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This paper sets out to examine the possible relationships between three factors, they are, the rate of growth of world production of minerals, the growth of Australian production and the growth of scientific and engineering knowledge.The first two are quantified, in terms of tonnes and value. The third, an abstract concept "knowledge", requires to be quantified, in terms of manpower.A mathematical model, which has general application, was derived to demonstrate certain axiomatic premises and to define, more precisely, basic concepts related to the philosophy of knowledge.Finally a summary is made of education-cum-industry issues.

Jan 1, 1981

By A P. Brown

Access arrangements required with landowners and occupiers; relaxation on size of permits; lack of confidentiality for information provided; one-stop shop under RMA, removal of standing; plethora of controls; post-closure; funding for long-term security.

Jan 1, 1997

Investigation on Comprehensive Utilisation of Nickel Slag from JNMC

Sep 13, 2010

By D Craw, P Whigham, C Rufaut

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computerised management systems for spatial data, offering improved data management, extensive data manipulation techniques and greater understanding of data. At the Wangaloa Coal Mine, South-East Otago, ArcGIS is being used to manage, integrate, analyse and visualise the diverse range of datasets being generated from an interdisciplinary research team. GIS will assist with identifying spatial and temporal patterns associated with the current site rehabilitation strategy. This paper will present an overview of how GIS can be a useful tool for understanding ecological recovery during mine site rehabilitation.   The Wangaloa opencast coal mine, owned by Solid Energy NZ Ltd, was closed in 1989 after more than 40 years of operation. Rehabilitation efforts involving more than 60 000 native plants began in October 2001. At Wangaloa sample points were randomly selected at 100 m intervals and recorded using a differential GPS. Plant, soil and invertebrate data have been collected at each sample point. Plots of 8 - 9 plants have been established within approximately 5 m of each sample point. Since September 2003 seasonal monitoring of plant growth and survival has been carried out. Chemical and physical datasets have been generated from soil collected in June and December 2003 for each sample point. A more restricted dataset is being generated for soil collected on a seasonal basis from March 2004. Plant and soil characteristics from these datasets have been attached to each sample point and GIS layers have been created. Relationships between data layers can be explored based on their spatial patterns. Examples presented from Wangaloa include distribution of planting success and temporal variation; temporal change in pH; interpolated pH map; digital elevation model; relationships between planting success and growth with pH and organic matter. GIS is proving to be a valuable tool on the integrated project at Wangaloa.

Jan 1, 2004

General recognition of the potential benefits of utilizing advanced technology has focussed public attention on the organisation of tertiary education. This has produced a situation where opportunities exist for significant changes to be implemented. The challenges to Mining education in this environment of change are analysed with respect to the setting of education objectives, the role of centres of education, course structures and student access to courses. The scope of the analysis includes formal courses for professional education and technical training, and programmes for continuing education and postgraduate research. Previous significant advances in mining technology illustrate the importance of encouraging the establishment of an extensive involvement with mining education. Education cannot be the sole responsibility of professional academic organizations; significant industry participation is essential. Methods of achieving this interaction are discussed. Major changes in techniques available for disseminating information provide a significant incentive to assess the relevance of existing course structures and restrictions on student access to courses. Establishment of a less rigidly progressive system of education is discussed with respect to the development of the full potential of computer based learning. This will expand the availability of mining education to include remote locations. The practical feasibility of such changes and recognition of the value of education as a commercial resource could also increase overseas involvement in Australian mining education. Benefits of such changes and problems that may develop if accreditation systems are not also changed to take account of new technology are outlined.

