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The regular activities of the Insti¬tute are financed mainly by income derived from members' dues, from advertising in MINING AND METALLURGY, and from the sale of publications to the public. In addition, collateral activities and special projects are financed each year by means of income from endowed funds controlled and administered by the Institute. In the aggregate, the principal sums of these endowments amount to more than $530,000. An active effort is being made to in¬crease the endowment funds of the Institute through a standing committee, of which H. T. Hamilton is chairman, and of which the other members are: W. H. Aldridge, George D. Barron, Cleveland E. Dodge, D. C. Jackling, Henry Krumb and J. V. W. Reynders. This committee feels that there exists a tremendous opportunity for the Institute to be of ever-growing service to the public, to the mineral industries, and to the profession. It welcomes suggestions as to names of men of means who are vitally interested in the mineral industries, and to whom the opportunity to make a contribution or bequest might appeal favorably if presented in the proper light by the committee.

Jan 1, 1942

By M. C. Van Camp, J. D. Miller

Preliminary results are reported regarding the design and development of a pilot scale air sparged hydrocyclone for cleaning fine coal 590 pm (- 28 mesh) containing 24% ash and 1.6% sulfur. The principle of separation is the flotation of hydrophobic coal particles in the centnjugal field generated by the fluid flow in the air sparged hydrocyclone as discussed in another publication. This 152-mm (6-in.) hydrocyclone has a nominal capacity of 0.9 t/h (1 tph) and experimental results suggest that separations vastly superior to a water-only cyclone are possible. In addition the separation efficiency is as good, if not better, than that achieved with conventional flotation cells. For example, typical results indicate that 75% clean coal can be recovered at 15% ash leaving a tailing product of almost 50% ash. These experimental results coupled with the high capacity of the air sparged hydrocyclone (imagine a retention time for flotation of only two seconds compared to two minutes for conventional flotation) may represent a significant breakthrough, not only in coal preparation technology, but in the flotation of fine particles in general.

Jan 1, 1983

By R. D. Carnahan, J. E. White

A study of dispersion strengthening in TD-Nickel (nickel plus 2 vol pct Tho2) was conducted employing microstrain techniques at ambient room temperature. It was found that optimum strength was due primarily to the incorporation of stored energy developed by a variety of thermal-mechanical treatments. The relatively low strength of the recrys-tallized condition implies that the dispersed particles themselves offer only token resistance to deformation. The development of resistance to large-scale recovery or recrystallization at temperatures near the melting point requires a more extensive sequence of strain-anneal cycles than does the development of optimum strength. A micro-Bauschinger effect was observed which appears to be related to the lattice resistance to the movement of free dislocations. The effect was nearly identical to that in pure nickel indicating that the presence of the dispersed phase and considerably increased dislocation density (stored energy) only alters the number or effectiveness of barriers. THE early stages of deformation of engineering materials can be conveniently studied by utilizing strain-gage techniques which permit resolution of strains less than 5 X 10-7 in. per in. for testing in four-point bending (Carnahan and white1). The present investigation, part of a continuing study on the very early stages of deformation, was designed to reveal the true role of a dispersed phase in promoting high strength in a commercially available dispersion-strengthened alloy. Although this technique has been used for some time to study microdeformation in pure metals and alloys, it has just recently received attention as a means of investigating dispersion strengthening. Studying the very early stages of deformation in alloys which depend upon a finely dispersed inert phase for strength may prove to be a very important method for a better understanding of these materials. It is essential to obtain considerable clarification of actual dislocation movement and the kinds of deformation barriers which exist before optimum properties can be designed into this type of material with any degree of confidence. Considerable research on a variety of dispersion-strengthened materials has resulted in two different schools of thought regarding the strengthening mechanism. One faction2-4 favors the idea that the particles themselves resist the motion of dislocations. The criterion for yielding is the fracture of the dispersed second-phase particles due to an array of piled-up dislocations. Other invesfigators5-a have shown that particles are effective primarily by allowing a greater buildup of stored energy or dislocation density through thermal-mechanical treatments in the composite than the pure matrix material. The particles themselves, then, are not exclusive obstacles, but the complex network of particles, dislocation tangles, subboundaries, and grain boundaries are strength determining. The development of such a complex dislocation network in SAP has been studied recently in some detail by Goodrich and Ansell. The ability of dispersion-strengthened alloys to resist softening or recrystallization is also of considerable importance; however, the criteria for maximum stability may not necessarily be those for maximum strength. In this study, in addition to the evaluation of the microstrain properties of TD-Nickel, it is felt that considerable clarification of the true dependence of strength and stability on the dispersed phase is shown. I) MATERIAL AND PROCEDURE TD-Nickel is a dispersion-strengthened alloy developed by the E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co., which contains 2 vol pct thoria (Tho2) in a pure-nickel matrix. The average ThO2 particle size is approximately 0.1 p and the interparticle spacing is less than 1 u. The material was supplied by DuPont in two conditions: hot-extruded bar stock, and stress-relieved cold-rolled sheet 0.025 in. in thickness. The bar was extruded at 2200°F from a cold-pressed and sintered billet. The sheet stock was prepared from the extruded material by a process involving ten or more 50-pct cold reductions by rolling with intermediate anneals at 1800° to 2000°F. Test specimens used in this study were prepared in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds measuring 0.375 by 1.375 in. in thicknesses ranging from 0.025 to 0.040 in. Samples prepared from sheet and extruded stock were mechanically polished before heat treatment and were handled with extreme

