Search Documents

By Juhani Pulkkinen, Pekka Lappalainen

Preplaced cable bolts - fully grouted old hoisting cables or stress relieved steel strands - have been used succesfully to pre- reinforce ore contact zones and pillars in sublevel stoping at Outo- kumpu Oy mines for ten years. The purpose is to make open stoping methods possible even in "poor'' conditions and to decrease waste rock dilution. Since 1971 more than 120 km cable bolting has been done, and plans for this year in five mines amount to 33 km. In order to understand the function of cable bolt, pull-out tests have been done both in the laboratory and in situ. Bond strength between cable and cement is highly dependent on cable structure and cable surface dirtiness. Steel cables with steel core and rough surface structure have highest bond strength ( 6 MP~). A cable bolt is a friction bolt. After losing its peak bond strength - after starting to move - a cable bolt still has a high loading capacity due to the friction caused by the uneven surface of the cable. Cable bolting is done before actual stoping from existing drifts, sublevel drifts, e.g. or from special bolting drifts. In general stress relieved steel strands are used; 2 x 15.2 mm dia per hole. FEM or BEM calculation is utilized in cable bolting design. Bolts 2 are in fan shape, 10 m ... 50 m long and are spaced 1/20 m ... 1/50 m2 at stope walls. Pretensioning of cable is not needed, when bolting is done before rock deformations. Bolting costs vary between 0.3 USD ... 1.0 USD/ore ton. In the beginning only manual cable installing technique bras used. Now bolting can be done as fully mechanized with the developed cable bolting machine; i.e. drilling of the hole, installing and cutting of cables and grouting of hole.

Jan 1, 1983

By Charles S. Barrett, L. H. Levenson

The orientation of metal crystals and grains, both large and small, can be detcrmined conveniently and accurately without the use of X-ray apparatus. This seems to be appreciated by so few metallurgists that it may be useful to explain in detail the method we have found most satisfactory in the laboratory—the reflection of light from crystallographie etch pits. This note includes a description of a suitable inexpensive instrument and instructions for etching various metals and for plotting the data. As the stereographie projection is used to facilitate handling the data, this note may he considered as an appendix to an earlier review of the metallurgical uses of the stercographie projection.' Various methods involving etch pits have been used by other investigators. Bridgman's method2 consists of attaching the specimen to a sphere (a transparent sphere is convenient4 , holding it at arm's length, and marking a spot on it when it has been turned so that the eteh pits reflect light into the eye of the observer from a lamp standing behind him. It has an accuracy of about 2" and is extrernely rapid. A greater accuracy can be obtained by having the reflected light fall on a screen, as has been done by Czochralski,5 Chalmers,6 and Schubnikov.7 All of these methods have been intended for undeformed single crystals. Tammann and his coworkers3,8 developed a method for estimating the number of grains in a polyerystalline aggregate having orientations in a given region of the stereographic triangle and thus obtained statistical information about deformation and reerystallization textures. While the method has had some use in recent years,9 it is not applicable to the majority of problems in physical metallurgy. Smith and Mehl10 determined orientations by plotting the directions of the sides of individual etch pits on a stereographic projection. The accuracy is limited to about 3" and the method requires careful polishing and high magnification.