Jan 1, 1989

The Tennant Creek goldfield is situated in the Northern Territory, 360 miles north of Alice Springs, or a tot~l distance of 1,300 miles north of Adelaide, and 600 miles south of Darwin. The auriferous area extends 20 miles north and south by 50 miles east and west. The overland telegraph line and the AIice Springs-Darwin road pass through the centre of the field.HISTORY, PRODUCTIONThe country comprising the goldfield was traversed by J. MacDouall Stuart between 1859 and 1861 in the course of his last three exploring expeditions, which terminated respectively at Attack Creek, Newcastle Waters and at the mouth of the Adelaide River. The explorer named Tennant Creek and also Mount Samuel, on which mining operations are now in progress. The overland telegraph line was completed in 1872 and a relaying station established eight miles north of the site of the present township. There was no other settlement in the adjacent country prior to the opening up of the goldfield.Gold was discovered in 1926 on what is known as the Great Northern lease, three miles north of the township. The field was remote; the nearest plant at which gold ore could be treated was at Peterborough, in South Australia, 1,186 miles distant, and it was not until 1932 that the development of the field actively commenced.The production of the field from its inception to December 31, 1939, was 57,895 QZ. of gold, valued at £522,000, recovered from 61,793 long tons of ore, won from 98 mines. In 1940 seven of these mines had reached depths between 100 ft. and 230 ft., the workings of the majority being less than 60 ft. below surface.TOPOGRAPHY, WATERThe country is traversed by parallel and sub-parallel lines of hills trending east and west and rising to altitudes varying from 50 ft. to 100 ft. above the intervening valleys. The low ranges and isolated hills owe their survival to the resistance offered by their indurated, harder rocks to erosion which has removed the softer intervening formations. Their elevation and area depend to a considerable extent upon the presence of; and, the size of, the more or less exposed haematite formations, or are due to the influence of extensive siliceous dykes which traverse the locality.Watercourses head from the hills and either flood out on the flats within a short distance, or in a few cases follow longer courses to the northward. In the channels of the larger creeks billaoongs, which form important water storages for a considerable part of the year, -are to be found. Tennant...

Jan 1, 1942

Up to 19 chemical parameters were studied in flotation pulps in six Australian lead-zinc concentrators with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the nature of, and changes in, the chemical environment. This paperdiscusses pH, redox potential, and oxygen concentrations, which were all measured continuously.Two plants operated at natural pH in slightly acid circuit and one at natural pH in alkaline circuit, and pH was stable at all these plants. In two plants varying amounts of cement fill were present in mill feed and pHwas variable. At the other plant pH was controlled with soda ash and lime.Redox potentials became more positive as the pulp passed through the plant. The minimum change was 20 mV and the maximum about 250 mV. Potentials tended to be variable at any point early in the circuit, but were more stable later on. In some plants reagent additions had no noticeable effect on redox potentials. However in the two plants operating in acid circuit the redox potential of .zinc rougher feed was markedly affected by changes in copper sulphate addition rate. Sodium sulphite additions had an effect at other plants.Oxygen concentrations in grinding circuits tended to be low (30 per cent of saturation) and very variable. Flotation was usually conducted in pulps at least 90 per cent saturated with oxygen. Addition of sodium sulphite had a marked effect on oxygen content in one plant, but less effect in two others.Statistically significant relationships were found in some plants between pH and redox potential, redox potential and oxygen saturation, and oxygen saturation and pH.Improved control of copper sulphate and sodium sulphite additions could result from applications of this work.

Jan 1, 1970

By T Sylow, A Correa De Araujo, M Gotelip Barbosa

ArcelorMittal is among the largest world’s producers of iron ore. With a geographically diversified portfolio of iron ore and coal assets, it is strategically positioned to serve the network of steel plants, as well as supply the external global market. ArcelorMittal Mining has a global portfolio of 14 iron ore operating units across Brazil, Bosnia, Canada, Kazakhstan, Liberia, Mexico, Ukraine and the United States. Iron ore products include concentrate for sintering and pelletising, pellets, directly shipped fines and lump ore. This paper presents an overview of ArcelorMittal iron ore mines including iron ore typologies and the annual production of each unit. It will also briefly discuss the processing required in order to obtain marketable products.CITATION:Gotelip Barbosa, M, Correa De Araujo, A and Sylow, T, 2017. Overview of ArcelorMittal mining operations and research and development, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 161–116 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

The Bulli and Wongawilli Seams, the two principal sources of coking coal for the Port Kembla steelworks of Australian Iron & Steel Pty. Ltd., vary in rank and in type over the Southern and South Western Coalfields.The Bulli Seam, ranging widely in type, produces coke varying from weak to strong. The Wongawilli Seam, more consistent in type, produces coke of more consistent strength, but considerably less strong than that from the best Bulli Seam coal.Plans of seam variation show the regional trends in rank and type for each seam.The strongest coke is derived from coal containing between 45 and 55 per cent vitrinite, m.m.f. This is obtainable from the Bulli Seam in a zone embracing Bulli and Appin collieries.A satisfactory correlation is achieved between vitrinite content and coke stability and hardness, enabling prediction of coke strength for Southern Coalfield coals.The use of vitrinite reflectance, as an indicator of rank, in addition to type to predict coke strengths is at present hampered by lack of data, particularly in the South Western Coalfield. Nevertheless, data available at present allow the use of both variables and give better correlations with coke strengths than type alone.A spread of comprehensive data across both coalfields will enable advance assessment of cokes produced from coals having known rank and type. Blending to a ranktype specification for optimum coke strengths would allow the best use of the coal reserves of the coalfields.

