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NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporations law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is American Institute of Mining Engineers; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorporation. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely 1. Members ; 2. Honorary Members ; 3. Associates ; 4. Junior Members. All members shall be equally entitled to the privileges of membership, except¬ing that Honorary Members, Junior Members, and Members and Associates whose residences shall be outside of the United States, Mexico, and Canada shall not be entitled to vote. Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Mexico, and Canada, and not in arrears for dues, shall be entitled to vote in person at the meetings of the Institute, or, as hereinafter provided for, by letter ballot. SEC. 2. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely : as Members, all professional mining . engineers, geologists, metallurgists, or chemists, and all persons actively engaged in mining and metallurgical engineering, geology, or chemistry ; as Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who in the opinion of the Board of Directors are suitable.

Jan 1, 1923

By Edward Sayre

IN shaft sinking for coal mines, the cost item greatly influences the method adopted. This holds true especially when soft material must be traversed. The average life of a coal mine is short. This is clue either to the limited area of the coal basin or to the great expense of maintenance and haulage underground when the entries are extended a considerable distance from the hoisting shaft. Therefore, the engineer in opening a coal mine is confronted with the fact that the cost must be kept within certain bounds else the venture will prove unprofitable. For this reason he may be prohibited from adopting certain safe, but expensive, methods that are used in sinking caissons for foundations, driving transportation tunnels, or other work of permanent construction. A common method of sinking through difficult ground employs the aid of a steel shoe pushed ahead of the shaft timbers. Another is the drop-shaft method. These two methods were used in sinking the main shaft and the air shaft of the Eagle No. 3 mine, at Des Moines, Ia., and the following data show the relative success and cost of the two methods of sinking under the same conditions. A drill log of the material to be penetrated was as follows (see Plate 1, Fig. .1)

Jan 9, 1916

NAME AND OBJECT. SEc. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporations law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is American Institute of Mining Engineers; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorporation. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely 1. Members ; 2. Honorary Members ; 3. Associates ; 4. Junior Members. All members shall be equally entitled to the privileges of membership, except¬ing that Honorary Members, Junior Members, and Members and Associates whose residences shall be outside of the United States, Mexico, and Canada shall not be entitled to vote. Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Mexico, and Canada, and not in arrears for dues, shall be entitled to vote in person at the meetings of the Institute, or, as hereinafter provided for, by letter ballot. SEC. 2. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely : as Members, all professional mining . engineers, geologists, metallurgists, or chemists, and all persons actively engaged in mining and metal¬lurgical engineering, geology, or chemistry ; as Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who in the opinion of the Board of Directors are suitable.

Jan 1, 1917

By James M. Riddle

INTRODUCTION Block-caving mines are generally large operations. Calculating the quantity and value of mineral present and determining the economic limits to mining are complicated processes requiring much time and effort. If these processes are to be worthwhile, they must be accurate and reliable. Success in planning may increase the economic returns significantly. Since capital investments in block-caving mines are generally quite large, and development may span several years, quicker and more accurate methods of mine layout are very worthwhile to the mining industry. The purpose of this study is to develop an approach to the evaluation and layout of block-caving mines. The study included development of a simple approach to modelling ore reserves and a rapid, dynamic programming solution for optimum ultimate mining limits. TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO BLOCK-CAVING MINE LAYOUT General discussion of techniques of calculating and valuing ore reserves can be found in the literature, (1-4). Mining limit approaches have been investigated by many and follow five general methods: 1, Moving cone method (5) 2. Graphroriented technique (6,7) 3. Dynamic programming technique (7,8,9) 4. Network flow method (10,11) 5. Pillar method (12) Of these investigations, only two were developed for underground mining applications, those of Sharp (9) and Riddle (11).

Jan 1, 1977

I. PRESIDING OFFICERS. At all Business meetings of the Institute the President, or, in his absence, the Vice-President, or, in the absence of both of them, any other member of the Board of Directors to be chosen by the meeting, shall preside. At all other meetings of the Institute the President of the Council or, in his absence, one of the Vice-Presidents, if present, shall preside II. ORDER OF BUSINESS. At each Business meeting of the Institute the order of business shall be as follows 1. Reading of minutes of preceding meeting. 2 Report of the President. 3. Report of the Treasurer. 4. Report of the Secretary. 5. Election of Directors. 6. Election of Members of the Council. 7. Reports of Standing Committees. 8. Reports of Special Committees. 9. Special Orders 10. Miscellaneous business. This order of business may be changed by a vote of a majority of the Members and Associates present in person or by proxy. The usual parliamentary rules shall govern all meetings of the Institute except in cases otherwise provided by the Constitution or the By-Laws. At all sessions of the Institute other than business meetings, the order of proceedings and the time of adjournment, shall rest in the discretion of the presiding officer

