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By Glenn A. Marsh, George Bernard

It is often assumed that aerated oil field brines which are to be injected underground contain dissolved oxygen in amounts which will cause appreciable corrosion. Through the use of a new portable dissolved oxygen meter, accurate determinations were made at three brine conditioning plants. At two older plants, dissolved oxygen concentration in the final treated brine was found to he almost zero In spite of aeration during the conditioning process. At a new plant, dissolved oxygen was initially present but disappeared soon after the brine was "inoculated" with oxygen-free brine from one of the other plants. Corrosion tests at the two older plants have substantiated predictions that the brines would lint be corrosive. These results show that mechanical deaeration may not always be required in brine treating plants. INTRODUCTION The present work was undertaken to add to our knowledge of aeration and deaeration of oil field brines in brine conditioning plants. It is commonly assumed that brines which are exposed to the air soon become more or less saturated with dissolved oxygen. Since oxygen-containing brines are known to be corrosive, precautions are often taken to keep air out of brine through the use of closed systems or mechanical deaeration. The study of oxygen in brine has been seriously hampered in the past because of the lack of a suitable analytical tool. The standard Winkler method for the determination of dis-solved oxygen is satisfactory for use in fresh water, but not in many oil field brines. Corrections have to be made for a number of reducing substances such as ferrous iron and hydrogen sulfide which are commonly present in natural brines. Very often the correction factors are much greater in magnitude than the amounts of oxygen which are to be determined, and consequently erroneous results are obtained. Also. erratic Winkler data are obtained when appreciable concentrations of calcium and magnesium salts are present. The first step in carrying out a systematic study involved designing a portable dissolved oxygen apparatus which would operate in natural brines. Subsequently, this apparatus was used in three brine conditioning plants. Dissolved oxygen data obtained here, and certain corrosion rate data, illustrate the interesting behavior of oxygen in these oil field brines. APPARATUS A portable dissolved oxygen meter described in detail elsewhere,' was developed specifically for use with oil field brines. It is a polarographic apparatus employing a small rotating platinum electrode (cathode) and calomel reference electrode (anode). A potential of 0.7 volts is applied across the electrodes while they are immersed in the brine to be tested. 4References given at end of paper.

Jan 1, 1952

By Howard I. Smith

The mineral trona was discovered on Government land in 1938, about 18 miles west of the town of Green River, Wyo., in the core of the John Hay, Jr., well, a test well drilled for oil by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co. in sec. 2, T. 18 N., R. IIO W., sixth principal meridian. Although no oil or gas was reported, the drilling led to a discovery of great potential economic importance and exceptional scientific interest. Trona is a relatively rare mineral found at various places in playa deposits but not previously found at any great depth. It is composed of hydrous sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3 NaHCo3.2H2O). Pure trona con-tains the equivalent of 70.35 per cent of sodium carbonate. Total sodium computed to carbonate times 1.42 equals the percentage of trona in the absence of other sodium carbonate minerals in the sample. Analyses Two short pieces of core sent to the author a few days after the completion of the Hay well were analyzed by R. C. Wells† and found to be exceptionally Pure trona. A brief article on this discovery has already been published.1 Arrangements were then made through W. T. Nighten-gale‡ for the author to inspect and sample the core. The company log of the well included notations of sodium salt crystals from a depth of 1190 to 1820 ft. Not being able to identify all the minerals present, the author selected several specimens of the core for petrographic examinations and sampled the sections of trona for analysis. J. J. Fahey, of the Geological Survey, examined the specimens and reported most of the crystals to be a new anhydrous sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate mineral (Na2CO 3.2 CaCO3), which he named shortite,² after Maxwell N. Short." He analyzed the samples of trona, with the results shown in Table I. In addition to the 10 ft. 1 in. of trona in the first section, it is reasonable to assume that the 9 ft. 8 in. for which no core was available for sampling is either i mostly trona or some other soluble salt, but it should not be included in calculating | reserves. In the part of the core between i 1590 ft. 3 in. and 1600 ft. 4 in. the material insoluble in cold water, amounting to about 5 per cent, was estimated petrographically I to contain 70 per cent clay, 25 per cent shortite, and 5 per cent pyrite. Accompanying Minerals Fahey later secured about 600 ft, of the core for a detailed examination and study

