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By Thomas J. Peters

In 1988, at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied the 34,310-acre Diablo Mountain (Additional) study area (OR-001-058), in order to evaluate its identified mineral resources and occurrences. The study area lies along the east shore of saline Summer Lake in Lake County, OR, about 145 miles southeast of Bend and 45 miles northwest of Lakeview. The climate is semiarid and temperate, and the study area is almost treeless. Geologically, the (Additional) study area is in a region of fault block-formed mountains and basins, characterized by interior drainage. The area is mainly underlain by unconsolidated Quaternary and Pleistocene lake and playa sediments, which may include subsurface evaporite mineral deposits and resources. Near the center of the eastern margin of the study area are an occurrence of dolomitic limestone of unknown extent, and an area of basalt outcrop totaling 1.5 square miles. A veneer of windblown sand covers about one-half the study area.

Jan 1, 1989

By L. D. Schmidt

Now that the war is over, there is a great revival in popular demand to decrease pollution of the atmosphere in our cities. Great cities, such as Pittsburgh, are starting to enforce laws against violators of smoke ordinances. The substitution of low-temperature coke for bituminous coal in household heating is a most promising field for helping to eliminate the smoke nuisance. This Information Circular is written to assist in the very worth-while effort to reduce atmospheric pollution. Herein are de- scribed recent German developments in the production of low-temperature coke. Operating and cost data are given on German commercial-scale low- temperature carbonization plants.

Feb 1, 1947

By Robert H. Ridgway

This paper presents the results of the second in the series of annual canvasses on the consumption of ferrous scrap and pig iron in the United States, inaugurated in 1935 by the Bureau of Mines and published in Report of Investigations 3329. The study was undertaken in response to requests from trade organizations and others for detailed statistics on this phase of the iron and steel industry. Thus, for the first time, producers, buyers, sellers, and consumers of iron and steel scrap have had an accurate statistical picture of this important raw material As originally contemplated, the study was to be continued on an annual basis, but, owing to budgetary limitations for the fiscal year 1937-38, the Bureau may be unable to conduct the canvass for 1937.

Jan 1, 1937

By Robert Torbin

The objectives of the Continuous Shaft Lining (CSL) System are to reduce the costs, safety hazards, and time currently required in lining mine shafts with concrete. The CSL will line machine bored shafts downward from the shaft collar on a continuous basis using an inverted, pressurized slipforming technique. The technique for slip-forming downwards has been demonstrated and refined under this program. The approach taken involved laboratory scale testing of key features of the CSL concept. These feature tests included concrete distribution, concrete sealing, concrete slipforming and development of a reliable concrete mix. Based on these results, a full scale above-ground test facility and CSL were designed and fabricated. The objectives of these tests were to demonstrate the viability of the basic concept; to establish operating limits; and to provide input data and information for the design of a second generation shaft lining system. The results of the program have led to a CSL design and operational philosophy which will need to be tested in an underground environment before industry will accept the technology. However, the next generation CSL promises to meet all the original program technical objectives.

Jan 1, 1983

By David J. Kusler

This report describes a primary or direct, continuously sampling, and automatically averaging gravimetric method for analyzing gaseous mixtures of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide) hydrogen, and (by volume measurement) nitrogen. The gaseous mixture is analyzed by passing it at a controlled and definite rate through a system that permits carbon dioxide and water retained by appropriate absorbents to be determined and the residual-gas volume (essentially nitrogen) to be measured. The accuracy and dependability have been established by comparison with very carefully conducted Orsat analyses. The method was developed for, and has been satisfactorily applied to, the analysis of blast-furnace top gas. It permits relatively attention free operation, using simple and low-cost materials usually found as basic equipment in the analytical laboratory. It provides, over a wide range of time or sampling intervals (from less than 1 to over 24 hours), the average composition, in terms of volume-percent, for those components usually determined in blast-furnace gas, if (as is usual) the flow rate of gas from the blast furnace is essentially constant over a selected analysis interval. Oxygen and methane are not determined; but, since these gases are normally absent or present only in traces, their analysis is seldom required.

Jan 1, 1959

By R. P. Bush

The U.S. Bureau of Mines performed Cu exchange capacity (CuEe) tests on Ca and Na mont-morillonites and attapulgite clays. Mathematical models were developed from the data that the CuEe's are derived from for each clay as a function of pH, Cu concentration, and the concentrations of metal ions, which compete with Cu for exchange sites. An analysis was made of the impact of competing ions on Cu losses due to ion exchange. The results show that the CuEC's of clays, and hence Cu losses, are decreased by the presence of competing ions, and that AI and Mg have the largest impact of those cat-ions normally present in Cu leaching solutions.

Jan 1, 2010

By F. E. Block, Robert R. Brown, A. W. Henderson

The chlorination of Cr₂ 03 (chromic oxide ) in the presence of carbon with CC14 (carbon tetrachloride ) and COCl2 (phosgene ) chlorinating agents was investigated by employing the radioactive tracer carbon By tagging carbon mixed with Cr₂ 0з , the chlorination reaction was evaluated in terms of the competitive reaction of the elemental carbon and the carbon contained by the chlorinating agent . A unique gas - analysis train was used to separate the chlorination product gases ; CO , CO₂ , and COC12 . The C¹ activity of the gases was determined and used to calculate the reactivity of each source of carbon . Reactivities were determined for the temperature range from 600 ° to 900 ° C. The results of the investigation show that each source of carbon reacts significantly with the Cr2 03 and that the reactivity of each form of carbon depends on the reaction temperature , and each form is independent of the other . Radioisotope and gas - analysis techniques are discussed and a description of the experimental apparatus is given .