Jan 1, 1940

By Martin Mayers

FIVE-SIXTHS of all the coal that is mined in the United States is burned, without previous treatment other than screening, for the produc-tion of heat and power, so that its value is fixed by its suitability for this purpose. Nevertheless, the characteristics of individual coals that determine their fitness for use in particular pieces of combustion equip-ment are not yet well known. This condition is due not only to the small extent of our knowledge concerning coal itself, but also to our compara-tive ignorance of the nature of the combustion process. The following paper is an analysis of the combustion process as it occurs in industrial furnaces, based largely on the results of laboratory research on combus-tion rates. From this analysis it is possible to determine the characteris-tics of the fuel that limit the capacity of a given piece of combustion equipment. Limitations imposed by other factors than the attainable speed of combustion will not be considered, since they are subject to a different type of analysis involving the balancing of maintenance costs against fixed charges. In order to observe the relations among the various factors that affect the speed of combustion, representative particles of fuel will be followed through two types of furnaces. A pulverized-coal furnace will be con-sidered first, because the independence of the individual particles facili-tates the analysis of the effect of furnace conditions. The second example will be a grate-fired furnace in which ignition of the fuel takes place on the underfeed principle. This includes both underfeed and chain grate stokers,(8)? but does not include hand-fired furnaces and some overfeed stokers. The furnace will be considered to be large enough, the tempera-ture high enough, and enough air provided, to burn the fuel completely, without, for the moment, specifying these quantities more completely.

Jan 1, 1934

By S. Frederick Ravitz, Kenneth E. Fisher

Four liquids are ordinarily present in the lead blast furnace during lead smelting. At the bottom is the lead bullion, which is metallic lead containing about one per cent of impurities, including gold, silver, copper, bismuth, arsenic and antimony. Above this is the speiss, which consists essentially of arsenides and antimonides of iron and copper. The speiss is followed by the matte, which consists principally of sulfides of iron, copper and lead1. The top layer is the slag, of which the major constituents are silica, lime, alumina, zinc oxide and iron oxide. Similar products are obtained from the dross furnace, which treats the dross obtained in decopperizing lead bullion. The distribution of gold and silver among these various products is of considerable importance in the smelting of lead. In general, the matte and speiss cannot be treated in the lead smelter, and usually are sent to a copper smelter. It is usually desirable, therefore, to keep their gold and silver contents as low as possible, and to collect the precious metals in the bullion. If the bullion, speiss, matte and slag exist together in equilibrium, the gold and silver should distribute themselves among these four liquids in a definite manner, which, other conditions being equal, should depend only on the amounts of gold and silver in the charge to the furnace. It is thus apparent that a knowledge of whether such equilibrium exists is necessary before attempting to study the effects of various compositions of matte and speiss on the distribution of gold and silver among the furnace products2. Moreover, systems consisting of four liquids in equilibrium are very rare, and are of considerable scientific interest. In order to ascertain whether equilibrium existed, the distribution of gold and silver among the four liquids was determined. The speiss,

Jan 1, 1937

By G. M. Ritcey

Continuous contacting equipment for solvent extraction can be divided into two major areas, according to whether their mode of operation is stagewise or differential (Figure 1). Mixer settlers and the recent Kenics and Sulzer mixers typify the stagewise contactors. In these counter- current contactors, the aqueous and the organic phase are mixed and then separated in a large settling area before the next stage of mixing. Countercurrent differential contact- ors, such as centrifuges and various types of columns, are more compact in that they require less ground area than mixer settlers. [ ] Contactors, in addition to being either stagewise or differential, can be further subdivided into non-agitated and agitated depending on the method used for mixing the phases and producing the countercurrent flow. The simplest contactors such as spray, packed, or perforated plate columns achieve both the mixing and countercurrent flow by means of the gravity difference between the two phases. In agitated contactors such as the Scheibel, Reciprocating Plate, and Sieve-Plate Pulse, mechanical agitation is introduced but gravity differences still produce countercurrent flow. To conserve plant space, and for large throughput with short contact time, centrifugal contactors are used where possible. The reader can refer to reviews on the subject (1-11).

