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SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise seven classes, namely: 1. Members; 2. Honorary Members; 3. Senior Members; 4. Associates; 5. Junior Members; 6. Rocky Mountain Members; 7. Junior Foreign Affiliates. All shall be equally entitled to the privileges of membership, excepting that no member of any class whose residence shall be outside of the United States of America, except those residing in Mexico and Canada, shall be entitled to vote. SEC. 2. Members: A person to be eligible for election or transfer into the class of Member must be at least 27 years of age and must have had at least six years' employment in the practice of engineering, mining, geology, metallurgy, or chemistry, during at least three years of which he must have held positions of responsibility in one or more of these fields. This shall not apply to Rocky Mountain Members.

Jan 1, 1946

By W. Rostoker, S. A. Spachner

STUDIES of precipitation phenomena by use of X-ray diffraction effects have shown that atoms of the precipitating phase initially form lattices of limited periodicity in two or three dimensions.1, 2 Such diffraction effects are usually plotted in reciprocal space to facilitate identification. Atomic chains, or gratings possessing unlimited periodicity in only one dimension, cause uniform intensity planes in reciprocal space. Platelets, or gratings possessing unlimited periodicity in two dimensions, cause uniform intensity rods in reciprocal space. Such studies have been accomplished by use of white radiation (Laue technique) or characteristic or monochromatic radiation used with rotating single crystal or Weissenberg cameras. Each one of these techniques have associated drawbacks. If the Lque or rotating single-crystal technique is used, the results which are obtained may be ambiguous.3 Diffraction photograms made with a WeisSenberg camera do provide a direct but distorted representation of the variation of diffracted

Jan 1, 1960

By Henry Emmett Gross, David R. Mitchell, H. E. Oehler

THE production of fluorspar is one of the smaller nonmetallic industries in the United States with a capital investment-about $10,000,000. Shipments from United States mines' in 1936 totaled 176,231 short tons valued at $3,111,268, an average price of $17.65 per ton. The United States produces about 40 per cent of the world's fluorspar, of which about 90 per cent comes from the Illinois and Kentucky deposits along the Ohio River.2 Further detailed information on the fluorspar industry in the United States is given by Hatmaker and Davis.28 Fluorspar is marketed according to the following relative quantities and specifications : [ ] The concentration of the coarser sizes presents relatively little difficulty, good recoveries being obtained with jigs and tables. However, sizes smaller than about 10 mesh cannot be successfully treated by ordinary gravity separation methods and so have been accumulating as

Jan 1, 1938

By Laszlo Valentyik

To separate minerals on a small scale according to their specific gravity, heavy liquids are used, but because of high costs and health hazards they cannot be used in large scale plants. In order to substitute heavy liquids, finely ground solids like magnetite and ferrosilicon mixed with water and clay for the required specific gravity are employed. The clay present in the medium acts as a stabilizing agent since the coarse heavy media solids would sink very fast to the bottom of the container if they were mixed only in water. The optimum amount of clay varies for different processes, but it is generally between 3-6% by weight concentration of solids. As the pseudo-plastic nature of polymer solutions has excellent suspending properties, investigations were conducted at the Institute of Mineral Research to ascertain whether polymers could be used commercially as suspending agents for finely ground heavy media.

Jan 1, 1973

By Phil Hulse

The Atlanta mine is located in east-central Nevada, approximately 360 km (225 miles) from Las Vegas. It lies in Lincoln County, 116 km (72 miles) south of Ely and 80 km (50 miles) northeast of Pioche. The property is currently operated by the Standard Slag Co. under a joint venture agreement with Bobcat Properties Inc, of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Operations began in May 1975, and the mill is currently processing 109 000 to 122 500 t/y (120,000 to 135,000 stpy) of gold- and silver-bearing ore. Open-pit mining takes place in a breccia zone that occurs between Ordovician limestones and dolomites on the footwall and Tertiary rhyolites on the hanging wall. The quartz breccia ore is among the most abrasive in the world-shovel teeth must be replaced every week, 19-mm-thick (3/4-in.) steel chutes last about a month.

