John Handin

Quasi-dynamic triaxial compression tests have been done for the first time at confining pressures to 7 kb. The intermediate strain-rate apparatus employs a gas loading cylinder which allows axial strain rates up to 102/sec on a sample 2 cm in diameter and 4 cm long. Samples can be deformed at confining pressures to 7 kb. Strain gages bonded to the loading piston and to the jacketed specimen allow internal measurements of load and sample strains respectively. Westerly granite has been deformed at confining pressures to 7 kb, room temperature, and axial strain rates of 10-2 to 1/sec. An increase of ultimate strength with confining pressure was found as expected. The ultimate strength was also found to vary directly with increasing strain rate; the rate of rise increases with confining pressure. Brittle deformation has dominated the sample behavior. Solenhofen limestone has been deformed at confining pressures to 3 kb, room temperature, and axial strain rates of 10- to 10/sec. The brittle-ductile transition was found to take place at about 1.5 kb confining pressure at a strain rate of 10/sec.

Jan 1, 1971

By Ernest Kirkendall

THE amount of research done in the last few years on the subject of diffusion in solid metals is significant of the importance of this problem. To review the literature dealing with diffusion is unnecessary here. Desch1 in 1912 reviewed the work that had been done on diffusion in solids and gave a bibliography of the literature published before that time. Mehl's paper in 1936 2 is an excellent review of diffusion in metals and contains a large bibliography. Of importance also for its review and bibliography is an article by A. I. Krynitsky.3 While considerable material has appeared in the literature on diffusion in brass, the amount of information is not great compared to that pertain-ing to some of the other alloys. Most of the information published is of a qualitative nature; that which is quantitative varies considerably. Thus the quantitative determination of the rates of diffusion of copper and zinc in alpha brass by a new method appeared worth while. In the present investigation the rate of diffusion of zinc in approxi-mately the same composition alpha brass has been determined at three temperatures.

Jan 1, 1938

By John E. Sherborne, William M. Newton

THE relation between the properties of electric logs and the fluid used in drilling a well is briefly discussed in this paper, and the fact that the resistivity of the drilling mud and its filtrate can appreciably affect such logs is shown. Apparatus was designed and a procedure established to determine the effect of various factors on the resistivity of drilling mud. Five muds commonly employed in California were tested and the following observations were made: I. The effect of raising the temperature from 80°F. to 180°F. is to decrease the resistivity of the mud or filtrate approximately 50 per cent. 2. The resistivity of the mud in most cases closely approximates that of its filtrate. 3. The change in the resistivities of muds caused by the addition of chemical is not the same function of the amount of chemical added for each mud. 4. The effect produced by increased sodium chloride content is to reduce markedly the resistivity of the mud and its filtrate. 5. Weighting materials, such as Baroid and limestone, tend to increase the resistivity of drilling mud. 6. Cement and counteracting reagents reduce mud resistivity.

Jan 1, 1942

By Evans B. Mayo

As a result of studies distributed over the earth- including ocean basins as well as continents- some tectonists recognize four dominant structural trends: 1) northwest; 2) northeast; 3) nearly east- west, or equatorial; and 4) nearly north-south, or meridional. Baker' proposed a theory to account for these trends and Sonder5 called their world-wide arrangement the regmatic shear pattern. Moody and Hill6 proposed a much more complicated shear network which, although fascinating and perhaps ultimately useful, will not be followed here. In a recent review of deformation within the Cordillera, Wisser7 mentioned the four fundamental directions. The fact that many geologists deny the existence of the regmatic shear pattern implies that the fundamental structures are far from obvious. It may mean, also, that some geologists are not accustomed to examine regional and world maps analytically. The maps require much study, and certain features, should be isolated on overlays. Even so, with the present limited knowledge, uncertainties remain. The following analysis is a qualitative experiment, subject to change as information accumulates, and should be supplemented by the western sheet of the Tectonic Map of the United States.8