Jan 1, 1978

By G. R. Rigby

Used basic brick taken from copper anode furnaces, reverberatory furnace roofs, md copper converters have been examined by chemical analysis, petro-graphical examination, and X-ray diffraction tech-niques. In the anode furnace roof, brick absorb copper and copper oxides, whilst in the reverberatory roof, iron oxide with smaller amounts of alumina and silica are absorbed. Chemical reactions in the converter are most complex since the brick absorb both a copper-copper oxide slag and a fayalite-magnetite slag. CHANGES taking place in basic brick after use in copper smelting furnaces have received attention from C. Burton Clark and J. Spotts Mc Dowell,' who examined brick taken from copper converters, and by G. R. Rigby and B. G. Hamilton' who examined brick from copper anode furnaces. This paper describes the changes taking place in basic brick from all types of copper smelting furnaces and discusses the major reasons for lining wear. A) METHODS OF EXAMINING SAMPLES A variety of used brick have been taken from the following positions in various furnaces, a) roofs, reverberatory arches, and bottoms of copper anode furnaces, b) roofs of copper reverberatory furnaces and c) the tuyere line and end walls of copper converters. The method of examination was standard in that brick were first measured and the extent of wear-back computed. They were next sawn in two by a central cut vei-tical to the working face to enable the freshly cut surfaces to reveal any zonal changes and cracks, both of which usually ran parallel to the working face. Each well-defined zone was then sampled for a) chemical analyses, b) petrographical studies using transmitted and reflected light techniques under the microscope, and c) X-ray diffraction studies on powdered samples. From the data accumulated, changes taking place in a variety of

Jan 1, 1962

By C. H. Loux

This paper deals primarily with the advantages realized from the adoption of methods more suitable than those previously used. The improvements noted include: (1) modification of practice in shrinkage stoping, (2) use of sublevel caving over grizzlies, (3) improved haulage and loading, (4) use of contract wages wherever possible. The Washington mine is on Jonestown Hill, one mile south of Oxford, in northwestern New Jersey. It is producing 16,000 tons of concentrates a month, which are being shipped to the Alan Wood Steel Company's furnaces at Swedeland, Pennsylvania. History The first settlement in this region is reported to have been in 1735, and the magnetite ores were recognized immediately. The first furnace, built in 1741, began operation in 1743. During the Revolutionary War the output was chiefly used for making cannon balls, which, owing to the sympathies of the community, without doubt found their way into the hands of the British. This old furnace is still standing. Several important veins were soon developed, including the Martin, Strayley, McKinley, Adelaide, Welsh and Lanning. Mining was carried to a depth corresponding to the capacity of the pumps available. When these became inadequate, the workings were abandoned, and another vein was opened up. The Washington vein was probably discovered about 1850, and the first shaft started in 1854. In 1879, William H. Scranton made the first complete magnetic survey of the district and serious exploration of the deposit was begun. Rather indifferent success attended the earlier efforts of the many companies that attempted to mine and smelt the ore. In 1929 the property was leased by the Warren Foundry and Pipe Co. to the present operators, and the modification of practice then inaugurated is described in this paper. Geology These veins, like most eastern deposits of magnetite, are formed from, or are contemporaneous with, pegmatite intrusions into a gneissic country rock. The ore therefore follows the banded structure of the gneiss,

Jan 1, 1934

By R. W. Raymond

In a paper on the Divining-Rod (Transactions, xi., 411), presented at the Boston meting, in February, 1883,I suggested, among other signs of which the skilled prospector might consciously or unconsciously avail himself in the search for springs of water or mineral deposits, the presence of particular grasses or shrubs, and the general appearance of the flora. There are not wanting, in the literature of our art, indications that greater attention was paid to such signs in ancient days than at present. It is the tendency of a scientific age to ignore, or regard as superstitious, what cannot be classified or explained. But the acute though unscientific observation of earlier times often, doubtless, accumulated facts which it would be worth our while to re-examine. It is highly probable that the mining prospectors of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, to go no further back, were close students of nature, and knew, though they could not explain, and, for reasons of private gain, would not communicate, many curious and significant facts. We can generalize better than they could; but for that very reason we are, perhaps, their inferiors in observation. They let nothing pass, because all things were equally significant to them. We take wider views, and miss more. And, no doubt, there still exists among practical millers, prospectors,, hunters, Indians, etc., an unwritten.