Jan 1, 1917

By Lucien Eaton

IN anticipation of a shortage of labor for hand-tram-ming at the Cliffs shaft mine of the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. at Ishpeming, Mich., early in 1923 three 4-ton Goodman storage-battery locomotives, equipped with Edison batteries, were purchased. Storage-battery locomotives were chosen for this work because the expense and time required to put up trolley-wire and to bond the rails of the complicated system of tracks on the levels, where the locomotives were to be used, would not have been warranted by the amount of ,ore to be handled. The only changes in the tracks necessary for storage-battery locomotives were new switches and extra ties and braces on curves. The tracks were 24-in. gage, and were laid with 20-lb. rail. Edison batteries were chosen, because it was desired to charge the batteries from the trolley circuit already, in the mine, and this would have been impracticable with lead batteries. Each locomotive is equipped with 126 A-4 Edison cells, which are charged in series from the 240-volt trolley circuit while the trolley locomotives are running; and are discharged in parallel in two banks of 63 cells each. These locomotives were so successful that later 5 smaller locomotives, weighing 11/2 tons each, were pur-chased for use e with cars that are filled by hand and on levels where the amount of ore handled is small. These locomotives, built by the Geo. D. Whitcomb Co. of Rochelle, Ill., are equipped with batteries of 40 A-4 Edison cells each, the cells being the same as those, on the larger locomotives. They are charged from mer-curial-are rectifiers. These locomotives are operated by the trammers themselves, and have not special oper-ators like the larger machines. The trammers are all young men of American birth, and take quickly to the operation of machinery, and the simplicity of the con-trol on these locomotives has made special training unnecessary. A survey of the results was made by the A. C. Nielsen So., an excerpt from which follows: Eight Edison-equipped battery locomotives are now in use at an Ishpeming mine of the Cleveland-. Cliffs Iron Co. This equipment was installed to take the place of men who formerly pushed loaded cars by hand. Results have been very satisfactory and the de-pendable, trouble-free operation of the Edison batteries is considered to have been an important factor in the effectiveness of the new hauling method.

Jan 3, 1927

By D. M. Dunbar

LONG before Columbus discovered America the original inhabitants toiled in the copper workings of the Andean Cordillera. Their best diggings appear to have been at Chuquicamata, site of the huge present-day open pit owned by the Chile Exploration Co., subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Located in Antofagasta Province of northern Chile, Chuquicamata is in the Atacama desert, high on the western slope of the Andes at 9500-ft elevation. In the Chuquicamata area the Atacama desert merges into the Cordillera. The climate is extremely arid and precipitation, either in the form of rain or snow, is very infrequent. The temperature varies from 50° to 85°F during the day, and drops to 20° to 40° at night. The Antofagasta and Bolivia Railroad, which connects the Chilean Port of Antofagasta with La Paz, Bolivia, passes within approximately 6 miles of the plant. A branch from the main line to Chuquicamata serves the property for outgoing copper and incoming freight. The distance to Antofagasta by rail is 163 miles. Previous to the Inca conquest, this region was inhabited by the Chuco Indians, a small tribe, descendants of the Aymaras and Quechuas. The Incas, whose capital was located in Cuzco, Peru, gradually extended their empire to the south, reaching at one time to what is now central Chile. It is believed that they built crude primitive furnaces on the banks of the Rio Salado where on a small scale they smelted copper ore from Chuquicamata. At the time of the subsequent Spanish conquest, legend has it that Diego de Almagro, on his return to Cuzco in 1536 after his invasion of Chile, obtained from these furnaces metallic copper for horseshoes. During the period from 1560 to 1879 the high grade veins of the Chuquicamata deposit were worked superficially by the Spaniards and Bolivians. The treaty signed after the war of 1879 recognized the sovereignty of Chile over this territory and Chile, realizing the importance of the district, started to develop it in an orderly manner, although only high grade veins were worked. New Process Is Key Reports on the deposit were brought to the attention of Albert C. Burrage, a Boston lawyer and financier, in 1910. Chuquicamata was described as a huge deposit of ore that was not amenable to the usual treatment by concentrating and smelting since much of the copper occurred as oxides. He had been working on a process for the recovery of copper from sulphide ore which involved a sulphating roast, leaching of the roasted product, and pre-