Jan 1, 1964

By George W. Toth

This paper describes the features of a computer cost model developed to estimate requirements and costs of individual coal mining projects. Detailed cost analysis procedures for both coal mining and preparation are incorporated into the model. This model has been developed over a period of seven years through funding provided by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The model follows a process engineering approach for the estimation of all project capital and operating costs. A discounted cash flow analysis procedure is also designed into the model to allow for the solution of cost/ton or cost/MMBtu of clean coal production. The model can be applied to most surface or underground mining deposits and can accommodate a wide variety of coal washing situations. This flexibility makes the model a particularly useful tool for preliminary project analysis, property screening, investment analysis, mining technology assessment, coal cleaning level assessment, and general property valuation.

Jan 1, 1983

By M. S. Miller, R. H. Mullennex

The growing need for development of thinner, more erratic, or less easily-mined coals in the Appalachian region requires more detailed analysis of conditions and factors controlling or influencing deposition of these seams. The value of depositional modeling in evaluation of such coals has been demonstrated in many recent studies and publications. Such modeling may be applied to allow prediction of factors varying from regional coal occurrence trends to very local areas of seam discontinuities but requires thorough we of all available types of data. Mapping of general depositional energies, as derived from basic geophysical and driller's logs, can be applied to specific prediction of coal occurrence, and projection of particular facies as representative of unique depositional features or conditions may prove more applicable to coal character delineation than mapping of the coal itself. Depositional modeling and trend projection may also serve as a guideline in reserve classification and confidence levels in reserve estimations.

Jan 1, 1983

By A. H. Tousley

The cement industry is on the horns of an economic dilemma. Within the last ten years, its over- capacity in the United States has varied from 139- 127% of demand (Fig. 1). The most direct effect of this is seen in cement prices, which reached a peak in 1960, retreated steadily through 1966 and only recently climbed back to the 1960 level again. With prices in a slump and production costs estimated to be up almost 30%, there has been a steady drain on cement profits. Since 1960, labor costs have increased 86% while fuel costs have risen 18%. Meanwhile, customer service costs have also soared owing to the competition for cement customers and the wider variety of available cement products. This search for sales advantage has in turn led to a higher Blaine number, which means more grinding and hence bigger mills, more power, and, once again, higher costs. New plants as well as expansions and revisions to existing plants are also costing more owing to higher

Jan 1, 1971

By T. P. Harrington, P. G. Doctor, K. A. Prisbrey

Crushing and grinding ore consumes so much energy that it represents a major component of total processing costs. While it has been estimated that only about 0.6% of the total energy expended in grinding is actually used to create new surfaces, accurate measurement of this quantity is difficult. If energy expended in crushing and grinding could be more directly measured, alternatives for increasing efficiency of the processes could be evaluated more effectively. Since the energy intensity associated with rock fracture is related to fracture sonority, it should be possible to use this sound (acoustic emission) to measure the actual energy expended. However, it is difficult to apply this approach because the mill environment is so noisy. To make the approach practical, a method for differentiating acoustic emissions caused by rock fracture from those caused by extraneous noises must be found. Pattern recognition analysis may provide such a method. This paper presents the results of pattern recognition analysis to make two types of differentiations: acoustic emissions caused by crushing two types of minerals (quartz and chrysocolla) and those caused by two extraneous noise sources, and acoustic emissions produced by each mineral.