Jan 9, 1978

By I. N. Zavarine

THE observations presented in this paper were recorded during a study of the spheroidizing process. Spheroidization of cementite in steel is either brought about to develop a set of desirable mechanical properties or is an incidental result of mechanical and heat-treating manipulations. Physical properties of steel are materially influenced by the state of the cementite. Conversion of cementite from the lamellar to the spheroidal state is usually accom-panied by a decrease of hardness and of strength and by an increase in ductility. The spheroidized structure is usually considered as an ultimate step in the process of the softening of steel. The unorthodox hardening of a 3.5 per cent Ni steel (SAE No. 2330) after a heat-treatment that previously proved entirely suitable for a complete spheroidization of cementite in carbon steels led to the observa-tions that constitute the subject of the present paper.

Jan 1, 1939

By K. R. Y. Simha, W. L. Fourney, D. C. Holloway

An experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the role of stress waves in the pre-splitting operation. 3D birefringent Plexiglas models and the dynamic photoelastic technique were used to visualize the stress waves generated by the detonation. Simultaneous as well as sequential detonation of the explosive charges were investigated. The development of fractures and stress waves were recorded using a high speed multiple spark gap camera of the Cranz-Shardin type. The experimental data was analyzed and displayed-on a Lagrangian diagram to present an overall picture of the entire dynamic event. It was repeatedly observed in the tests that the time required for the completion of the pre-splitting operation as practiced in the field is of the same order as that for the transit time for the stress waves between the blastholes thereby revealing the highly elasto-dynamic nature of the event.

Jan 1, 1982

By L. H. Ketchum, T. L. Theis, W. H. Engelmann

The use of a suspended growth system of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans attached in a film to individual particles of bentonite and operated as a sequencing batch reactor is shown to be a practical way of oxidizing ferrous iron in acid mine drainage. This component, followed by limestone neutralization, is both a technically and economically feasible approach to treating these waste waters, compared to existing and other proposed methods. The advantages, in addition to less expense, are greater safety, acceptable treatment at a lower pH, lower solids buildup, less danger of overtreatment, and greater flexibility in operational characteristics. In this paper, data on the continuous bench scale operation of the system under a variety of conditions shows sustained levels of oxidation in excess of 98%. Capital and operating costs are projected to be $80/1000 m3 ($80 per 35, 000 cu ft) of waste water.

Jan 1, 1985

By Francois E. Heuze

Today, the favored option for disposal of high-level nuclear wastes is their burial in mined caverns. As an alternative, the concept of deep disposal by rock melting (DRM) also has received some attention. DRM entails the injection of waste, in a cavity or borehole, 2 to 3 kilometers down in the earth crust. Granitic rocks are the prime candidate medium. The high thermal loading initially will melt the rock surrounding the waste. Following resolidification, a rock/waste matrix is formed, which should provide isolation for many years. The complex thermal, mechanical, and hydraulic aspects of DRM can be studied best by means of numerical models. The models must accommo¬date the coupling of the physical processes involved, and the temper¬ature dependency of the granite properties, some of which are subject to abrupt discontinuities, during [a]- ß phase transition and melting. This paper outlines a strategy for such complex modeling.

