Search Documents

By Kandemir H, Stafford G

The Croydon Gold Mine is located in northwest Queensland and is a joint venture between Central Coast Exploration N.L. and Pancontinental Mining Ltd. The mining operation commenced in 1987 and consists of satellite open pit mines feeding a central Carbon-In-Pulp gold Treatment Plant. The gold mineralisation is hosted by quartz veins within the Croydon Volcanic Group and the Esmeralda Granite, a cogenetic igneous suite of Middle Proterozoic age. The mineralisation comprises gold and silver with associated basemetals. The gold and silver electrum occurs as extremely fine free grains. The gold distribution is heterogenous occuring across the full vein width, or restricted to the footwall or hangingwall. The average mineral resource grade is 3.5 g/t. The deposits are all hard rock and mining is carried out by drill and blast technique. All mining activity is carried out by a mining contractor. Mining is by a selective mining method which entails the drilling, blasting and extraction of the hangingwall waste prior to orebody extraction.

Jan 1, 1989

By S France

The Waterview Connection will complete a strategic Auckland motorway route linking the south, west and north. The project will comprise 2.5 km of ‘undrained’ driven tunnels and 900 m of drained cut-and-cover tunnel and portals.The project is aligned beneath a stream valley of Oakley Creek incised through alluvium and in places overlain by landfill, between Mt Albert volcano and a ridge formed in alternating sandstones and siltstones. The hydrogeology of the area is complex with perched aquifers in compressible soils, cascading water levels in fractured rock aquifers, and discontinuous higher permeability units resulting in artesian water levels and groundwater springs.Numerical groundwater modelling was undertaken to assess the potential effects of tunnel construction and long-term operation on the groundwater system; the magnitude and extent of changes in groundwater level and the resulting potential for settlement, buoyancy effects, contaminant migration and adverse effects on creek base flow. Modelling also provides inputs to tunnel design such as groundwater seepage volumes and water pressures.The driven tunnel will be ‘undrained’ long-term so potential effects on the groundwater system are limited to short-term dewatering during construction. Significant project time and cost savings can be made if the portal areas are permanently ‘drained’, but this means potential effects are greatest in the long term condition.This paper summarises the investigations, implications of the complex hydrogeological setting on tunnel design and environmental assessments, and groundwater modelling undertaken during the planning stage of this project. The groundwater modelling has been used to incorporate mitigation options in tunnel design and construction sequencing; a comprehensive monitoring program will be used to trigger appropriate responses should effects differ from those predicted.

Mar 8, 2011

By D J. Bradshaw, E M. Wightman, C L. Evans, B Triffett

During the commissioning phase of Prominent Hill, periods of reduced recovery were experienced with higher-grade ore blends. This was unexpected and as part of the process to identify the cause, surveys were conducted in May 2009, with two different ore blends (copper grades: 1.94 per cent Cu (blend 1) and 2.49 per cent Cu (blend 2)). Metallurgical performance was assessed in terms of rougher recovery and grade with consideration of both pulp and froth effects. In addition, hydrodynamic measurements (gas hold up, bubble size, superficial gas velocity) as well as measurements of bubble load and top-of-froth grade were taken during the surveys and full mineralogical assessment of selected streams completed to characterise the nature of the differences. The metallurgical results showed that the lower performance was obtained with blend 2 which contained the higher amount of chalcocite and was higher-grade. Analysis of the survey data showed that for both ore blends more than half of the copper loss occurred in the +38 ¦m size fractions. Almost 30 per cent of the copper in the +38 ¦m fractions that reported to the rougher tails during processing of blend 2 was liberated compared to less than five per cent for blend 1. Additionally almost 60 per cent of the copper in the +38 ¦m fraction of blend 2 was chalcocite compared with approximately 20 per cent in blend 1. This paper discusses the sensitivity of the chalcocite-to-surface chemistry effects causing marked reductions in recovery either through reduced pulp recovery or froth phase (detachment) effects. The reagent suite and operating conditions were subsequently changed and the recoveries increased substantially and the sensitivity to ore changes eliminated. It should be noted that subsequent optimisation work, which focused on recovery improvement, has led to copper recoveries of over 90 per cent being achieved.CITATION:Bradshaw, D J, Wightman, E M, Evans, C L and Triffett, B, 2012. Characterising the reasons for the difference in performance of two ore blends in early processing at OZ Minerals Prominent Hill Operation, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference, pp 273-278 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012