Jan 1, 1887

By Warren B. Weeks

The development of the relatively deeper fields discovered during 1937 helped build the 1938 production to 18,456,760 bbl., an increase of 6,295,910 bbl., or 51.6 per cent over 1937, and the largest production for south Arkansas since 1930. Schuler and Rodessa accounted for the increased production as well as for over half of the wells drilled in the state. There were 243 holes drilled during 1938, of which 200 were completed as oil or gas wells. Of the 29 wildcat wells completed, 25 were dry, 3 found oil in the Smack-over limestone, while 1 made a small oil well in the Nacatoch sand. This was less than half the number of wildcats drilled the previous year, but nearly twice as many field wells were drilled. The old depth record of 7973 ft. was exceeded twice during the year, with the present record of 8332 feet. Trend of Prospecting The porous "Reynolds" oolite of the Smackover limestone1 has been the object of most of the wildcat prospecting during the past two years. Seismograph work, which brought 22 crews into this area during 1938, was largely pointed toward a study of the structure of this limestone formation. Thirteen dry wildcats have been drilled to this formation and five pools have been opened in it since it was first found to be productive at Snow Hill in the spring of 1936. With the failure of "updip" prospects to produce, activity moved southward and basinward. Success in five instances in Columbia and south Union Counties has spurred activity in this area. Much of the acreage is under lease and half a dozen deep limestone tests are assured for the current year. Fig. 1 shows the location of the principal oil fields in south Arkansas, as well as one or two minor producing areas. The fields are numbered in the order of their discovery. It is shown that most of the recent discoveries are from the deeper formations. Dry wildcats that penetrated

Jan 1, 1939

By M. Mathieu

The Rove tunnel is the means by which the canal from Marseilles to the Rhone Riverl penetrates the hills of Nerthe, lying between Mar- seilles harbor and Lake Berre, Fig. 1. The canal will communicate at sea level with both terminals. The original project planned a lock near the village of Marignane; but observations, pursued for more than three years, showed that the water surface gradient would average only 0.015

Jan 1, 1923

By Walter Snelling

IN the course of some experiments more than five years ago, made for a totally different purpose than the investigation of the oil used, I placed a small quantity of a transparent yellow lubricating oil in a bomb-like vessel and heated it to a relatively high temperature. At the end of the experiment I removed the oil from the vessel and was amazed to find that instead of bearing any resemblance to the oil which I had put in, it now had the appearance of ordinary crude oil. The green color by reflected light and the rich red-brown by transmitted light were so unmistakable as to at once lead to further investigation. I subjected the material to fractional distillation, and the surprise which I 'experienced at the appearance of the oil, changed to amazement when I found that it yielded, on distillation, 15 per cent. of gasoline and 30 per cent. of burning oil, and that its constitution resembled crude oil quite as much as did its appearance. Furthermore, the gasoline and kerosene distillates which it yielded were of a clear water-white color, entirely without treatment with acid or alkali, and were entirely free from the odor familiar in "cracked" petroleum distillates. The result of this experiment was quite too remarkable to be credited without further confirmation, and I at once filled the vessel with some of the same oil that I had used before, and again heated to about the same temperature that I had previously used, and for the same period of time. Upon opening the vessel and removing the contents I found, not the material resembling crude oil that I had obtained before, but apparently only the same oil that I had put in, somewhat darkened in color, but nevertheless far different in appearance from the material obtained in the previous experiment.