Jan 1, 1952

By G. R. Purdy, J. G. Parr

The intermetallic compound Ti2Co was studied by X-ray diffraction and metallographic techniques. The phase occurs off stoickzometric composition, with its greatest variance at high temperature. The solubility limits of the phase have been cletermined, and an amendment to the titanium-cobalt phase diagram is suggested. THE first intermetnllic compound to appear at the titanium-rich side of the titanium-cobalt system was found by Laves and wallbauml to be Ti2Co. They described this compound as isomorphous with Ti2Ni and Ti2Fe, and demonstrated that it had a face-centered-cubic structure with 96 atoms per unit cell. This contention is supported by the work of Duwez and Taylor2 and Orrell and Fontana3 who also determined the lattice parameter to be about 11.30A. Rostoker4 believed that Ti2Co did not exist, and that the phase considered by the other workers to be Ti2Co was Ti,Co20. However, Orrell and Fontana determined oxygen and nitrogen contents and found that their alloys did not contain sufficient of these elements to produce significant quantities of a stoichiometric oxygen compound. The present investigation was initiated to determine the composition limits of the phase Ti,Co.

Jan 1, 1961

By A. Bauer, P. Calder, N. H. Carr, G. R. Harris

Smallwood mine is part of the Iron Ore Company of Canada's Carol Lake operation and is situated in Labrador, 240 miles north of Sept-Iles, Quebec. Last year, 15 million tons of crude ore were crushed to yield 6.3 million tons of concentrate and pellets. This year the figures will be 17 million of crude and 7 ¼ million tons of concentrate and pellets, which is the full plant capacity. Carol Lake ores consist primarily of specularite and magnetite mixed with quartz. Since both rotary and jet piercing drills are used, it is often desirable in planning to know in which regions of the orebody, or new orebodies, a particular drill will be most economic. This makes it necessary to establish a correlation between drillability and pierceability and some physical rock property. For the rotary drills a good correlation was found with penetration rate and grinding factor index. The jet piercers were found to have a reciprocal relationship in the sense that the best rotary ground was the worst jet ground and vice versa. It is also indicated how an economic comparison could be made using these penetration rate versus grinding factor index curves, the hole size distribution curves for single pass and chambered holes, and the mine distribution curve for grinding factor index.

Jan 9, 1965

By Volker Ruth

DURING an experimental investigation of the Kirken dall effect in the Ag-Au system, cracks along grain boundaries in connection with a shift of adjoining crys tallites are observed on the gold-rich side of the couple. Also on the gold-rich side the formation of a zone of small protrusions is found.' The growth law of the width of this zone indicates that the protrusion formation is a secondary effect of diffusion. The protrusions are not found within a distance of approximately 60 from a grain boundary. Unaffected regions along grain boundaries were also observed by Doherty and Davis during precipitation of vacancies in aluminum2 and by Wyon and Lacombe during precipitation of iron in aluminum.3 Thus we may suppose that we have an effect analogous to precipitation in which the crystal tends to maintain its equilibrium vacancy concentration by transporting excess atoms to the surface. At an early stage (i.e., before sintering has influenced the shape of the protrusions) the protrusions have similar shapes (three sided pyramids and roof shapes) and similar orientations within a single grain but vary from one grain to another. Further experiments were carried out on cylindrical Au-Ag single crystal couples. During the weld-

Jan 1, 1963

By Ronald A. Murdock

INTRODUCTION Exxon's Highland Uranium Operations in eastern Wyoming consists of an open pit, an underground mine and a mill complex. The geology of the deposit is reviewed in this paper, and an overview of the mining operations at both the surface and underground mines is presented. Topics discussed include geology, stripping of overburden and mining of ore in the open pit, and underground development and stoping methods. GEOLOGY The Highland uranium deposit was discovered in 1968 by Exxon Minerals Company, U.S.A., in Converse County, Wyoming, 35 miles north of Douglas. The mine is located at an elevation of about 5,200 ft in a high-plains, sagebrush-covered prairie typical of eastern Wyoming. The deposit is near the southern edge of the Powder River Basin in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation. The Fort Union Formation consists of 1,900 to 3,200 ft of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, claystone and coal beds. Siltstone, mudstone and claystone are collectively referred to as "shale" at Highland. There are many alternating layers of shale and sandstone in the Fort Union Formation; but in the Highland area, there are only three principal sandstones, known as the Highland Sand Group, which host the uranium. The combined sand thickness is about 150 ft.