Jan 11, 1958

By Garth M. Crosby, F. McIntosh Galbraith, Bronson Stringham

THE Hercules mine is located in the northeastern section of the Coeur d'Alene district, approximately 1 1/2 miles north of the town of Burke, Idaho. Surface indications of the ore deposit were first discovered in 1886, but regular mine production was not started until 1902 and was continuous until April 1925, when the known ore had been extracted. Incomplete records show that from 1912 until operations were suspended the mine produced 2 1/2 million tons of ore containing 9.4 pct lead and 7.7 oz of silver per ton, together with an estimated 2 pct zinc, 0.3 pct copper, and 20 pct iron. This operation was the first in a series of mining enterprises culminating in October 1947 with the consolidation of Day Mines, Inc. In the same year it was decided to unwater the levels below the collar of the Hercules shaft in the hope of finding some indication of a recurrence of ore. The unwatering operation has been described in a previous paper.1 The initial exploration, following recapture of the workings, showed sufficient promise to warrant a detailed study of the mineralogy with modern techniques.

Jan 12, 1953

By C. V. Millikan

TEMPERATURE measurement in wells is an old practice and geothermal gradients have been of interest to geologists for many years.1,2 Their application to the operation of oil wells is a more recent practice. It has long been recognized that temperature anomalies occur in drilling and producing wells but thermometers that could obtain a satisfactory record of the anomalies were not available.3 The normal geothermal gradient is con-sidered as being about one degree Fahren-heit for each 60 ft. of depth.4 This "nor-mal" gradient varies in different areas, but whatever it may be in an area there is little variation from the surface to as deep as the drill penetrates. The normal gradient is appreciably changed by gas expanding from the reservoir into the borehole or by the movement of fluid through a borehole while drilling, producing, or circulating. It is the resulting anomalies and abnormal gradients from which conditions in wells can be interpreted. Some of the applications of such interpretations are locating the position of oil or gas sands, permeable strata in a reservoir zone, gas-oil contact, source of water, casing leaks, and the top of cement behind casing.

Jan 1, 1940

By T. Suganuma

Mitsubishi-Cominco Smelting Co. is a joint venture of Mitsubishi Metal Mining Co. Ltd. (M.M.M.) of Japan and Cominco Ltd. of Canada. The smelter, which is located alongside M.M.M.'s Naoshima copper smelter, was completed in May, 1966 and has a capacity of 36 000 metric tons per year of refined lead. The concentrate feed for the smelter from Pine Point Mines Ltd. is high grade with low impurities; particularly silver, bismuth, antimony, and arsenic, which facilitated a simple plant layout and operation. Concentrate, fluxes, recycle granulated slag and return sinter are drawn from bins by automatic control over weigh belt feeders, sintering is carried out on a 20 m2 Lurgi updraught sintering machine, furnacing in a 3.0 m x 1 ½ m water jacketed blast furnace equipped with an Asarco continuous tapper, refining in four 120 metric ton kettles and casting on a 25 metric ton/hour automatic casting machine. The S@ gas from sintering is cleaned in a high temperature baghouse utilizing glass bags and is then delivered to the M.M.M. copper smelter acid plants. The furnace gases after cleaning in a low temperature baghouse are vented to atmosphere.

Jan 1, 1970

By Jan D. Miller

The application of computers to the control and study of mineral processing operations such as grinding, classification and flotation has created an interest in simulation studies of these operations with mathematical models. Evidence of this interest is confirmed by papers presented at the 1969 International Computer Application Symposium held concurrently with the Fall Meeting of the Society of Mining Engineers in Salt Lake City, September 17-19, 1969. Proceedings of this symposium, entitled A Decade of Digital Computing in the Mineral Industry. were edited by Alfred Weiss and published by SME. Two sections of this book are devoted to computer application and simulation of mineral processing operations. In the area of comminution, several papers were presented at the International Computer Symposium. The size-discretized batch grinding model was described, and its application to the simulation of batch grinding, locked-cycle grinding and closed circuit grinding were discussed1. Freeh, Horst and Kellner2 approached simulation using a steepest ascent parameter-fitting technique, while Schoner3 considered the dependence of the elements of the mill matrix and classifier matrix on operating conditions, especially the feed rate.