Jan 1, 1942

By Howard I. Smith

The mineral trona was discovered on Government land in 1938, about 18 miles west of the town of Green River, Wyo., in the core of the John Hay, Jr., well, a test well drilled for oil by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co. in sec. 2, T. 18 N., R. IIO W., sixth principal meridian. Although no oil or gas was reported, the drilling led to a discovery of great potential economic importance and exceptional scientific interest. Trona is a relatively rare mineral found at various places in playa deposits but not previously found at any great depth. It is composed of hydrous sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3 NaHCo3.2H2O). Pure trona con-tains the equivalent of 70.35 per cent of sodium carbonate. Total sodium computed to carbonate times 1.42 equals the percentage of trona in the absence of other sodium carbonate minerals in the sample. Analyses Two short pieces of core sent to the author a few days after the completion of the Hay well were analyzed by R. C. Wells† and found to be exceptionally Pure trona. A brief article on this discovery has already been published.1 Arrangements were then made through W. T. Nighten-gale‡ for the author to inspect and sample the core. The company log of the well included notations of sodium salt crystals from a depth of 1190 to 1820 ft. Not being able to identify all the minerals present, the author selected several specimens of the core for petrographic examinations and sampled the sections of trona for analysis. J. J. Fahey, of the Geological Survey, examined the specimens and reported most of the crystals to be a new anhydrous sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate mineral (Na2CO 3.2 CaCO3), which he named shortite,² after Maxwell N. Short." He analyzed the samples of trona, with the results shown in Table I. In addition to the 10 ft. 1 in. of trona in the first section, it is reasonable to assume that the 9 ft. 8 in. for which no core was available for sampling is either i mostly trona or some other soluble salt, but it should not be included in calculating | reserves. In the part of the core between i 1590 ft. 3 in. and 1600 ft. 4 in. the material insoluble in cold water, amounting to about 5 per cent, was estimated petrographically I to contain 70 per cent clay, 25 per cent shortite, and 5 per cent pyrite. Accompanying Minerals Fahey later secured about 600 ft, of the core for a detailed examination and study

Jan 1, 1942

Jan 1, 1925

By G. Sachs, G. Espey

SIMPLE methods can be used for the determination of the residual stresses in thin-walled tubing if the stresses consist of high tensile stresses at the one surface and high compressive stresses at the other surface Such a stress distribution is approximated in sunk tubing and in deep-drawn shells It is possible to cut sections from such articles in such a manner that a major part of the residual stress is relieved by a bending of the part that is separated from the adjacent metal The circumferential stress is evaluated from the change in diameter D, occurring on splitting a length of tubing (Fig Ib),1-5 or from deflection resulting from the cutting out of a circumferential tongue (Fig Ia) G The bending moment M released by such a flexure is [ ] The release of this bending moment corresponds to the release of stresses, which, in a thin section, vary linearly from one surface to the other, and have the following value in a particular fiber a certain distance (zx from the surface [ ] where C is the section modulus and d is the thickness of the section, the ratio AI C being d 2 for a rectangular section* The maximum stress values at the surfaces are [ ] For most purposes the simpler equations [ ] will be satisfactory, where Dm is the average of the mean diameters of the tubing