Jan 1, 1982

The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties situated at 29 West 39th Street in New York City United Engineering Trustees, Inc. When Mr Carnegie made his gift, "for the erection of a suitable union home" for the engineering societies, United Engineering Trustees, Inc (then United Engineering Society) was chartered un¬der Chapter 703, Laws of the State of New York, 1904, for "the advancement of the engineering arts and sciences in all their branches, and to maintain a free public engineering library " The Corporation was further empowered to acquire real and personal property and to use, maintain and occupy it, with the provision that any building erected by the Corporation shall be used perpet¬ually as a meeting place and headquar¬ters for the Founder Societies Thus the Carnegie gift realized the ideal of bring¬ing the engineering societies together under one roof, and the Corporation through its members nominated in equal numbers by the four Founder Societies had the necessary authority to act for the Founder Societies in their joint in¬terests in owning and operating for them not only Engineering Societies Building, but in the course of time, Engineering Societies Library, and The Engineering

Jan 1, 1952

For a nation whose mining industry has generally been floating through history in the shadows of major mining developments elsewhere in the world, Australia has in the decade of the Sixties made a convincing bid to be one of the world's great "store- houses" of minerals. In fact, at the rate things are developing Down Under and Out Back, what with professional prospecting teams crisscrossing the continent under the direction of professional exploration management, Australia may one day find itself as the world's greatest storehouse. Whereas Necessity may be the Mother of Invention, Consumption is surely the Mother of Exploration. At least this is true in Australia of today. First, the forecasted shortage of iron ore in the world led to the fabulous discoveries in the Pilbara district of Western Australia. Now, the demand for nickel has generated even more interest among mining companies in the vast, untapped potential of Australia.

Jan 10, 1968

By John McCaslin

ONE of the most common technical terms in the U. S. today is automation-a word not listed in the 1946 dictionary. The influence of automation on the national economy has been tremendous. It has even been the subject of congressional investigations. Automation, writes Aronson, substitutes mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electric, and electronic devices for human effort and decision? Automatic devices and instruments are used extensively in some industries, but many others have yet to take full advantage of these great discoveries. The petroleum industry has been a leader in using automatic controls-some refineries are almost completely controlled by automatic devices. The field of geophysics is entirely dependent on instruments and has progressed at almost exactly the same rate as improvements in instrumentation. In metallurgy and mineral dressing use of instrumentation is increasing very rapidly. Mining engineers throughout the country are beginning to think in terms of instruments and controls.

Jan 3, 1958

By Claudio Gutiérrez

The action of quebracho in the selective flotation of fluorite and calcite has been studied. It has been found that the unavoidable ions produced by dissolution of these minerals can precipitate calcium oleate which profoundly influences the adsorption of oleate. The depressing action of quebracho is due, at least partly, to a decrease of the oleate adsorption. The depression of flourite flotation by quebracho in the presence of calcium is due to the fact that precipitated calcium oleate can become only physisorbed, its adsorption being strongly prevented by quebracho. It is concluded that adsorption experiments with flourite must be conducted with a flotation-size mineral, which has a lower dissolution rate than when finely ground.

Jan 1, 1980

By Eric Jette

THE alloys of gold and iron were investigated in 1907 by Isaac and Tammann,1 who determined the thermal diagram for the entire system by thermal analysis and microscopic examination. They also reviewed the previous literature. Since that time the present authors have been able to find only two additional references. Guertler and Schulze2 examined the electrical resistance of iron alloys containing up to 40 per cent by weight of gold between 0° and 200° C.; the alloys were in the form of wires. The main result of this work was to confirm the solid solubility limit found by Isaac and Tammann; namely, about 20 per cent Au. More recently, Shih3 has examined the magnetic properties of gold alloys containing up to 10 weight per cent iron and particularly the range below 5 per cent. The alloys in the lower range were found to be paramagnetic; the 10 per cent alloy was ferromagnetic. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the solid solubility limits at various temperatures, particularly below the a-y transformation point of iron, since these solubilities are of some impor-tance in connection with the working of the alloys in the manufacture of certain "grey" and "blue" golds.