Jan 1, 1969

At the present time this plant is treating by direct cyanidation 1,000 tons of ore from Open Cut mining and dumps, and 1,200 tons of current flotation tailing obtained from the Sulphide Mill, per day.The following table shows the average analysis of the two feed products (see Table 1):Precipitation Process.-The pregnant solution obtained by the cyanidation of the above has the following general analysis:-Gold 0·600 dwt. per tonTotal Cyanide 0·050 %Free Cyanide 0·045 %Calcium Oxide 0·015 %KCNS 0·060 %Na2S20S 0·140 %CaS04 0·200 %Cu 0·050 %Zn 0·004 0/0K4Fe (CN) 6 NilThis solution, after standard clarification, is precipitated by means of zinc dust and a soluble lead salt.

Jan 1, 1939

By Parker A. J, Ruane M, Wadley L. G B

Copper, sulphur, nickel, cobalt, palladium, silver, and gold can be recovered from the copper sulphide precipitated from the "copper boil" of the Sherritt-Gordon nickel process used at Western Mining Corporation's Kwinana nickel <refinery. The method is based on an oxidative ammonia leach of copper, nickel, and the precious metals at temperatures below 40°C to produce, in part, elemental sulphur, in the residue. This is followed by heating to decompose thiosulphate and remove some ammonia with precipitation of some of the copper, palladium, gold, and silver. Addition of sulphur dioxide to pregnant liquor precipitates copper, as either Chevreul's salt or copper(I) ammonium sulphite, together with the remaining gold and silver. Less than 10 per cent of the dissolved palladium and less than 1 per cent of nickel and cobalt precipitate to this stage.In one option, the Chevreul's salt is dissolved in a solution of copper(II) sulphate, acetonitrile, and water to generate a solution of copper(I) sulphate. Gold and silver do not dissolve. The solution of copper(I) sulphate is thermally disproportionated by distilling acetonitrile to give exceptionally pure copper powder, with desirable characteristics for powder metallUrgy. Nickel, cobalt, and ammonium sulphate are recovered from the motherliquor of the Chevreul's salt precipitation by return to the Sherritt-Gordon process, where recovery procedures already exist. Palladium is recycled for eventual removal as a sulphide with the gold and silver.In the other option, solid copper(I) ammonium-sulphite is <thermally disproportionated in water at 150°C to copper powder.

Jan 1, 1978

THE township of Costerfield is situated in the parish of Costerfield, county of Dalhousie, and lies 6 miles east of Heathcote and 30 miles south-east of Bendigo. It is separated from Heathcote by the Mt. Ida Range, which forms the western boundary of the Silurian formation. It is situated at the head-waters of Tin-pot Creek, a small southerly tributary of the Deegay Ponds Creek, which flows east to the Goulburn River.The field was discovered in 1860 by two prospectors, Coster and Field, who were guided there by a shepherd, M Nicol Coster and Field had already discovered an antimony lode about three miles nearer Heathcote, when M Nicol offered to guide them to the larger outcrop. The main Costerfield reef at that time projected above the surface, and was white through oxidation, though the bluey sulphide showed on fracture. No alluvial gold of any consequence was obtained at Costerfield, but a little was obtained, at Redcastle, 7 miles to the north, and in some of the gullies to the east.Following its discovery there came a period of prosperity to Costerfield, while the mining operations were confined to the oxidized zone. The early success of mining at Costerfield was due to the gold values, and it is probable that the oxidized zone was secondarily enriched. The earliest available record of values is a crushing of Coster and Co. on the Antimony reef (now known as the Costerfield reef), when 200 tons from a depth of 70 ft. averaged 4 oz. per ton in July, 1861. At this time a crushing mill had not yet been erected at Costerfield, and the ore was carted and treated at Redcastle. The massive antimony ore, consisting of mixed oxides and sulphides, was separated by hand-picking as "marketable ore," and the remainder crushed for gold. A higher average is recorded from South Costerfield in September, 1861, when a 15' cwt. parcel...