Jan 1, 1982

By Garth M. Crosby, F. McIntosh Galbraith, Bronson Stringham

THE Hercules mine is located in the northeastern section of the Coeur d'Alene district, approximately 1 1/2 miles north of the town of Burke, Idaho. Surface indications of the ore deposit were first discovered in 1886, but regular mine production was not started until 1902 and was continuous until April 1925, when the known ore had been extracted. Incomplete records show that from 1912 until operations were suspended the mine produced 2 1/2 million tons of ore containing 9.4 pct lead and 7.7 oz of silver per ton, together with an estimated 2 pct zinc, 0.3 pct copper, and 20 pct iron. This operation was the first in. a series of mining enterprises culminating in October 1947 with the consolidation of Day Mines, Inc. In the same year it was decided to unwater the levels below the collar of the Hercules shaft in the hope of finding some indication of a recurrence of ore. The unwatering operation has been described in a. previous paper.' The initial exploration, following recapture of the workings, showed sufficient promise to warrant a detailed study of the mineralogy with modern techniques. The general geo1ogy of the Coeur d'Alene district, including a detailed description of the rock types encountered, has been comprehensively treated by Ransome and Calkins' in their classic paper, and only local background description, therefore, is felt to be appropriate here. The Hercules deposit transects a portion of the trough of a broad south-trending synclinorium which has been greatly complicated by faulting. More locally, it lies within a block of ground bounded on the east; by the O'Neil Gulch fault, a steep north-south overthrust of considerable magnitude, and on the west by a monzonite stock, the outcrop of which is 1/2 mile or more wide and 5 miles long. The country rock is composed of thin to medium-bedded argillites and argillaceous quartz-ites of the Prichard and Burke formations, the oldest members of the Pre-cambrian Belt Series of sediments in the area, believed to be of Algonkian age. The contact between them is a conformable gradation. The argillite is colored gray to tannish-gray and is fine-grained, compact, and generally massive in structure. Under the microscope the unaltered argillite is seen to be composed principally of anhedral quartz and a few feldspar grains which were at one time presumably partly rounded sand grains, but as a result of recrystallization and cementation by silica, the interstices are now almost obliterated and quartz grains show crenulate boundaries. The sizes of these crystals vary from 0.5 mm down to 0.1 mm in greatest dimension. In all specimens sericite comprises 10 to 20 pct of the rock and is present abundantly between most of the grains as flakes or shreds which vary considerably in size. Sometimes they form a fine felt-like mat or aggregate, and sometimes flakes are seen which appear to be good muscovite. In some specimens, separated rhombic-shaped carbonate grains are abundant, and in some instances these have been changed to sericite. Mining operations to date have explored the Hercules vein to a maximum vertical depth of 3600 ft below its outcrop, and along a maximum strike-length of 3600 ft on certain of the lower mine levels. The main orebody is irregular in outline, extending over a variable strike-length of 400 to 1500 ft; and it is intersected by a strong transverse fault that has been traced from the surface to the bottom level. This has been named the Hercules fault, and apart from the vein itself, it is the most prominent structural feature in the mine. There is good evidence that it existed prior to the introduction of ore solutions and may have influenced ore deposition, but it was also the locus of important post-ore displacement and shows a progressive right-handed horizontal component reaching 200 ft on the deeper levels. Its vertical component is not definitely known but may be considerably greater. The fault strikes 20° N to 50° E and dips westerly at angles of 70" to 45", flattening in dip where it crosses the original orebody from east to west between 1000 and 1600 ft below the surface. At about 3000 ft in depth the Hercules fault is joined by a vertical fault of similar strike, and the major post-ore dis-placement below their junction is taken up along this vertical branch of the structure, now called the Mercury fault. Recent work has been concentrated in this vicinity. Another structural feature of special geologic interest, though of little economic importance, is the occurrence of a porphyritic dike in this area. This lies a short distance above the Hercules fault, essentially parallel to it, and is 5 to 15 ft in thickness. It appears at first glance to cut the mineralization, suggesting push-apart relationship, but small stringers of the vein minerals have been observed to penetrate the dike for a matter of inches at several points. The dike is thought to be related to the monzonite intrusion. A vertical longitudinal projection of the mine is shown in Fig. 1, which illustrates most of the features discussed above. The Hercules vein was deposited along the course of a strong, persistent shear zone that now appears as a braided network of gouge seams running through more or less crushed and shattered country rock. It strikes 70° N to 80° W and dips southerly at an average of 75". Barren parts of the structure vary in width from less than 1 ft to more than 15 ft. The width of mineralized segments may be double that. Although the evidence is not conclusive, pre-mineral, normal movement along the zone may be 1000 or 1500 ft. The horizontal component is unknown. Post-ore movement appears to have been