By I Swane, R Rait, A Robertson

Geochemical assessment of mine waste materials prior to commencement of a proposed mining operation is a fundamental component of mine feasibility studies and the regulatory approvals process. Static and kinetic geochemical test methodologies are widely used to predict the geochemical nature of mine waste materials and to develop strategies for managing potentially æhostileÆ materials. These data can also be integrated with data from other fundamental studies such as hydrogeology to predict specific environmental outcomes and potential impacts at mine closure and post-closure.A case study is presented for a proposed open pit gold mine in Mongolia, which illustrates how geochemical, hydrogeological and groundwater quality data can be used as part of a geochemical modelling process to predict the final pit lake water quality over time. A series of static and kinetic test geochemical test programs were completed and acquired data integrated with hydrogeological and groundwater quality data provided by the proponent. A widely used geochemical modelling program (PHREEQC) was used to develop the geochemical model and predict water chemistry in the pit void after mine closure. Sensitivity analyses were completed to explore the effects on the model output of groundwater to leachate water ratio, pit wall rock type and climate.Modelling has indicated that pit void water should be pH circum-neutral at mine closure and should remain within Mongolian and World Bank water quality guideline limits under the modelled simulation most likely to occur in the field. Final void water salinity is expected to increase eight fold over 14 years after end of mine life due to a continuous flux of salts (particularly sulfate salts) into the pit lake whilst the pit lake volume will remain relatively constant due to evaporation and a slow recharge rate. Dissolved metal and sulfate salt concentrations in pit water are also predicted to increase over time and could be moderately elevated compared to applied water quality guideline values. Some of the metal concentrations, however, may be lower as these would be expected to precipitate at circum-neutral pH and greater. Recommended additional assessment work on the project when mining commences includes determining the magnitude of adsorption and co-precipitation of metals occurring in the pit void water/sludge system.CITATION:Robertson, A, Rait, R and Swane, I, 2013. Geochemical assessment of mine waste materials and prediction of final pit lake water quality at a proposed gold mine in Mongolia, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 165-170 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013

By R Price, B H. Miller

"The rise of autonomous haul truck fleets may have been initially driven by the rapid escalation of the cost of equipment operators, but the actual improvements reported by the major iron ore miners far exceeds the simple reduction in workforce. Utilising cost models developed for feasibility studies and mining contract modelling, the limits of cost improvements due to simple labour reductions are compared to those achieved by the early autonomous fleet adopters and through traditional process improvement techniques such as fleet class upgrades or hot-seating of equipment. As autonomous fleet implementation matures, it is likely that the gains seen by current adopters will seem minor compared to the limits generally governed by the limit of equipment utilisation. This ultimate limit is explored through time utilisation models, which were also developed for use in feasibility studies and mining contract modelling.Citation:Miller, B H and Price, R, 2016. Autonomous Haul System Savings - It's Not about Less Truckies but Better Truckies!, in Proceedings Ninth AusIMM Open Pit Operators' Conference 2016, pp 2–10 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 15, 2016

By D Goel

India, the second-largest steel manufacturer globally, achieved crude steel production of around 126 million tonnes (Mt) in the last financial year of April 2022 to March 2023 (FY23), against an installed capacity of 162 Mt. In its National Steel Policy, 2017, India has undertaken targets to take the crude steel production capacity to 300 Mt by 2030–2031 and production and demand to around 255 Mtpa, also by this deadline. The blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BoF):electric arc furnace-induction furnace (EAF-IF) ratio in 2022 was at 44:56.

Sep 18, 2023

By Willis GM

The matte-metal-equilibria in the system Pb-Cu-S have been studied at temperatures between 720 and 920¦C by direct sampling and D.T.A. methods. These results are compared with those of other workers. The applications of such data to a continuous copper drossing process, and to a number of other metallurgical processes are discussed.