Jan 1, 1983

By F. R. Hensel

ACCORDING to statements by Guertler,1 Smith and Hamilton were the first to study the copper-titanium alloys, but owing to the presence of large amounts of impurities their data are inconclusive. M. A. Hunter and I. W. Bacon later investigated the electrical conductivity and the temperature coefficients at room temperature. The present writers reported their results2 in November, 1930. Recently Droll published data on copper-titanium alloys3 which agree closely with those obtained by the authors. MATERIAL TESTED The titanium used was in the form of square sintered rods, the analysis of which runs as follows: titanium, 95.4 per cent; silicon, 0.7; iron,1.8; aluminum, 1.4; copper, 0.1; manganese, 0.05. . The ingots were prepared in a high-frequency induction furnace in air atmosphere. Their analyses are given in Table 1. Up to 5 percent titanium the alloys could be forged. Above that amount they were red short and broke up easily. Owing to their rapid absorption of nitrogen and oxygen from the air, the alloys with the higher amounts of titanium tend to form surface films which greatly increase the casting difficulties, especially when small masses of metal are handled. It was, however, possible to prepare sound ingots up to 25 per cent titanium.

Jan 1, 1931

By Edward H. Robie

SEPTEMBER usually being a fine month for motoring, we set out with our better half at the end of August in our Studebaker for points West. A combined business trip and vacation. The first night found us 392 miles away, at the Statler Hotel in Buffalo, and the next morning we revisited Niagara Falls for the first time in some forty years. The cataracts were as impressive as ever and certainly worth a day of any vacationist's time, instead of the half hour we could spare before going on to Chicago. The Centennial of Engineering, the hundredth anniversary of the founding of the ASCE, no doubt attracted the greatest gathering of engineers in history but still the attendance was disappointing to most of the forty or fifty societies that participated. Perhaps the time-the two weeks following Labor Day-was unfavorable. Few could afford to spend ten days away from home and business at that time of the year. Fall meetings of the AIME normally attract far more than the 300 that registered in Chicago. The technical program, however, was excellent, especially that arranged by the Minerals Beneficiation and Industrial Minerals Divs. The mineral industry papers of a more general nature that were presented as a part of the Centennial program on Monday and Tuesday of the following week were of high quality and offered by top names but had a meager audience. Undoubtedly the celebration brought engineers and engineering to the attention of millions of people. The pageant at the Museum of Science and Industry proved continuously interesting, showing the progress of engineering following the first use of fire. The show continued for many weeks. A special stamp was issued by the Government, which engineers might well use on their Christmas cards or other mail this year. After six days in Chicago we set out north, first visiting Fairbanks Morse in Beloit and Allis-Chalmers in Milwaukee. Will Mitchell's Basic Industries Research Laboratory is doing interesting work and being installed in more comfortable quarters. The next day at Ishpeming, C. W. Allen arranged for luncheon with a local group of AIME members and we then looked over the new surface plant of the Mather B mine, a model of modern functional design. Then on to a small dinner meeting at Calumet following cocktails at Endicott Lovell's attractive summer home on the lake at Point Mills. The new Memorial Union Bldg. at Houghton, where we were domiciled for the night through the courtesy of Roy Drier, is a beautiful modern addition to the college, a model of its kind.

Jan 1, 1952

By Roswell H. Johnson, W. E. Bernard

To know the rate of declinc of oil wells is very important, yet ordinarily we are prevented from getting this rate because the oil from several wells is put into one or a few tanks as soon as the wells have been connected to the power. The object of doing this is economy of tanks, pipes, labor, and accounting. But we are making a great sacrifice for this small economy. The advantages of the individual records are that we would know better: 1. When the well has ceased to be profitable. 2. When a well has gotten into bad condition. 3. The real record of the yield per acre and the rate of decline of the wells. The lease total is too mixed as to age of the wells for existing records to have much significance. To obtain such individual well records and more accurate logs are the great desiderata of satisfactory management of oil properties. 4. Which wells show the slowest decline—information which is valuable in locating new wells or purchasing adjoining leases. The truth of this statement is evident, when we reflect upon the large number of purchases of producing property. Intelligent appraisal is of the utmost advantage and it is impossible without individual well-pro-