Jan 1, 1954

By J. H. Berryman

THE use of oxygen as a bath reagent in hearth furnaces during the refining period is a familiar story. Investigations and tests in which oxygen was substituted for iron ore to reduce carbon date back 25 years and include the work of Bigge,1 Browne,2 and Chelius.3 During this past year the majority of the experimental work in the use of oxygen was carried on mainly in open-hearth shops, since it was felt that the greater field for application lay in this type of furnace. Much constructive work was done in evaluating the carbon-oxygen relationships, as reported by Slottman and Lounsberry4 and by Hughes.5 Steelmakers using the electric furnace have been actively engaged meanwhile in an experimental program of their own, with such success that the oxygen injection pipe has become a tool in the day to day production of low-carbon and stainless steels.

Jan 1, 1947

To Install Waste Heat Boiler at White Pine White Pine Copper Co.'s smelter 18 miles southwest of Ontonagon, Mich., will have a six story high boiler utilizing what otherwise would be waste heat from a copper reverberatory furnace. Designed and under construction by the Babcock & Wilcox Co., the boiler will supply steam to a turbo-generator furnishing power for the projected development. The boiler will be in line with and following the reverberatory furnace. Using waste heat from the furnace in place of fuel for steam generation, about 50 pct of heat in the fuel originally supplied to the furnace will be recovered by the waste heat boiler. Exploration conducted over the past 15 years at White Pine, wholly owned subsidiary of Copper Range Co., has disclosed reserves of 309 million tons averaging 21.3 lb of copper per ton. Ore mineral is chiefly chalcocite (Cu2s).

Jan 5, 1953

By Sebastian Paul Musco

The importance of the recovery of precious metals, specifically platinum group metals, was recently expressed by Robert McNamara, former head of the World Bank, who stated that the United States should stockpile strategic metals. More than 90% of the platinum metals are imported into the United States from South Africa and Russia. Mr. McNamara's concern is based on the possibility of a disruption of obtaining these metals due to any racial unrest in South Africa and a renewal of the Cold War with Russia. The United States has a platinum mine from coast to coast. Since 1974, the automotive industry has consumed 3 million ounces of platinum and palladium, and the recovery of these metals from auto catalyst converters is estimated to be 300,000 ounces of platinum per year. This would make the United States the 4th largest producer in the world.

Jan 1, 1984

By Heath B. Fowler

The surface mining operations of the Simplot Fertilizer Co. are on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation approximately 16 miles east of Fort Hall, Idaho (Fig 1). The Phosphoria formation outcrops in sec. 2, 3, 11, 14, 15, 22 and 27, T 4 S, R 37 E, Boise Meridian. The ownership of these phosphate-bearing lands is divided between individual Indians and the Bannock-Shoshone Tribe, and the royalties are paid to the respective owners on a tonnage basis, as the rock is mined. The geology and mineral resources of the Fort Hall Reservation were studied by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1913 and reported on in 1920. † However, it was not until the winter of 1945 that exploratory work was undertaken by private enterprise. Diamond drilling was begun by the Simplot Fertilizer Co. in April 1946, and stripping operations were started in June. A camp was established near

Jan 1, 1950

By James Boyd

As our society grows in complexity, it becomes more urgently incumbent upon scientists and engineers to bring their experience to bear on the solution, not only of technical problems, but also on socio-economic difficulties. It is to this field that I have directed a large part of my energies. Raw Materials Basic to the Economic Process There are certain premises, frequently overlooked, which bear emphasis. As economics concerns the production, distribution, and consumption of goods, so our whole society is based on raw materials. Without the basic extractive industries of agriculture and mining, there would be no economic problems with which to deal. This principle has been expressed as: "All productivity is based on three factors: (1) natural resources, whose form, place, and condition are changed by the expenditure of (2) human energy (both muscular and mental), with the aid of (3) tools."*