Jan 4, 1915

By Robert S. Schecter, Mark P. Walsh, Michael J. Humenick

In recent years in situ leach mining has emerged as a viable technology for the recovery of uranium from strata in South Texas which contain relatively low concentrations of uranium ore. Because the ore bodies lie within ground-water aquifers, a significant determinant in the economics is the requirement that such aquifers be protected from contamination. Since ammonia is one of the constituents of the leach solutions now being field tested, one environmental problem to be resolved is the removal of ammonia at the end of mining. A second related question is the fate of the ammonia which is not removed by the restoration procedure. This paper considers the displacement and migration of ammonium in a flowing electrolyte with concomitant ion exchange. The ion exchange is an important feature since, during the solution mining phase, ammonium saturates the mineral exchange sites and must be removed from these sites. A mathematical model is used to simulate this process and the model is tested against the results of laborator.y experiments. It is found that the simulations are adequate if an appropriate selection of parameters is made. The model is then used to investigate the effect of cation composition and concentration of the restoration medium as well as dispersion on the overall effectiveness of the process. It is concluded that increasing the concentration of monovalent ions in a solution containing a mixture of both monovalent and divalent ions decreases the adsorption selectivity of the divalent ions with respect to all monovalent ions including ammonium. Thus increasing the ionic concentration of a restoration fluid by increasing the concentration of a nonselectively adsorbed (with respect to ammonium) ion may have a very limited benefit.

Jan 1, 1979

By William P. Blake

I have not before had the honor of offering to the Institute a communication on the subject of the variety of asphaltum which I described as uintahite; but several disconnected notices of it have appeared in the Transactions, and much additional information regirding it and its relations to other varieties of the asphalt group has been gathered together. Dr. Henry Wurtz has also discussed the nature of uintaite, and has endeavored to show that it should be considered a variety of grahamite.* We have also had an interesting paper upon."Asphalt and its Uses," from Captain F. V. Greene, containing much important technical information and a scheme of classification of the varieties of bitumen and of bituminous compounds. The object of the present paper is to bring the substance of these disconnected notices together; to present some additional facts; to revise the name uintahite; to compare the substance with the allied bitumens or asphalts, known as albertite and grahamite; and fur-

Jan 1, 1890

By A. J. Erickson, W. J. Garmoe

In mid-1970, Park City Ventures, a Utah partnership of Asarco and the Anaconda Company, initiated a six-phase exploration and development program in the Park City District, Utah. Geologic studies had delineated a number of exploration targets in several areas of the district. Discovery of ore in any of the target areas and continued favorable downdip development below then productive ore bodies would allow for reserve expansion and mill construction. The targets were: replacement mineralization in the Mississippian Humbug formation below productive ore bodies on the east flank of the Park City anticline; replacement mineralization in the Humbug formation in an unexplored fault block in the footwall of the Hawkeye structure on the east flank of the anticline; vein and replacement mineralization along the Silver Fissure; potentially higher grade replacement mineralization in the Humbug formation in a theorized structural block on the west flank of the anticline beneath the Ontario vein; replacement mineralization in the Permian Park City formation in the West End shaft area of the Silver King mine; vein mineralization along the Back vein in the Judge mine. In 1971 the Judge and Silver King Projects were suspended, due to a 30% cutback in the exploration budget. In spite of the cutback additional reserves were developed below the Humbug East Flank ore bodies; a major zone of ore grade mineralization was discovered along the Silver Fissure, five new ore bodies were found in the Humbug and Doughnut formations on the west flank of the anticline beneath the Ontario vein. First concentrates were shipped from a new mill in May 1975.

Jan 1, 1979

By Oswald J. Heinrich

THE serious objections to the Leblanc soda process may be enumerated as follows : 1st. The total loss of sulphur employed, equal to about one-third of soda produced. Various processes have been proposed to regain this sulphur, but none have come into practical operation on a large scale. 2d. The great bulk of waste products, equal to nearly twice the amount of soda, which forms a serious annoyance about the works. 3d. The complicated series of operations necessary. 4th. The large amount of labor and fuel required. 5th. The production of noxious gases which necessitate extensive condensing arrangements. 6th. The large capital necessary for the erection and maintenance of the plant. These objections have long been recognized, and many attempts have been made during the last thirty or forty years, to discover and introduce a cheaper and more direct method for the manufacture of this important staple. The reaction between bicarbonate of ammonia and common salt, whereby bicarbonate of soda, insoluble in a solution of chloride of ammonium, is precipitated, has been closely studied for the last twenty-four years, on account of its simplicity and the purity of the product it affords. This ammonia-soda process is now so far developed, that while it is not .in position to entirely replace the Leblanc process, yet it can successfully compete with it where the conditions and localities are favorable. The advantages of the ammonia-soda process may be summed up as follows : 1st. It is independent of the essential agent in the Leblanc process, viz., sulphuric acid, and hence can be established in those localities where salt is abundant, and yet where sulphuric acid could not be made, or where it could not be transported profitably. 2d. The ammonia-soda process being a " wet" process, the evaporation of salt brines to obtain the solid salt required in the Leblanc process, is rendered unnecessary. 3d. The direct conversion of chloride of sodium into bicarbonate of soda, which can readily be converted into the maketable monocar-