Jan 1, 1975

By K Vallo, T Haimi, J Pihlasalo, J Hamuyuni, M Lindgren, F Tesfaye

Decarbonisation of the steel industry has recently attracted a lot of research and technological development. Most of the technological developments are centred around the replacement of blast furnace (BF), which has been the main primary smelting furnace in the ironmaking step of steel production. Replacement of the BF is not an easy task because of BF’s many established capabilities over the years, especially its ability to use low-grade iron feed. In this regard, Metso has developed its own technology, Metso’s Outotec direct reduced iron (DRI) smelting furnace, to tackle this problem. The recently developed six-in line electric furnace for DRI smelting can be used for primary smelting of DRI from blast furnace grade iron ore. Unlike the electric arc furnace (EAF), the DRI smelting furnace can handle larger slag volumes that emanate from the high gangue in BF grade DRI. Therefore, fluxing plays an important role in operating the DRI smelting furnace. This paper presents fluxing options and proposes slag quality and operating windows for the DRI smelting furnace. Also, the effect of slag on refractory durability will be discussed.

Jun 19, 2024

By B Wentzinger, Y Keulemans

This paper presents the results of a field study designed to assess the impact of vane rotation speed on the estimated undrained strength for two Australian bauxite tailings storage facilities. The vane test results are assessed against cone penetration and dissipation tests results to identify if partial drainage may be an issue. An innovative tool capable of measuring pore pressures during vane shear testing, the Piezovane™, is introduced as an improvement over the standard field vane to assess drainage conditions in real-time.

Jul 1, 2021

By S R. Green, G D. Corder

The legacy issues from mining can, and have often, extended well beyond the closure of operations. However, conventional cost-benefit analysis provides little incentive to implement initiatives at the project development stages of a new mining project as the costs that will be incurred towards the end of the mine life, 20 years or longer, appear minor in net present value (NPV) terms. This analysis can be misleading as the true costs of managing post-mining land can continue for many years, or decades, after mining ceases and any resulting unfavourable legacy issues can delay or prevent government permits or licences to develop new resources. Proper upfront planning is critical for implementing successful rehabilitation and closure strategies. The investment in this planning needs to be done in a structured and rigorous manner taking into consideration the long-term and broad benefits of sustainable land uses after mine closure. The advantages of such an approach could include the streamlining of regulatory approvals by early advice to the regulator of identified issues and responses to those issues, and clear evidence that a strong social licence to operate ethic with local, regional and national benefits is included in the decision-making process. This paper investigates the potential closure options for two case studies at the early stages of project development - concept and prefeasibility. By using a sustainability framework that can identify opportunities and risks, prospective initiatives that deliver enhanced environmental, community and social benefits will be compared with compliance-orientated approaches. This comparison is made across the Five Capitals Sustainability Model - natural, human, social, manufactured and financial. The results of this analysis demonstrate that upfront planning during project development and due care and effort during the life of the working mine will reduce the risks of long-term detrimental legacy issues. This will ultimately benefit the mine operator, the local community and the state.CITATION:Corder, G D and Green, S R, 2012. Using a sustainability assessment framework to achieve enhanced legacy outcomes, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2012 , pp 311-318 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 10, 2012

By H Bateman, I Cawrse, G Carnes, S Cawrse

In developing mineral resources, the focus typically centres on the management of identified social and environmental impacts and compliance with regulatory requirements. However, opportunities to protect and enhance the environment and communities are most effective in the planning and design phases. Achieving the objective of integrating sustainability considerations as an element of design decision making requires that the design criteria be technically sound, relevant to the project and applicable to desired design outcomes. This is particularly important for projects employing virtual teaming, where design engineers may be geographically dispersed and are unlikely to be familiar with site specific sustainability challenges and opportunities. This paper documents the approach taken by BHP Billiton to incorporate sustainability principles, objectives and guidelines in design criteria for the Olympic Dam Expansion (ODX) project. It describes the range of inputs used in defining sustainability objectives which interface in a framework that is dynamic and transferable to other mining projects and to engineering design in general. The Sustainability in Design Criteria document distils statutory requirements, corporate standards, lessons learned and leading industry practice into a single coherent framework that supports engineers to approach problem solving as a holistic and integrated exercise with a long term perspective. The framework also serves to improve linkages between internal stakeholders by fostering greater communication, collaboration and innovation to deliver more sustainable outcomes through the design process.