Jan 3, 1967

By C. H. Mathewson

EXCEPTING the joint sessions on gases in metals held during the day on Tuesday, the Institute of .Metals opened its activities with a division dinner at the Commodore on Tuesday evening, with Sam Tour, retiring chairman, presiding. W. M. Corse, secretary-treasurer, outlined the financial status of the division and stated the investment fund is becoming large enough so that in the near future it will be possible to pay all expenses of a foreign lecturer once in two years and not rely on an extended speaking tour to cover expenses. W. B. Price reported on his attendance at the Zurich, Switzerland, meeting of the International Society of Testing Materials and gave a graphic account of his visit to the Grand Salon, his meeting with Mussolini, and his audience with the Pope. Buffalo was announced as the place of the fall meeting, to be held during the week of Oct. 3.

Jan 1, 1932

RUSSIA was the United States Number One source of manganese ore in 1948 when 34 pet of imports were received from that source, stated Norwood B. Melcher, assistant chief, ferrous metals and alloys branch, Bureau of Mines. In 1949, this country received only 20 pet of 1948 shipments from Russia, and only token amounts are now being received. Aggressive programming by industry and government resulted in prompt increases in shipments from major, producing sources; India, Gold Coast, and the Union of South Africa all increased exports to fill the vacuum left by Russia and provided an excess adequate to increase total imports approximately 290,000 short tons in 1949. Again in 1950, and with, even less ore from Russia, imports increased another 290,000 short tons. Since the shift from Russia as a source of manganese, the United States has received in total about 85 pet of its imports from India, Union of South Africa, Gold Coast, and Brazil in that order of importance. Producers of both home consumed and merchant ferromanganese have been able to adjust downward the manganese content of the home-consumed product and so obtain partial relief. Millions of tons of steel were produced in 1951 with a relatively low grade ferromanganese. This adjustment has been made without decreasing the quality of the steel, although with some increase in cost through introduction of new problems, including increased hand- . ding of material and additional removal of carbon. Forced into a pattern of price and grade structure such as exists today, the producer of ferromanganese must adopt one of three possible courses as a short-range program: 1-He may continue to deplete his stocks by producing standard (78 pet) ferromanganese and hope that the future will bring some form of relief; 2-he may attempt to produce 78 pet ferromanganese by paying higher prices for premium ores; or 3-he may drop the grade of ferromanganese and stretch stocks and future supplies of ore as far as possible. The present rundown condition of Indian railroads is attributed to the fact that the service has had no opportunity to recuperate since the beginning of World War II, while the demand for the movement of commodities has probably increased. The Union of South Africa has expanded its exports to the United States greatly since 1948, but, the showing of that country in 1951 was disappointing. Efforts have been made for some time by firms in the United States, at the urging of the manganese miners in the Union, to prevail on the railroad authority to grant and make available larger allocations of cars for manganese ore movement. As a whole, such efforts have been unsuccessful. Although the allocation of rail shipping has been the obvious factor in the decreased movement of ore, many other less determinate factors appear to be involved. Brazil, long an important supplier of manganese to the United States, has important manganese deposits in three areas, all of which are significant to this country. The Gold Coast is an important source of supply. Its metallurgical ore is particularly of significance because of its unusually high grade which permits considerable latitude in blending with the lower grade materials of South Africa and India. The Belgian Congo should have an output of 100,000 tons or more annually beginning this year. R. S. Dean presented two papers. One with K. M. Leute on hydrometallurgical methods for recovery of manganese from domestic ores and one as sole author on the so-called carbamate or Dean process. The two papers tied into each other. In the first mentioned he reviewed the various processes applicable to oxidized, and nonoxidized and reduced ores. The advantages of each .were pointed out. So far the only process tried on a substantial scale on oxidized ores was the SO2 process used at Las Vegas, Nev., on Three Kids ore during World War II. Many problems were encountered. Some of them were whipped while some of those remaining perhaps would have been whipped had time permitted. Since then work has been done elsewhere to avoid the formation of the troublesome thionates encountered at the Three Kids plant. Dean discussed the thionate and NO, processes as applied to oxidized ores. The only commercially used process on reduced ores is that of making electrolytic manganese. Among others that have been considered are the nitric acid process, the Bradley-Fitch ammonium sulphate process, and Dean's ammonium carbamate process. Dean's thesis was that extremely large tonnages of so-called low grade manganese ores are available, and that these should not be depleted in attempting to simulate a foreign metallurgical grade ore. He pointed out that the grade of the domestic manganese ores would be considered high if the same grade were found in copper ores. The selling price of electrolytic manganese and electrolytic copper are roughly the same. In addition to electrolytic manganese, he believes that domestic ores should be used to make exceptionally high grade products. These might be battery grade oxide or substantially pure oxide sinter, which might be used for high manganese alloys or for upgrading metallurgical grade manganese to produce a high manganese ferroalloy. The carbamate process is based on the fact that manganous oxide is readily soluble in concentrated ammonia solutions containing ammonium salts. In solutions of sufficiently high concentration the manganese exists as an anion. Lixiviants of ammonia and ammonium carbonate permit extraction of the manganese from reduced ores and the manganese can be recovered as carbonate by heating or by driving off ammonia. R. V. Lundquist presented a paper on upgrading high-silica ores or concentrates with sodium hydroxide to extract silica and to yield a product with a more favorable manganese: silica ratio. The NaOH is, regenerated in part by CaO.