Jan 1, 1879

By J. H. Frye, R. M. Treco, J. W. Caum

IT has been suggested that: "Insofar as the hardening due to a solute depends upon the increase of lattice parameter produced by it, it is reasonable to suppose that this hardening might be related to the resistance which the pure solvent would offer to increase in its parameter."' It was further suggested that this hypothesis might be examined by comparing the hardnesses of analogous silver and copper alloys, since the stress necessary to produce a given lattice expansion is quite different in the two metals. Suitable data2,3,4 are now available on these alloys, and we shall proceed to an examination of the hypothesis quoted above. Hardness, Lattice Parameter and Ionic Overlap Increase in ultimate Meyer hardness has been plotted against increase in lattice parameter in Figs. I and 2. It is believed that most of the values are accurate within the limits indicated by the rectangles. These data are also presented in Table I. Ultimate Meyer hardness, P u, is defined by the equation: where L = load, D = diametei of an impression having the same diameter as the testing ball, which in this case is 4 mm. Increase in lattice parameter is defined as the difference between the lattice parameter of the solid solution and that of the pure solvent. The curves in Figs. I and 2 are based on equal solute concentration and an equal degree of plastic deformation pro duced by the testing ball. Hardnesses are corrected to a constant grain size for copper and silver alloys, respectively, and these two grain sizes are approximately equal. Furthermore, all solutes are from the same period of the B subgroup of the periodic table as their solvent. The question arises as to whether Or not lattice parameter is the only factor controlling the hardness of these alloys. There

Jan 1, 1943

By F. Banemann

In discussing the problem of abnormal magnetic polarization, C. A. Heilandl† emphasized the unfortunate fact that our knowledge of the geological and physical conditions relating to such occurrences is very limited and that a more detailed insight into their physical causes would be extremely valuable for interpreting measured anomalies. He also pointed out that to arrive at quantitative physical formulas that would express the conditions that cause abnormal polarization many more occurrences of the kind would have to be recorded. The first part of this paper is a contribution to such descriptions. Abnormal Magnetic Polarization in South Africa The occurrence was mapped in the course of a magnetometric survey carried out about 70 miles to the east of Johannesburg and east of the Witwatersrand gold field, for the purpose of detecting the position of the suboutcrop of certain magnetite-bearing shales that occur in the lower portion of the Witwatersrand system of sediments, shales whose position in section in relation to the ore-bearing members of the same system of sediments are known. In this case the shales are covered by younger strata several hundred feet thick. Lines of magnetometric traverse were run at right angles to the strike for a strongly magnetic body. This body is a shale zone in the Witwatersrand sediments and has a strike of N.20°E. (magnetic) and dips 15" to the east. The field work was done by a vertical intensity field balance (A. Schmidt principle). The plotting is done in such a way that the sign is reversed from that usually employed in the northern hemisphere, so that a positive profile is obtained in abnormal cases while the same conditions in the northern hemisphere would give a negative one. This method of recording should be kept in mind in reading what follows.