Jan 1, 1934

By J. R. Thompson

It is common practice, and certainly good business as all of us know, to take care of plant operating equipment. Machinery of any type requires periodic inspection and planned maintenance. With this thought in mind a plant operator should at the end of every shutdown period make regular belt inspections and plan for later appropriate care and maintenance. The points mentioned below are understood well by all of us but are sometimes forgotten because belt conveyors are comparatively easy to operate. Maintenance of any conveyor belt is dependent upon the fundamental characteristics of the two component parts-cover and carcass.

Jan 6, 1950

The importance, validity, and acceptability of the Paley Report has become the great issue of the minerals industry. A 12-man panel made up of representatives of various facets of the industry sat down at the 1952 Mining Congress Show in Denver in an attempt to clarify the many opinions currently held concerning the report. Howard Young, deputy administrator of the Defense Materials Procurement Administration, noted that the report had caused more discussion and serious thinking than any other government report, He did not subscribe to the "have not" principle, however, but called it a "need more" principle. Horace M. Allbright, president of U. S. Potash Corp., believes industry should continue to develop the report. He cited the editorial appearing in the September, 1952 edition of Bining Engineering,,, "Don't Let It Die," as expressing his feelings. Edward Snyder, president of Combined Metals Reduction Corp., says the statistics used in the report were used to promote a false international policy. He sees the report as a master plan for the development of the superstate. He also stated that the-ore reserves given in the Pales, report represent only 10 pct of what is actually available.

Jan 1, 1952

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period May 10 to June 10: Rene de Sallier, New York, N. Y. Karl Koelle, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. H. S. Chamberlain, Chattanooga, Tenn. W. A. Wilson, Salt Lake City, Utah. F. R. Pretyman, Oyster Bay, N. Y. P. E. Barbour, Candor, N. C. R. Eustice, South Australia. R. C. Blanchard, London, England. F. C. Darby, South Australia. S. K. Tong, Shanghai, China. Grant H. Tod, Livermore, Cal. W. T. Burns, Great Falls, Mont. J. Murray Clark, Toronto, Canada. F. W. Bacorn, Butte, Mont. J. H. Adams, Birmingham, Ala. H. B. Pulsifer, Chicago, 111. A. Faison Dixon, Encontrador, Venezuela. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. C. W. Merrill, San Francisco, Cal. Heinrich Ries, Ithaca, N. Y. Francis Church Lincoln, Boston, Mass. H. L. Slosson, San Francisco, Cal. Frank R. Corwin has severed his connection with the Arizona Copper Co., Clifton, Ariz., and is now shift superintendent at the smelting plant of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co.. Douglas. Ariz.

Jan 7, 1914

By H. M. Morse

During the year of 1940, wildcat wells were drilled in 32 counties of Mississippi; 85 wells in all. These were scattered over the state from the most northern county to the southern counties and from the Mississippi River on the west to the Alabama line on the east. Yazoo County, with 19, received the largest number. The average depth of all the wells was 5333 ft. The shallowest well completed as a dry hole was in Yalobusha County, aban-doned at 1392 ft. in the Selma. The deepest well drilled was in Scott County, abandoned at 10,365 ft. in the Lower Cretaceous Paluxy. G. C. Grasty drilled the Kentucky Lumber Company No. I well, sec. 7, T. 10 S., R. 10 E., Itawamba County, to a depth of 3530 ft. and bottomed his hole in the Ordivician. Tinsley Oil Field.—In the Tinsley oil field 104 wells were completed as producers during 1940. Five producing sands have been logged with a total average thickness of I57 ft. of oil sand. One of these sands is in the Selma, three in the Eutaw, and one in the Tuscaloosa. Vaughan-Pickens Field.—The Vaughan-