Jan 1, 1922

Experimental investigations were made into the decoppering of lead, tin, and bismuth using a technique which approximates on the small scale to industrial practice.Decoppering lead with sulphur alone in the absence of tin and silver did not proceed to low copper values. With a minimum of 0·02 per cent Ag or 0·10 per cent Sn, lead was decoppered to less than 0·01 per cent Cuby stirring with 0·2 per cent S over 10 min. Decoppering of tin or bismuth proceeded rapidly to very low levels in the absence of any "catalytic" impurities, at any rate in excess of those concentrations normally encountered in commercially pure tin or bismuth.

Jan 1, 1971

Modelling and simulation are important aspects of flotation research, which may assist in the design of new circuits and the optimisation of existing ones. Flotation research in the AMIRA P9 project has developed a methodology for flotation plant modelling based on determination of cell (pulp) characteristics. froth characteristics, and ore floatability (using floatability components). The implementation of this methodology requires the determination of ore floatability, to which end a small flotation pilot plant known as the Floatability Characterisation Test Rig (FCTR) has been designed and then built and kindly made available to the AMIRA P9 project by Baker Process. The FCTR has a 2 tph capacity and consists of six 130 litre rougher/scavenger cells and six 50 litre cleaner/recleaner cells. The Mintek FloatStar pulp level control system is used to control the pulp level in all cells. A number of experimental procedures have been developed for using the FCTR to obtain the data required for the P9 flotation models. These procedures include how to determine the floatability parameters, Pi and mi, the bubble surface area flux, Sb, the mean residence of the pulp in the cell, t, water recovery. Rw, froth zone recovery, Rf, and the degree of entrainment, ENT. The flexibility of the FCTR allows it to be used in numerous flotation studies such as stream characterisation, reagent testing, grinding experiments, power studies, oxidation studies, and scale-up and simulation studies. This paper will describe the design and operation of the FCTR and the procedures that will be used to obtain data from the rig for modelling purposes.

Jan 1, 2000

There is a lack of information concerning the movements of water on the continental shelf, particularly with regard to data obtained regularly over significant periods of time. The Horace Lamb Centre for Oceanographic Research has recently deployed data acquisition systems on the sea bed off the coast of South Australia to record tides, swell, and ocean temperatures. Some of these early records are described. The swell data are pertinent to future offshore operations with drilling rigs, barges, and other equipment, while the temperature variations give evidence of significant bottom currents, apart from those due to swell.

Jan 1, 1971

By P Steinier

Most operations, when considering their comminution circuit, are primarily concerned with achieving the desired particle size distribution to obtain adequate liberation for the separation process, at minimum cost. Invariably, the effect the grinding media has on the subsequent separation process (ie flotation, leaching) is not taken into account when selecting the media. This choice is driven by cost rather than metallurgical outcomes. Maximising valuable mineral recovery, with optimum selectivity against gangue minerals, is about good particle preparation. And, particle preparation is strongly related to achieving adequate mineral liberation with the correct pulp chemical conditions. However, the pulp chemistry of a system is largely ignored and relies heavily on pH control and the addition of appropriate reagents (collectors, frothers, activators, depressants). The changes effected by the addition of the various reagents are obtained through conditioning the ground pulp prior to or during the concentration stage, subsequent to grinding. Frequently, reagents are added during grinding with good effect, but the impact of the grinding media on down stream processing is usually overlooked. A number of case studies examining the effect of grinding media on pulp chemistry and subsequent flotation performance were completed on several different sulfide mineral systems (for example, lead/zinc, copper, refractory gold). The evidence suggests that a change in grinding media type from forged to high chrome (ie conditioning the pulp during grinding) resulted in a shift in pulp Eh to less reducing conditions, an increase in the dissolved oxygen content of the pulp and a reduction in the iron species present. The changes have a positive impact on flotation behaviour. The results of the case studies are discussed.