Jan 1, 1940

By Bezalel C. Haimson

Anna, Ohio, at the junction of Cincinnati, Findlay and Kankakee arches, has been the site of repeated and sometimes damaging earthquakes. As part of a seismicity investigation near-surface (0.15-1 m depth) overcoring strain measurements were conducted in four limestone and dolomite quarries surrounding Anna, the results of which suggest a complicated regional stress pattern, with changes in the maximum horizontal stress direction from N45ºE to N15ºW. Since such abrupt stress fluctuations are rather atypical in the Midwest and since the reliability of near-surface tests in defining regional stress had not been established, we decided to remeasure the stresses at the same locations but at greater depths (0-200 m) using the hydrofracturing method. Owing to the weak horizontal bedding planes of the Silurian shaly limestones and shaly dolomites and the relatively shallow depths, many of the tests yielded horizontal fractures, providing information only on the vertical principal stress (-0.029 MPa/m depth). However, sufficient tests in each of three testholes resulted in vertical hydrofractures to enable the calculation of all three principal stresses. Within 50-170 m depth the horizontal stresses in all three quarries appear to belong to a uniform regional Stress field defined by the following relations: [']Hmin = 5.1 + 0.014 D; [0] Hmax = 10.1 + 0.014 D, where D is depth in meters. The direction of [O]Hmax within 50-170 m depth is uniform at N70°E (±15º). The hydro- fracturing results obtained at Anna, Ohio are in agreement with the prevailing stress regime in the midcontinent both with respect to magnitudes and directions. The results suggest a possible thrust mechanism for a proposed NW-SE fault along which most of the earthquake epicenters have been located, and a left lateral strike-slip at greater depths. The focal mechanism solution of a recent major earthquake near Sharpsburg, Kentucky, some 200 km south of Anna, also indicates strike-

Jan 1, 1982

By R. O. Williams

The concept of biaxial pole figures which completely represent sheel textures is defined and an iterative least-squares solution given. The method has been applied to rolled copper, aluminum, and brass. The results show that the prior ideal textures are reasonably correct but incomplete. The major components in all three cases consist of a continuous range of orienta-tions roughly described as starting from (211) [111] continuing to (110) [112] to (110) [001], the details dif- THIS paper considers the problem of representing rolling textures in the most useful and comprehensible manner possible. A representation called a biaxial pole figure which completely represents such textures fering in all cases. For brass, in particular, the last part of the range is the most important. A minor cube component is established for the copper and aluminurn. The results were also analyzed by means of sets of three axial (inverse) pole figures to give similar, less-detailed results. The method of analysis is outlined. Such a representation is significantly less powerful than the biaxial method, but it has considerable utility in the calculation of anisotropic properties. is defined and an iterative least-squares solution is given. Such textures may be approximated by treating the principal directions as fiber axes to give three axial (inverse) pole figures. This representation is very useful for calculating anisotropic properties. New data for rolled copper, brass, and aluminum are given by both methods. In an axial pole figure the relative frequency or probability of a given physical direction (normally the

Jan 1, 1969

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Aug. 1, 1916, to Sept. 10, 1916: ALLEN, Louis M., JR., Chief Mine Sampler, Old Dominion Min: & Smelt. Co., Globe, Ariz. ATKINSON, CHESTER, Min. Engr., Asst. Supt., Smelt. Dept., Cerro de Pasco Mining Co., La Fundicion, Peru, South America. BAKER, CLAIR LINCOLN, Genl. Mgr., Mexican Dept., Amer. Smelt. & Ref. Co., 1108 Mills Bldg., El Paso, Tex. BARROWS, WALTER A., 3d, Asst. Supt., Blast Furnaces, Thomas Iron Co., Hellertown, Pa. BARTHOLOMEW, GEORGE POMEROY, Asst. Cons. Engr., Guggenheim Bros., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y. BILLOW, ELMER E., Pres., National Supply Co., 416 NN-rest Grand Ave., Chicago, 111. BROWN, SAMUEL ROLLINS, Mill Supt., The Plymouth Cons. Gold Mines, Ltd., Plymouth, Cal.

Jan 10, 1916