Jan 1, 1941

By John Lamont, Walter Crafts

The principle formulated by Grossmannl for calculating hardenability of steel by multiplying the ideal diameter of "pure" iron-carbon alloys by factors for grain size and alloying elements has been confirmed on many steels and has proved useful in designing substitute alloy steels. Grossmann found that the typical behavior of the multiplying factors was to increase directly in proportion to the amount of the alloy present in a steel. However, the multiplying factor for the effect of silicon on hardenability was found by Grossmann to increase to a lesser degree as the amount of silicon was increased. In view of the increasing use of silicon in heat-treating steels, the effect of silicon on hardenability is becoming more important. Calculation of the hardenability of high-silicon steels made at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc., indicated that the multiplying factor for silicon increased directly in proportion to the amount of silicon present. A more extended study of high-silicon steels covering fairly wide ranges of grain size, carbon, manganese, and aluminum has confirmed that up to 2 per cent silicon the multiplying factor is directly proportional to the silicon content. Manganese and aluminum factors have also been! determined. The results of the study offer strong confirmation of the general validity of Grossmann's multiplying principle. Testing Procedure Steels on which the study of the effect of silicon on hardenability was based were made in high-frequency induction furnaces using Armco iron and standard alloying materials. The ingots were forged to bars, and sections were normalized prior to machining Jominy hardenability test specimens. The Jominy test was carried out under standard conditions.2 The depth of hardness penetration for determination of ideal diameter at "half hardness" was taken at the hardness level indicated in Fig. 29 in Grossmann's paper by the solid line for 50 per cent martensite in plain carbon steel. The depth of penetration of hardness on the Jominy specimen was converted to ideal diameter by the relation given in Fig. 28 of Grossmann's paper. Chemical analysis was determined on a sample taken adjacent to the Jominy specimen. Aluminum was determined as "acid-soluble aluminum" rather than as total aluminum, as it is probably more representative of the aluminum that is effective as an alloying agent. In addition to the elements nominally present in the steels, analyses were made for residual phosphorus, sulphur, nickel, copper, molybdenum and chromium on one heat of those made with the same materials during the same period. Actual grain size was determined by microscopic examination of small samples quenched in water after receiving the same thermal cycle as the Jominy hardenability specimens. Chemical analyses, heat-treatment, grain size, and hardenability are shown in Table I representing three ranges of composition.

Jan 1, 1943

By John Lamont, Walter Crafts

The principle formulated by Grossmannl for calculating hardenability of steel by multiplying the ideal diameter of "pure" iron-carbon alloys by factors for grain size and alloying elements has been confirmed on many steels and has proved useful in designing substitute alloy steels. Grossmann found that the typical behavior of the multiplying factors was to increase directly in proportion to the amount of the alloy present in a steel. However, the multiplying factor for the effect of silicon on hardenability was found by Grossmann to increase to a lesser degree as the amount of silicon was increased. In view of the increasing use of silicon in heat-treating steels, the effect of silicon on hardenability is becoming more important. Calculation of the hardenability of high-silicon steels made at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc., indicated that the multiplying factor for silicon increased directly in proportion to the amount of silicon present. A more extended study of high-silicon steels covering fairly wide ranges of grain size, carbon, manganese, and aluminum has confirmed that up to 2 per cent silicon the multiplying factor is directly proportional to the silicon content. Manganese and aluminum factors have also been! determined. The results of the study offer strong confirmation of the general validity of Grossmann's multiplying principle. Testing Procedure Steels on which the study of the effect of silicon on hardenability was based were made in high-frequency induction furnaces using Armco iron and standard alloying materials. The ingots were forged to bars, and sections were normalized prior to machining Jominy hardenability test specimens. The Jominy test was carried out under standard conditions.2 The depth of hardness penetration for determination of ideal diameter at "half hardness" was taken at the hardness level indicated in Fig. 29 in Grossmann's paper by the solid line for 50 per cent martensite in plain carbon steel. The depth of penetration of hardness on the Jominy specimen was converted to ideal diameter by the relation given in Fig. 28 of Grossmann's paper. Chemical analysis was determined on a sample taken adjacent to the Jominy specimen. Aluminum was determined as "acid-soluble aluminum" rather than as total aluminum, as it is probably more representative of the aluminum that is effective as an alloying agent. In addition to the elements nominally present in the steels, analyses were made for residual phosphorus, sulphur, nickel, copper, molybdenum and chromium on one heat of those made with the same materials during the same period. Actual grain size was determined by microscopic examination of small samples quenched in water after receiving the same thermal cycle as the Jominy hardenability specimens. Chemical analyses, heat-treatment, grain size, and hardenability are shown in Table I representing three ranges of composition.