Jan 1, 2009

By G Capes

A novel open stope design approach is presented that delivered improved performance in a mining area with poor ground conditions at the Olympic Dam mine. During 2019, a large open stope had an unplanned caving event resulting in the inability to extract the planned tonnes and subsequent sterilisation of nearby stopes. A design limitation was the lack of data and understanding around the alteration domain extents, the rock mass strength controls and limits, the failure modes controlling stope stability in the local area, and the use of conventional stope shapes. From the available data and failure observations, it was inferred that the dominant caving failure mode resulted from a blocky rock mass impacted by structure and alteration causing an unravelling failure mechanism. Numerical and empirical analyses were conducted to test this hypothesis and establish strength limits for design. The strength limits for the design were then used to provide a range of outcomes from which future stope design shapes such as chamfered backs could be selected. Three alternate chamfered geometries were selected to trial the innovative designs. The application of this methodology in 2020 resulted in overbreak reduction from >100 per cent in the initial caved stope to

Mar 29, 2023

By P J. Vardon, L A. van Paassen, Y Yao, A F. van Tol

Thin-lift atmospheric fine drying (AFD) is a technique used to dewater mine and oil sand tailings, which utilises both self-weight consolidation and atmospheric evaporation. The disposed layers undergo a cyclic drying and rewetting process due to precipitation and deposition of additional lifts on top of the dried layer. The current research aims to optimise the deposition process via use of a numerical model and realistic atmospheric conditions, including both periods of drying and wetting. The model is based upon water balance and includes large strain considerations. A number of material behaviours are characterised using empirical fitting curves based upon laboratory measurement of material characteristics, including both the shrinkage and water retention curves for drying and rewetting. The model is able to model multiple lifts, simulating field scale and realistic climatic conditions within timescales suitable for engineering practice (eg seconds or minutes). The model has been previously validated against controlled laboratory experiments and utilised to simulate field tests. A series of simulations are presented to illustrate the ability of the model to be used as a practical tool for the optimisation of a tailings deposition strategy.CITATION:Vardon, P J, Yao, Y, van Paassen, L A and van Tol, A F, 2015. The use of a large-strain drying and consolidation model to optimise multilift tailing deposits, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century , pp 263–270 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 27, 2015

By R Ibarra, H Solis, G Teowee, B E. Papillon

The authors have previously described a piezoelectric-based system to measure the dynamic pressure during actual detonation in the field. This technique is used in a water hammer test set-up where a donor detonator is fired first, with the pressure sensor and an acceptor electronic detonator placed underwater in a water tank, and maintained at a fixed distance away from the donor detonator. The functioning and timing of the acceptor detonator are captured using a customised microcontroller board called the water hammer timer. Using such water hammer testing, the effect of dynamic pressure was studied as a function of the magnitude of pressure during the electronic timing countdown. Data obtained indicate there is no significant impact in the timing of the electronic detonators in contrast to what has been reported in non-electric detonators.CITATION:Teowee, G, Solis, H, Papillon, B E and Ibarra, R, 2015. Effect of dynamic pressure on electronic detonator timing, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 575–578 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By B Olsson, B Reynolds, R Norman

An unprecedented growth in demand for coal exports has placed pressure on multi-user coal chains to guarantee that their capacity expansion projects will meet the required demand. These projects, however, are taking place in an increasingly complex commercial and technical environment - competing rail and coal terminal service providers as well as a myriad of competing mine operators, all needing to operate in an increasingly integrated manner to get the most out of expensive shared assets.Increasing system complexity and integration has driven the need for more holistic and sophisticated analysis tools. The capacity of coal chain subsystems, such as mine, rail and port, can no longer be determined effectively in isolation. Understanding the nature of the interactions between these subsystems, their sensitivity to uncertainty and the resultant capacity of the integrated system is the key to both maximising value and minimising risk.Recently, TSG has worked closely together with the Integrated Logistics Company and a number of key stakeholders in the Dalrymple Bay Coal Chain to develop independent system master plans. These master plans have provided a quantitative and rational assessment of coal chain capacity in its current state and a prediction of its capacity once a pipeline of committed capacity improvements is in place. This paper provides an overview of the study and a comprehensive guide to the process required to effectively achieve valuable strategic insights in a challenging multi-user stakeholder environment.CITATION:Reynolds, B, Olsson, B and Norman, R, 2012. Using independent system simulation to mitigate risk in the Dalrymple Bay Coal Chain, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2012 , pp 77-84 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 24, 2012