Jan 1, 2004

By J, T C. McCuaig, J Hodgkison, T Fouet

Olympic Dam is the eighth largest Cu deposit and the largest U deposit in the world, with approximately 35 million tonnes of contained Cu and 1.2 million tonnes of U. The most recent resource estimate was for 2.95 billion tonnes of mineralised material with average grades of 1.2 per cent Cu, 0.4 kg/t U, 0.5 g/t Au, 2.6 g/t Ag as contained mineral resources. Olympic Dam is expected to produce >200 000 tonnes of Cu and 4200 tonnes of U3O8 from 9.8 million tonnes of ore in 2004, making it the 12th largest Cu producer in the world. One of the impediments to achieving targeted rates of production has been oversize material (>0.9 m) reporting to stope draw points. A major contributor to oversize material may be overbreak along pre-existing structural weaknesses from stope walls and backs during the production life of a stope. Underbreaking to structures can also have a detrimental effect on the performance of a stope. In an effort to understand the influence of structural geology on stope performance, WMC Resources and SRK Consulting partnered during 2003 to refine the current system of structural mapping, and to use historical data to produce a structural interpretation covering a large part of the mining area. The interpretation has been wireframed in DATAMINETM into a three-dimensional structural framework model. To date, there are more than 600 structures of >50 m strike length incorporated into the structural framework model, which covers a study area 1500 m + 600 m + 350 m. A back-analysis exercise to assess the influence of interpreted structures on overbreak and underbreak was completed for laser-surveyed stopes.

Jan 1, 2004

Copper, zinc, lead, and silver in the discordant magmatic-hydrothermal orebody of the Conrad Mine, N.S.W., all have a relatively high mean abundance. Any single concordant sulphide orebody containing the same metals has a similar order of mean abundance of only one or two of these, particularly copper, copper and zinc, or zinc and lead.The relative abundances of the metals in the Conrad orebody vary more widely than in concordant orebodies, and the lead-zinc-silver and copper-zinc-lead relationships are significantly different.INTRODUCTIONIn previous investigations of metal abundances in sulphide ores, the basis of selection of the orebodies was their form, and to some extent their geological setting, rather than hypotheses concerning their origin. In all cases they were generally concordant with the bedding of the sedimentary or meta-sedimentary rocks enclosing them, and most occurred in volcanic-sedimentary sequences. Their mineralogies were simple, and they were copper, copper-zinc, zinc or lead-zinc rich in composition. Most were of the type ascribed by several authors to exhalative-sedimentary processes.In one of these investigations (Stanton, 1958), it was pointed out that since the metals in ores of this type showed similar abundance patterns and behaviour, it would clearly be of interest to examine, and to compare with them, orthomagmatic and vein types, unquestionably derived from their igneous rock associates.The present investigation is concerned with a single orebody, of clearly discordant type, and of indisputable hydrothermal origin. The abundance and behaviour of copper, zinc, lead, and silver have been determined and compared to similar data fOl!' the concordant type. Such a comparison tests the possibility that metal abundance patterns of base metal ores may be indicative of the mode of ore deposition.

Jan 1, 1963

Chelopech Mining EAD and Best Available Techniques for Management of Waste Rock in Mining Activities

Sep 13, 2010

By P Blattner

The Late Miocene gold-silver bearing epithermal system at Waihi has some close similarities in its paleo-thermal and geochemical structure with modern, volcanic-hosted geothermal systems such as Ohaaki-Broadlands. At Waihi an extensive braided quartz vein system is enveloped by hydrothermally altered andesites with minor tuff breccias and tuffs. A main stage of vein filling consists of multiple phases of chalcedonic quartz and fine to medium grained quartz, which are accompanied by pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and acanthite below the base of oxidation. Platy calcite is present locally. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the main stage quartz was deposited at temperatures of 189¦-273¦C from dilute (Tm of -0.1 to -1.0¦C) fluids that were locally boiling. Homogenisation temperature Th versus Tm data points lie within the field enveloped by dilution and boiling/gas loss paths determined for the Ohaaki geothermal field, and indicates that the parent hydrothermal fluid for the Waihi epithermal system had a similar composition to that at Ohaaki, ie 0.2 wt% equiv NaCl and 3.3 wt% equiv CO2. The hydrothermal alteration mineralogy and the isotopic composition of vein calcite indicate that the hydrothermal fluid contained relatively high concentrations of CO2 , as at Ohaaki. Oxygen isotope analyses of main stage quartz range from 6.1 to 11.6 %0 and of vein calcite from 2.29 to 9.4%0. Calculated d18Owater values for the hydrothermal fluid that deposited the main stage quartz range from 2.0 to -5.7%0, with a trend to less negative values with depth. They are similar to those in the deep chloride fluid in active geothermal systems with a substantial fluid throughput. A high fluid throughput at Waihi system is also evident from the extensive high intensity hydrothermal alteration and large volume of quartz deposited in the vein system.

Jan 1, 1995