Jan 1, 1970

By Luis Elek

DEVELOPMENT of the cement industry in Mexico began some 40 years ago. It has gradually reached great importance in the economic life of the country and has contributed greatly to the technical and economical advances which have been so noteworthy, particularly during the last 15 years. From a modest start, the industry now comprises 18 cement-producing plants having a potential annual capacity of approximately 14 million bbl. About half the plants were built and equipped with second-hand machinery during the last world war when no new machinery could be procured. They will hardly attain full production before being modernized and reconditioned, a job now under way in several of the plants. At present, the yearly consumption is only about 8 to 9 million bbl but is steadily increasing. This is only a fraction of the cement consumed in the U.S.A., which is about 250 million bbl per year, although on the basis of consumption per capita per year, the figure is 1/3 bbl for Mexico and 1 2/3 bbl for the U.S.A. Cement consumption in Mexico is well above the average of all other Latin American countries, with the exception of the Argentine, and considering the potentialities and undeveloped riches of Mexico, the road construction and irrigation works, it is fair to assume that the Mexican cement industry will still prosper and expand in spite of temporary setbacks in the future caused by-local events of economic or political nature. Portland cement is manufactured by burning a mixture of raw materials, one of which is mainly composed of calcium carbonates and the other of aluminum silicates. The most typical materials answering this description are limestone and clay, both of which occur in Mexico in many varieties. To be usable for cement manufacture limestone should contain at least 77 to 80 pct calcium carbonate. Lower grade limestone can be used for cement manufacture only if the lime content is increased by the beneficiation process, which has not yet been adopted by the Mexican cement industry. Most of the limestone used by Mexican cement plants has a calcium carbonate content of 90 to 95 pct and therefore requires addition of one or several correction materials. A typical composition of raw mix for cement manufacture is 85 pct limestone and 15 pct shale, clay or volcanic materials. Occasionally it is necessary to add a smaller amount of sand or other siliceous material to increase the silica ratio in the raw mix. Likewise, it is sometimes necessary to add 1 or 2 pct iron ore to facilitate fusion in the kiln and to obtain proper relation between alumina and iron oxide. After calcining and

Jan 1, 1952

By Felicia F. Peng

The computer graphic routines and digital simulation program of coal cleaning circuits have been developed in the Mineral Processing Engineering Department, West Virginia University. The functions of the program include computing, tabulation and graphing of 1) washability characteristics of raw coals, 2) blending, 3) Tromp distribution curves for two washer types-- water only and dense medium, 4) predicting the functional relationship of yield and qualities of clean coal product in individual and overall coal cleaning circuits in coal preparation plant, and 5) determining the optimal clean coal yield based on the market and environmental specifications. Amdahl 470 V/7A digital computer, Tektronic 4025 graphic terminal and Tektronix 4663 digital plotter with Fortran IV are used to achieve the goals. The simulation with the aid of graphic routine program of coal cleaning circuits is a useful tool for coal preparation engineers in evaluating the feasibility of proposed flowsheets, in investigating the effect of a modification in a unit operation of an existing plant, in analyzing the off-line optimization, and in comparing the alternative circuit control strategies. The coal cleaning process simulation with graphic routine can contribute greatly to the decision making processes of preparation plant design.

Jan 1, 1983

Members Dues Resignations, Suspensions and Expulsions Institute Meetings Board of Director?s Meetings Directors and Officers Duties of Officers Committees Nomination and Election of Officers Publications Divisions, Local Sections, Affiliated Societies Amendments [As REVISED FEBRUARY 21, 19281 ARTICLE I MEMBERS-QUALIFICATIONS AND ELECTION , SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise six classes, namely: 1. Members; 2. Honorary Members; 3. Senior Members; 4. Associates; 5. Junior Associates; 6. Rocky Mountain Members. All shall be equally entitled to the privileges of membership, excepting that Junior Associates, and all Members and Associates whose residence shall be outside of the United States of America, Mexico and Canada shall not be entitled to vote. SEC. 2. Members: A person to be eligible for election or transfer into the class of Member must be at least 27 years of age and must have had at least six years' employment in the practice of engineering, mining, geology, metallurgy, or chemistry, during at least three years of which he must have held positions of responsibility in one or more of these fields. This shall not apply to Rocky Mountain members.

Jan 1, 1928