Jan 1, 1918

By R. W. Raymond

ChaRles William HenRy Kirchhoff was born March 28, 1853, at San Francisco, Cal., where his father, Charles Kirchhoff, was at that time consul for his native country, Germany. A few years later, the family moved' to Hoboken, K. J., in which city the son received his preliminary education at the Hoboken Academy, proceeding later to Germany, where he was graduated in 1874 as mining engineer and metallurgist at the Prussian Royal Mining Academy of Clausthal, in the Harz. Upon his return to the United States, he became chemist of the Delaware Lead Refinery at Philadelphia, and retained that position for three years. But in 1877 he began what was to be an almost uninterrupted life-long association with David Williams, the publisher of The Iron Age, of New York, who established in that year, and continued for a brief period, a journal entitled the Metallurgical Review, on the editorial staff of which Mr. Kirchhoff received a place. The enterprise was doubtless an attempt to cover a wide metallurgical field outside of that which properly belonged to The Iron Age. But it was soon abandoned, and Mr. Williams wisely concentrated his energies upon the older journal, which, under his vigorous and skillful management, and the labors of the able editors and correspondents whom he selected, became one of the greatest institutions of its class in the world. From 1878 to 1881, Mr. Kirchhoff was assistant editor of The Iron Age. From 1881 to 1884, he was managing editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal; in 1884 he returned to The Iron Age, to become for five years its associate editor, and in 1889, on the retirement of James C. Bayles, editor-in-chief. This list of dates and employments, without further comment, sufficiently indicates, at least to the eye of an expert, that Mr. Kirchhoff had found his congenial career in trade journalism. His qualifications for this profession were somewhat exceptional. He possessed the scientific training, the knowledge of foreign languages and literatures, and the power of making and keeping friends, which enabled him to get early notice of technical novelties; he had the taste for statistics which made him both industrious and intelligent in their collection and use; and to these traits he added a mastery of the meaning of such accumulated data, and a sane, critical judgment of the situations which they represented, as well as of the sources and the figures themselves, which made his opinion weighty

Jan 1, 1917

By R. L. Curfman

From January 1, 1965 through July 5, 1970, the very difficult potash ore body of Texasgulf Inc. near Moab, Utah was mined by conventional methods. The mine was gassy, the temperature was high and structural conditions precluded a satisfactory or economical extraction ratio due to the undulating configuration of the ore horizon. In 1966, 67, and 68, alternative mining methods were considered, among which was solution mining of the ore body. Cost studies indicated that the use of crystallizers to evaporate the large amounts of water attendant to solution mining offered no chance of economic success. In 1969 additional testwork and cost studies were carried out utilizing solar evaporation. These studies showed economic potential and justified additional investigation. As a result of these studies, Texasgulf now gathers potash solids from these solar evaporation ponds, (Fig. l), after pumping them from the underground mine as brine. The investigations were concentrated in four basic areas : (1) area evaporation rates and crystal growth habits; (2) underground solution tests including heat transfer rates; (3) accelerated evaporation tests to provide material for metallurgical testing, and (4) tests of evaporation pond lining materials and application techniques, along with area surveys to ascertain if sufficient earth was available in the near vicinity to con-

Jan 1, 1974

By G. H. Enzian

W. C. Ellis—The intergranular fracture observed by these authors in brass seems to be characteristic of metals when tested under similar conditions. It has been observed by us in room temperature tests on lead alloys subjected to constant stress when the stress has been low enough to afford a small strain rate. If, however, the test be carried out at a high stress and therefore at a large strain rate, a characteristic, tapered, transcrystalline fracture is obtained. The same change of fracture has been observed by others with decrease of strain rate and increase of temperature for other metals—for example aluminum—and may be presumed, as the authors point out, to be general for metals. These findings suggest a plastic flow mechanism under conditions of small strain rate and high corresponding temperature differing from classical block slip. The required conditions point to a process fundamentally diffusive in nature—a less organized process than block slip. Nabarro18 has shown that plastic flow can occur by stress induced diffusion of vacant sites— a process of self-diffusion. Movements of a pseudo-viscous nature at grain boundaries are suggested in the work of Ke.15 Deformation near to a grain boundary by other than a slip mechanism appears necessary to Boas and Hargreaves.19 Wood and Rachinger20 report a cellular structure in slowly deformed alumi- num—the cell size is larger, the higher the temperature and the slower the strain rate. Presumably in the latter case diffusive movements occurred in the cell boundaries. In any case the nonslip mechanism seems somewhat obscure and further work is indicated. Such studies will undoubtedly clarify the nature and behavior of lattice imperfections—the very core of the strength and plastic properties of metals. F. H. Wilson and E. W. Palmer (authors' reply)—It is certain that the metallic behavior which has been termed "creep" includes many interdependent phenomena of which a nonslip type of plastic flow may well be one. The reports to which Mr. Ellis refers are illustrative of the many different observations that must be correlated for a complete understanding of creep. The list could be extended considerably. For example, we ourselves have been impressed by the sensitivity of creep phenomena to the presence of minor impurities and feel that this aspect of the problem warrants more thorough study than it has yet received. References 18 F. R. N. Nabarro: Report of Bristol Conference on Strength of Solids. P. 75, (1948) London. 19 Boas and Hargreaves: Proceedings Royal Society. (1948) 193. 89. 20 wood and Rachinger: Journal Institute of Metals. (1949) 17, 237.