Jan 1, 1943

By J. Gordon Parr, G. R. Purdy

The phase boundaries of "TiNi" have been accurately determined by high-tewperature X-ray diffraction and metallo-graphic techniques. The phase (centered at 51 pct Ni) has a restricted range of homogeneity at 500°C, and a much greater range at 800°C. "TiNi" in all alloys containing less than 51 pct Ni decomposes rapidly and reversibly at 36°C to form a previously unreported phase. ThE region of the titanium nickel system corresponding to the phase "TiNi" has been the subject of several investigations.1,2,4-7 Laves and wallbaum1 reported "TiNi" as a body-centered cubic (a2) Phase, and Duwez and Taylor2 determined its para- meter to be 2.986. Duwez and Taylor also reported that "TiNi" decomposed into "Ti2Ni" and "TiNi3" on prolonged heating at 650" and 800°C, which led McQuillan3 to suggest a sluggish eutectoid reaction between "TiNis" and "Ti2Ni". Margolin, Ence, and Nielsen,' working with higher purity alloys, found no evidence of this decomposition. They showed the "TiNi" phase region extending from 49 to 54 pct*

Jan 1, 1962

By W. L. Austin

AT the Steptoe metallurgical plant, where ore of the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co. is beneficiated, a small copper-leaching annex has been in operation treating flue dust from roasting-furnace dust chambers, together with a siliceous oxidized ore. This leaching plant was designed to obviate smelting low-grade siliceous flue dust, which interfered with the operation of the reverberatories by forming a blanket on the charge The major portion of the copper content of the flue dust accumulating in the upper chambers of the. roaster flue, and at the stack, is water soluble, and also contains much free sulphuric acid and soluble sulphate It was found that sufficient acid could be obtained by mixing this material with water to provide a lixiviant for leaching the siliceous copper o mentioned. This was the sole source of the lixiviant used in the operatic to be described. An analysis of the flue dust showed it to be composed as follows: Per Cent. Copper 3.00 SiO2 23.41 Fe : 4.08 CaO + MgO : 2:72 Al203 6.07 Free H2SO4 19.94 S03 combined as sulphate 25.10 H2O combined With the sulphates 10.67 0 2.50 Total 97.49 Copper soluble in dilute H2SO4 2,56

Jan 7, 1914

Correspondent. Must be able, by virtue of, connection, to forward; daily ands weekly, reports, outlining, conditions affecting economics of. industries, particularly the metallurgical, and chemical, industries. New. York, City. R-1982. Sales Lubrication. Engineer. Preferably with experience, as chief marines engineer familiar with internal-combustion; engines and, with, automobile trade. Must be good salesman, of goody appearance and be able to meet people. Middle West. Salary $27.00: to start. R71984.

Jan 12, 1919

By Raymond Mancha

THE purpose of the Coal Division's Committee on Ventilation is to cover one principal aspect of mine ventilation thoroughly each year, instead of attempting to touch upon several different subjects. The Committee for 1943 consists of four members besides the Chairman. Members, selected because of both knowledge of the current topic of mine ventilation, and diversity of occupation, are: Carel Robinson, consulting engineer with an operating background; T. G. Fear, chief engineer for the Hanna Coal Co., an operator of varied experience in mine ventilation; E. H. Denny, chief of the coal mine inspection division of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, obviously well qualified; and C. M. Smith, editor of Mechanization with a background of mine ventilation study as a member of the mining department of the University of Illinois, at present retained as a ventilation consultant by the Climax. Molybdenum Co. of Climax, Colo.

Jan 1, 1944

PRESIDENT WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS CHARLES F. RAND,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. BENJAMIN B. THAYER,2 NEW YORK, N.Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT PHILIP N. MOORE,1 ST. Louis, Mo. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,' NEW YORK, N. Y SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 6, 1915

For the year ending February, 1917 PRESIDENT L. D. RICKETTS, 1............... NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS BENJAIMN B. THAYER.1 ............... NEW YORK, N. Y. WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,P ................ NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS,1 .....,...... ., .... NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,l. ................ NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, .... .,. .......... NEW YORK, N. Y

Jan 9, 1916

By Reinhard Fischer

The consumption of lead for batteries in some western countries and Japan amounts to 870,000 T. annually. Battery life is 2-3 years. Therefore after a short time a considerable quantity of lead flows back to smelters. The production of lead from scrap batteries is discussed from the following points of view: 1. Separation of the acid contained in the batteries. 2. Separation of the components which are free of lead from the components containing lead, e.g. cases, separators. 3. Separation of metallic lead from lead compounds. 4. Avoidance of manual-work. A process has been developed and perfected at a plant, which began operation in 1965. The procedure consists essentially of the following steps: 1. Breaking the cases and removing the acid. 2. Crushing the batteries in an impact mill. 3. Screening off separators. 4. Separation of slurry. 5. Gravity separation of metal and organic material. The plant has a one-shift capacity of -24,000 T. batteries/year.