By H Kurth, L Balzan

The potential for bulk diversion was identified and quickly implemented following the development of bulk sensing technologies applied to conveyed flows. In the early 1980s real time analysis of ash in coal was intended to improve the understanding and control of quality variability. By the end of the 1980s approximately 5% of coal analysers installed were being utilised for bulk sorting; diverting flows to create stockpiles to improve blending flexibility and boiler feed consistency, diverting waste material, or bypassing the beneficiation process when the coal met product quality criteria. In the 1990s bulk sensing and sorting utilising natural gamma detection was applied to conveyed waste in gold-uranium mineralisation and allowed ore to be recovered and processed that would otherwise have been discarded. Further applications developed in the iron ore sector where product quality ore could be diverted to bypass beneficiation and save significant unnecessary processing costs and improve recovery by avoiding process inefficiency losses. Plant capacity was freed up to be utilised by material that required processing. Similar benefits became evident in the phosphate industry and in base metals where multi-elemental analysis using Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis provides ideal opportunities to representatively measure 30 second conveyed increments at high accuracies. This has been successfully adopted in copper, nickel, platinum and lead-zinc to improve waste removal after primary crushing to eliminate unnecessary expense and improve plant efficiency. The benefits include increased output from existing operating capacity, significant reductions in consumable costs and generation of fewer detrimental waste streams. The paper outlines the technologies and discusses case studies covering the above commodities, demonstrating the immense value that representative real time measurement of conveyed flows can create. Measurement data concurrently provides multiple benefits in operational performance besides sorting, through ore reconciliation, ore blending, feedforward control and metal accounting, adding further value.

Nov 10, 2020

By P Luo, J E. Danoczi, P Nakutnyy

Sensor-based sorting methods to remove waste or for upgrading ore prior to downstream metallurgical processing is becoming more prevalent for mining operations. X-ray transmission (XRT) sorters are a popular choice for mineral processing plants since they can sort a wide variety of minerals. XRT sorters pass high intensity X-rays through particles to generate images of varying greyscale, based on their effective atomic density. The ore sorter then mechanically separates the particles using algorithms based on the images. A popular test currently used to evaluate the amenability of the ore to XRT sorting is to pass the particles through the sorter and obtain the greyscale images showing mineralogical differences. This test provides information on the mineralogical heterogeneity between ore particles for their separation. However, it does not provide an understanding of the actual mineralogical composition of the ore or information pertaining to which other minerals may respond in a similar manner, nor does it provide liberation information. This paper describes a test that combines high resolution X-ray micro Computer Tomography (CT) combined with QEMScan to obtain information about amenability of ore to XRT sorting and to obtain valuable information that can streamline metallurgical testwork programs. This test also provides information relating to particle thickness and associated X-ray attenuation coefficients, desired mineral presence and mineralogical information relating to associated minerals and clays to assist with developing sorting algorithms. Combining the CT and QEMScan can address many limitations of the current method to determine whether XRT sorting technology is appropriate for particular ores. Mineralogy information from QEMScan can identify incidences of; mineral encapsulation, problematic clays, detrimental minerals as well as calibrate the greyscale values of CT data. Additional 3D CT imaging carried out on cores provides spatial information of the minerals within the ore and mineral grades.