Jan 1, 1951

By E. P. Jennings

The abundance and value of the tellurium minerals of Colorado is well known, but, as yet, few analyses have been made of them, and I offer these as a small contribution to the chemistry of these valuable ores. 1. Native Tellurium.—The specimens from which the analyses of this mineral were made are from the " John Jay" Mine, Boulder County, Colorado, where it occurs in quite large masses, though mixed with more or less silica and iron pyrites. It is usually a finegrained, tin-white mineral, but sometimes occurs in distorted, hexagonal prisms in cavities in the quartz. Before the blowpipe it gives the reactions for tellurium, sulphur and iron; by cupellation, it yields a small amount of gold. An analysis of a coarsely crystallized specilnen gave the following results : Specific gravity, 5.10.5. Tellurium,.........68.40 Gold, :.........1.36 Iron pyrites,........24 92 Ferric oxide,.....4.37 Silica and silicates,........11.54 Silver, lead, and mercury,... traces. 100.59 Deducting the pyrites, iron oxide and silica, we have for the con]position of the mineral: Tellurium,..........97.78 Gold,.......... 2.27 100.00 Or, considering the gold to be in combination with tellurium to form sylvanite, we have : Nativc tellurium,........96.50 Sylvanite (An, Te3,),........4.50 100.00

Jan 1, 1879

By A. C. Halferdahl

DURING a study of reactions involving iron sulfides, it became desirable to know approxi-mately the heat of decomposition of pyrite. The values given for the heats of formation of pyrite and ferrous sulfide are 35,500 calories and 23,070 calories respectively. For the reaction 2FeS2= 2FeS+S:, the heat effect would be-24,860 calories. But pyrite gives sulfur and pyrrhotite upon heating and the latter is a solid solution of sulfur in ferrous sulfide. The only meas-urements of this decomposition are those of Allen and Lombard1 of the Geophysical Laboratory who have measured dissociation pressures of both covellite and pyrite and have carefully reviewed the literature. They give a table of values for covellite as determined by Preuner and Brockmoller2 and by Wasjuchnowa3 and compare these values with their own measurements. The conclusion is that the measurements of Preuner and Brockmoller are seriously in error, while Was-juchnowa's values fit in well with those of Allen and Lombard. Wasjuchnowa's measurements were made by a dynamic method, while Allen and Lombard em-plowed a static method on both covellite and pyrite. Tables I and II reproduce the measurements of Wasjuchnowa and of Lombard and Allen on covellite and pyrite.

Jan 11, 1927

Raymond Weir Smyth, born Nov. 3, 1888, was the son of Herbert Weir Smyth, professor of Greek Literature at Harvard University. He graduated (A. B.) from Harvard in 1909 and later pursued advanced studies there in chemistry and in metallurgy. He held the position of metallurgist for the American Steel and Wire Co. at Worcester, Mass., and also for the Steel and Tube Co. at Youngstomn, Ohio. For a time he was inspector of munitions for the British Government and stationed at the Railway Steel and Spring Co. at Latrobe, Pa. For a short time, in 1917, he was Inspector of Ordnance for the U. S. Government, and the following year, having entered the U. S. Naval Reserve Force, he was ordered in a similar capacity to the Midvale Steel Co. In September, he removed to the Navy Yard, League Island, Philadelphia, to train for the obligatory minimum of six months' sea duty. There he contracted influenza, which was followed by pneumonia, from which he died, September 27, at the Navy Yard Hospital. Captain Braxton Bigelow* Captain Braxton Bigelow was the son of Major John B. Bigelow, U. S. A., retired, and grandson of the late John Bigelow, author, and Minister to France under President Grant. Captain Bigelow graduated

Jan 1, 1920