Jan 1, 1970

Payloader The Frank G. Hough Co. has made available another four-wheel drive tractor-shovel. It has a 1 cu-yd bucket with 60 hp Diesel or 54 hp gasoline power optional. The use of large pneumatic tires, same size all around, and drive on all four wheels gives this new Payloader traction to work effectively in sand, mud and snow, and travel on pavements with- [ ] out injuring the surface. Rear wheel steer with power booster plus short wheel base makes it easy to operate and highly maneuverable. Four speeds in both directions insure fast travel speeds for transport and fast operating speeds on shuttle loading or similar operations. Bulldozer blade, crane hook, fork lift and snow plow attachments are available, quickly interchangeable with the bucket to further increase its multi-purpose usefulness. Circle No. 1

Jan 1, 1952

By Edna A. Dancy, Ronald L. Pastorek, Gerhard J. Derge

In an earlier study1 in this laboratory, it was found that there is a minimum in the specific conductance of Ni-S melts in the region of the stoichiometric composition, Ni3S2. This and similar observations on other sulfide1 and telluride2 systems suggest that short-range order exists in the molten phase for several hundred degrees above the melting point, and a qualitative energy-band model has been proposed, with intrinsic semiconduction at the stoichiometric composition and degenerate electron and hole conduction at metal- and tellurium-rich compositions. This suggestion has been substantiated for the telluride systems by Seebeck coefficient measurements which showed a change in sign from negative on the metal-rich side to positive on the tellurium-rich side. In the present investigation, in order to substantiate still further the proposed model, Seebeck coefficient determinations have been extended to the Ni-S system over a composition range in the vicinity of Ni3S2. The experimental method was essentially the same as that used for the telluride systems, with minor modifications on cells for high sulfur melts to permit the use of tungsten wires and W— W-Re th~rmocouples instead of the chrome1 or alumel wires and chromel-alumel thermocouples originally used. Chrome1 and alumel both deteriorate very rapidly in atmospheres containing sulfur. The Ni-S alloys were prepared as described in the conductivity paper. Initially, a portion of the solidified melt was analyzed at the end of a run, but after this was found to be inaccurate because of segregation during cooling, the whole sample was analyzed. The nickel content, only, was determined, the sulfur content being obtained by difference. The results are summarized graphically in Fig. 1, and clearly show a change in the sign of the Seebeck coefficient in the region of the stoichiometric composition. This change of sign near Ni3S2, coupled with the minimum in the conductivity, is suggestive of an intrinsic semiconductor at the stoichiometric composition, with degenerate electron and hole conduction on either side of this composition, in keeping with the proposed model. The negative temperature coefficient of conductivity, normally indicative of metallic conduction, is not inconsistent with this model. In the completely degenerate region it would be expected, while in the vicinity of Ni3S2 the suggestion originally made by Argyriades, Derge, and pound3 for the Fe-S system can probably be applied. They proposed that the forbidden gap between the valence band and the conduction band is small, and that the increase in the number of the conducting species with increase in temperature is not large enough to compensate for the loss of mobility through thermal scattering. The research was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under Contract NONR-760(22) Project NR 039-081. 'E. A. Dancy and G. J. Derge: Trans. Met. Soc. Aime, 1963, vol. 227, pp. 1034-38. 'E. A. Dancy: Trans. Vet. soc. AIME. 1964, vol. 233, pp. 270-77. 'D. Argyriades, G. Derge, and G. M. Pound: Trans. Met. Soc. . 1959, vol. 215, pp. 909-12.