Nov 10, 2020

By J Joy, A Bye, G V. Kizil

This paper demonstrates an application of a recently developed Risk-Cost-Benefit (RCB) Framework to environmental risk management in the mining industry. The environmental application of the RCB Framework as part of an ACARP project (Kizil, Bye and Joy, 2012) involved a thorough selection process with site visits and in-depth discussions with the case study siteÆs environmental management team. Under their guidance, the highest risk of environmental impact at the case study site was identified as æroad subsidenceÆ at the time when the project work was undertaken. This paper presents the unique application of the RCB Framework to examine the risk of mining-induced subsidence and its impact on one of AustraliaÆs busiest highways, with a traffic volume of 38 000 vehicles per day (NSW RTA AADT, 2008). The RCB Framework was employed to assess the optimum group of controls for road subsidence risk management to ensure highway availability while mining occurs. Whilst this paper focuses on road subsidence, the methodology employed can be directly applied to other environmental concerns including preparation for mine closure, rehabilitation planning and waste management. The RCB Framework incorporates mathematical modules which were developed to enable complex yet tightly integrated RCB calculations. The process integrates the risk-control effectiveness assessment to determine that the selected safety initiative is financially beneficial to the mine site and company. This concept has been applied to a number of high-risk mining areas targeting safety, productivity and environmental issues. This paper introduces the five-staged RCB Framework, incorporating the RCB tools RCBGEN (Risk-Cost-Benefit Generator) and RCEMETHOD (Risk-Control-Effectiveness Method), and demonstrates its practical application to the risk management of a road subsidence case study. The case study looks at potential pavement damages, in particular, the occurrence of pavement stepping on the surface of the highway as a result of vertical subsidence. This type of road damage was previously experienced at another major inter-city route while underground mining occurred in the region where the case study site is located. The RCB Framework has been successfully applied to the analysis of the road subsidence case study and determined the risk reduction and financial benefits of implementing a range of risk-controls. User-friendly RCB Charts to provide an aid for decision-making were produced. The value of using the RCB charts to achieve balance between risk, cost and productivity in the decision-making process for risk management has been explained. The case study determined that pavement slots and fibre-optic cable monitoring were relatively low-cost and effective controls applied in the mining industry for the first time at a global level.This paper supports the industryÆs ongoing efforts to manage risk to ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) and achieve æzero harmÆ by providing a new Framework to more effectively establish the adequacy of controls.CITATION:Kizil, G V, Bye, A and Joy, J, 2012. Application of risk-cost-benefit analysis to highway subsidence due to mining, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2012 , pp 197-206 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 10, 2012

By S O’Connell, M Scholz, A Robertson, M L. Bloss

The value created in any mining operation is a function of the mine plan. The quality of this plan is dependent on the strategies employed during definition drilling, resource estimation and mine planning. This paper presents opportunities to improve the value of an operation through better strategic management of these core activities. Case studies undertaken recently at Olympic Dam are presented to support the conclusions presented in the paper.CITATION:Bloss, M L, O’Connell, S, Robertson, A and Scholz, M, 2016. Do we maximise the value of our operations through our definition drilling, resource estimation and mine planning strategies? In Proceedings International Mine Management Conference, pp 9-20 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 22, 2016

By C J. Greet, S Jacques

In most instances, the application of high-chrome grinding media results in an increase in the recovery of the valuable mineral(s). The authors have published data from a number of plant-based case studies, which indicate that it is not unreasonable to expect a recovery increase in the vicinity of 1.5 to 2.0 per cent for a copper ore. It is of interest to understand where the increase in recovery is coming from. That is, is the additional copper recovery the result of improved fine particle flotation or is it due to an improvement across all size fractions?This paper aims to answer this question. Laboratory flotation tests were completed using forged steel and a high-chrome alloy on a volcanogenic massive sulfide copper ore. The unsized data indicated that the application of high-chrome grinding media to this ore resulted in an improvement in both copper recovery and copper concentrate grade. A detailed kinetic analysis of both the copper sulfide and gangue minerals was completed that clearly shows that the change to a more inert grinding media produced significant increases in the flotation rate constants (both fast and slow) across all size fractions. It is also possible to observe that the change in pulp chemistry has resulted in a decrease in the flotation kinetics of the -20 micron pyrite, while the coarse pyrite recoveries have increased, presumably because of an increase in the flotation of the chalcopyrite/pyrite composite particles.CITATION:Greet, C J, Jacques, S and Kinal, J, 2014. Recovery-by-size kinetic analysis to determine where metallurgical improvements occur when converting to high-chrome grinding media, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 217–224 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014