Jan 1, 1941

By H. M. Morse

During the year of 1940, wildcat wells were drilled in 32 counties of Mississippi; 85 wells in all. These were scattered over the state from the most northern county to the southern counties and from the Mississippi River on the west to the Alabama line on the east. Yazoo County, with 19, received the largest number. The average depth of all the wells was 5333 ft. The shallowest well completed as a dry hole was in Yalobusha County, aban-doned at 1392 ft. in the Selma. The deepest well drilled was in Scott County, abandoned at 10,365 ft. in the Lower Cretaceous Paluxy. G. C. Grasty drilled the Kentucky Lumber Company No. I well, sec. 7, T. 10 S., R. 10 E., Itawamba County, to a depth of 3530 ft. and bottomed his hole in the Ordivician. Tinsley Oil Field.—In the Tinsley oil field 104 wells were completed as producers during 1940. Five producing sands have been logged with a total average thickness of I57 ft. of oil sand. One of these sands is in the Selma, three in the Eutaw, and one in the Tuscaloosa. Vaughan-Pickens Field.—The Vaughan-

Jan 1, 1941

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period July 11, 1918 to August 11, 1918. John Carter Anderson, Tucson, Ariz. Edson S. Pettis, San Francisco, Cal. Lieut. Frank A. Ayer, Tyrone, N. M. Wm. H. Rettie, Yonkers, N. Y. W. R. Canton, McGill, Nev. J. T. Robertson, Port Richmond, S. I. Alden Crankshaw, Palmerton, Pa. Harry O. Robinson, Margarita, John Davenport, W. Norfolk, Va. Venezuela. A. Faison Dickson. C. K. Seng, Gilbert, Minn. F. A. Fahrenwald, Cleveland, C). E. S. Sheffield. L. Hall Goodwin, New York. H. G. Smith. W. H. W. Hamilton, Baker, Ore. Harry M. Spoor. Floyd D. James, St. Louis, Mo. H. H. Stoek, Urbana, Ill. George A. Laird. Arthur L. Tuttle, Copperhill, Tenn. J. W. McBride, Spokane, Wash. Thor Warner, Phoenix, Ariz. Arthur Notman, Bisbee, Ariz. Christopher G. Atwater, Manager Agricultural Dept., The Barrett Co., is in Washington serving the U. S. Navy Bureau of ordnance in connection with the Navy nitrate plant recently authorized by Congress. Edward Ludlam Blossom announces his marriage to Mabel Townsend, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George Comings Mills, on Wednesday, July 17, 1918, at New York City.

Jan 9, 1918

By Howard S. Strouth

SINCE the days of the Conquistadores, people have told exaggerated tales of the wealth and possibilities of Mexico and Central and South America, and the mining fraternity has never been known to exaggerate any less than any other professional group known to man or beast. However, during a short stay in Mexico one can probably hear more whoppers than at any other time, when dozens of mining propositions are thrust across the desk, and it is not necessary to remind anyone that a listing of the do's and don't's for Mexico requires special mention of the fact that most mining propositions offered south of the border eventually turn out to be a beautiful fairy tale. The following is not suposed to be either an exact description of Standard Mining Corp.'s operations in Mexico by its mining associate, the Corporacion Minera y Beneficiadora Anahuac, S.A., or the last word as to the most economical way to start such an operation. But rather it is the sum total of the recent experiences of the writer while commencing such an operation in 1951-52 with the help of many qualified gentlemen.

Jan 6, 1953

J. A. Mathews,* Syracuse, N. Y. (written discussion?).-It is interesting to note how frequently we hear of some process that is going to revolutionize the tool-steel business. I don't know why it is, but every one seems to have it in for us poor tool-steel men. About 15 years ago, a good-sized plant was built in Syracuse for the manufacture of cast tools of malleable iron. The promoter of the scheme claimed to have a secret, process that had been given to him by a tramp to whom he gave a lift along a dusty road. The widows and orphans invested liberally in the securities of the company without consulting the men established in the machine-tool business in Syracuse. About two years later, when the sheriff's sale occurred, the secret, which was carried on the books of the company as an asset valued at $2,000,000, brought $15 at auction. A little later another concern started on the theory of replacing scrap high-speed steel with new high-speed steel tools made therefrom. All the tool-steel companies have made a practice of purchasing high-speed

Jan 5, 1919