Jan 1, 1952

By William J. Coulter

WITHIN the United States the problem of meeting maximum production by our metal mines has been solved by: (1) Conservation of man power by mechanization. (2) Increasing man-power efficiency as expressed in tons per man-shift by the adoption of new and more efficient methods. (3) Production from submarginal properties made possible by some form of government subsidy. (4) Selective mining of high-grade areas. (5) Drawing on broken ore reserves and reducing advanced development work to a minimum. (6) Making maximum use of available equipment. (7) Repairing equipment that normally would be replaced. (8) Working a seven-day week on a three-shift basis to get maximum use of equipment and man power. (9) Adoption of incentive plans to increase maximum efficiency and unit production. (10) Important advancement in metallurgy, resulting in larger recoveries. (11) Improvements in safety, health, and general working and living condi-

Jan 1, 1945

By Frank Firmstone

IN the early decades of the past century the method of starting iron blast-furnaces by "scaffolding-down" seems to have been in universal use for coke-furnaces and, at least in this country, for charcoal-furnaces also. It was likewise used at some of the early anthracite-furnaces, as is stated in the important "Reminiscences" printed by the late Samuel Thomas. I It had been generally superseded in Great Britain as early as 1850, by some variations of the plan now used, and was rarely used when Percy wrote.' On the Continent it was still followed in the 60's,3 and was elaborately described by Valerius in 1852. I have never read any statement as to when and by whom '4 scaffolding" was first dispensed with, but the following extracts from journals of my father seem to fix an authentic date for an instance in this country:

Mar 1, 1907

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

506. Scope of Descriptive Mineralogy. - It is the province of Descriptive Mineralogy to describe each mineral species, as regards: (1) form and structure; (2) physical characters; (3) chemical composition including blowpipe and chemical tests; (4) occurrence in nature with reference to geo- graphical distribution and association with other species; also in connection with the above to show how it may be distinguished from other species. Further, it should classify mineral species into more or less comprehensive groups according to those characters regarded as most essential. Other points which may or may not be included are the investigation of the methods of origin of minerals; the changes that they undergo in nature and the results of such alteration; also the methods by which the same compounds may be made in the laboratory; finally, the uses of minerals as ores, for ornament and in the arts.

Jan 1, 1922