Jan 1, 1965

By Roy C. Kirkman

It is with great pleasure that I read Mr. Howard M. Wells article in the December 1978 issue of MINING ENGINEERING entitled: "Optimization of Mining Engineering Design in Mineral Valuation." Mr. Wells very adequately presents the case and point that there are a great number of variables which must be analyzed during an economic evaluation of an FUND RESOURCE, such as copper or uranium.

Jan 4, 1979

By M. S. Burton, H. H. Kranzlein, G. V. Smith

The influence of up to 2 at. pct of Ni and Pt on the yield strength of mono- and polycrystalline high-purity iron has been evaluated at temperatures from + 25° to -196°C. Current theories of solid -solution strengthening fail to explain the experimental observations. The temperature dependence of yield stress was found to be less in the alloys than that in high-purity iron. The room-temperature yield stress increased with alloy content, but at —78°C the yield strength first decreased with increasing a1loy content. AS a result of many studies, a number of theories have been proposed for solid-solution strengthening. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate these theories, as applied to the solid-solution strengthening observed in Fe-Ni and Fe-Pt alloys. Of various theories of solid-solution strengthening, those of Cottrell,1,2 Fisher,3 Suzuki,4 and Mott and Nabarro5 are most prominent, and have been discussed widely in the literature.'-' Of the recent concepts of solid-solution hardening the work of Fleischer9 is notable. Each of these models has been applied to particular alloy systems with some success, but in general none has proved generally applicable. In many of the previous studies to assess the effects of alloy additions in ferrous systems, lack of adequate control of the purity and grain size of the materials has obscured strengthening effects, so that few comprehensive data relating composition, temperature, and change of lattice parameter have been determined. In the present investigation an attempt was made to obtain data which would be meaningful in evaluating the theories of strengthening. Materials of high purity were used to minimize extraneous impurity effects, and both single crystals and polycrystalline materials were studied to evaluate the effect of grain boundaries. Nickel and platinum were chosen as alloy additions, because both belong to the same chemical group and have the same crystal structure and valence, with markedly different atomic diameters. It appeared that some conclusions regarding atomic size effect on strengthening might be made. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES Fe-Ni and Fe-Pt alloys containing 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 at. pct alloy additions were prepared from high-purity materials. The iron was supplied by the American Iron and Steel Institute from a stock of 99.98 pct zone-refined iron prepared by Battelle Memorial Institute. The minimum purity of the nickel and platinum used for alloying was 99.98 and 99.999 pct, respectively. Alloys were prepared by levitation melting, cast into cylindrical copper molds, and cooled, all under a partial pressure (0.3 atm) of purified helium. Samples were 0.375 in. in diameter and weighed 20 to 25 g. Chemical analyses of the alloys are given in Table I. A sample of unalloyed iron also was cast as a control specimen.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. V. Lundquist

R. T. Hukki (Finland Institute of Technology, Helsinki, Finland)—Two schools of thought are developing concerning the order of the rate of flotation. The paper by Morris is intended to show experimental evidence in favor of the first order rate. Arbiter, on the other hand, has presented an earlier paper" to demonstrate the validity of the second order rate equation. Unfortunately his method of plotting is open to criticism, as pointed out by Morris." A more sensitive method of plotting has been described by the writer,= whereby the data presented by Arbiter demonstrate the superiority of the second order plot. The general rate equation may be written in the following forms for the integrated first and second order equations: (A) t =------In—-------- (first order) [4] 1 1 (B) — = — kc, + KC°²— (second order) [5] t R As a first approximation the value of C, may be taken as a unity, 100 pct or 1. Whether or not this is the case in all tests performed by Morris is impossible to judge, owing to the fact that the flotation times are extremely short, e.g. 150 sec in tests A. It would, indeed, be very interesting to know what the total recovery R would be after 1 hr of flotation, for example, instead of after 150 sec. Certainly there are circumstances when C, approaches unity within a very small

Jan 1, 1954

By C. H. Burgess

ON June 5, 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall in a speech at Harvard University outlined a plan for the economic recovery of Europe. The plan contemplated that the United States should provide assistance which would enable the European nations better to help themselves and to help each other to reconstitute from their war-torn lands conditions which would make possible decent standards of living. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 was passed in April of that year, and established the Eco-

Jan 10, 1950