Jan 1, 1964

By Donald F. Reed

In the latter half of 1948 the Bureau of Mines investigated the Magnet Cove Rutile Co.'s prerty in northern Hot Spring County, Ark. This work was supplemental to the work done by the Bureau on the same property in 1945.2/ It was undertaken for the purpose of investigating the extent of the ore body toward the south and west and at depth and to obtain representative samples of the ore for metallurgical tests. For the latter purpose, the samples were so taken as to minimize alteration of the physical characteristics of the ore, these characteristics being determining factors in working out processes of bencficiation. During the investigation, 27 holes were drilled, 10 with a diamond-coro drill end 17 with churn-drill rigs using a Baker standard cable-tool core barrel. Drilling developed an extension of the ore deposit westward from the previously mined area but did not disclose the full depth of mineralization. Metallurgical tests to determine methods of beneficiating the ore and utilizing the resultant products are now in progress.

Dec 1, 1949

By Donald F. Reed

During the first 6 months of 1948 the Bureau of Mines investigated the titania, deposit on the Wynn 0. Christy property in northern Hot Spring County, Ark. The property is situated in Magnet Cove, about half a mile north of the Magnet Store and U. S. Highway 270 (fig. 1). The purpose of the investigation was to determine the extent and grade of the ore body and to obtain a representative sample of the ore in as nearly natural condition as possible for use in metallurgical testing. All of the titania that has been marketed from Arkansas mines has been in the form of rutile from a deposit about 2 miles west of the Christy property. The titania in the Christy property occurs principally as brookite, which, with fragments of novaculite, quartz, and limonite, is imbedded in red clay. It is difficult to recover a core of the material. Three types of drills - a diamond drill, a bucket drill, and a Baker cable-coring tool operated on a churn rig - were employed in an effort to procure proper samples in their natural state. The Baker tool was found to be the most efficient and to be capable of drilling to a depth of 150 feet, making 80 to 100 percent core recovery (fig. 8). Total footage drilled was 1,536.9 in 21 holes, of which 7 were diamond-drill holes, 13 were bucket drill holes, and one was drilled with the Baker tool. The ore body was found to be 900 feet long, 500 feet wide, and more than 141 feet deep and contained 5.8 percent TiO2 and 0.52 percent 1720. Most of the deeper drill holes bottomed in ore, and there is a possibility that the ore may persist to a depth of several hundred feet. The Metallurgical Division of the Bureau of Mines is conducting experimental work at the Mississippi Valley Experiment Station at Rolla, Mo., for the purpose of developing methods of concntrating and utilizing the ore.

Jan 1, 1949

By Seth C. Schaefer

The Bureau of mines investigated thermodynamic properties of MnSO4 and 2CdO CdSO4 to obtain basic thermodynamic data applicable to the treatment of mineral concentrates during roasting and sintering processes. Standard Gibbs energies of formation were determined with high-temperature galvanic cells using stabilized Zr02 as the electrolyte. Potential measurements were obtained from the cells?

Jan 1, 1983

By G. M. Potter, S. J. Hussey, R. Havens

The Artillery Peak manganese ores , from one of the largest known manganese deposits in the United States , present a difficult problem in concentration because they are low-grade and the association of manganese and gangue minerals is intimate and complex. The known size of this deposit has justified investigation of processes such as leaching, wherein preliminary enrichment of the original feed might be advantageous .. Therefore , the ore-dressing studies on Artillery Peak ores were carried on with the object not only of making directly marketable manganese products but also of removing acid-consuming calcite and raising the grade of ore for leachingplant feed . Owing to the extent of the deposits , test work was carried on at the Salt Lake laboratories in considerable detail on several lots of ore of varying composition . This paper summarizes the results obtained from laboratory testing of four samples obtained by engineers of the Mining Branch from the Maggie Canyon area of the Artillery Peak deposit . Also included are results obtained from testing one sample of Chapin Group ore , which was considered representative of numerous very low-grade ores submitted from the Artillery Peak district . During the course of the investigations , many data were obtained and compiled , but for the sake of brevity , data of secondary importance have been omitted or condensed and only those tests giving the more pertinent results are discussed in detail ...

Nov 1, 1947

This publication summarizes the research (in-house and contract projects) programmed by the Bureau of Mines for fiscal year 1984 (October 1, 1983-September 30, 1984) under its Health and Safety Technology Program. The objective of these projects is to provide an ordered and sequenced advance toward the Bureau's overall goal of providing the systems technology required to create a more healthful and safer working environment for the Nation's mining and minerals processing workers.

Jan 1, 1983

By Howard E. Parkinson

In 1969, new coal mine health and safety legislation was enacted in the United States. As a result of this legislation, the Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines has carried out communications research aimed at developing whole mine communications for increased safety and efficient operation. The research has advanced and many promising results are now being demonstrated to the mining industry. However, there remains a challenge to further improve wireless communications within the mine workings, and through the overburden above the workings. The objectives for future research and development will be discussed, together with the physical and operational constraints that new mine communication systems must face.

Jan 1, 1973

By Dennis A. Hansen

The solubility of anhydrous aluminum chloride in solutions of titanium tetrachloride and vanadium tetrachloride was determined as part of a re-search project-by the Bureau of Mines to make a homogeneous alloy sponge of titanium, vanadium, and aluminum. Solubility curves were established using an autoclave at 75°, 100°, 125°, and 150° C. The solubility of AJC13 in TiC14 is 0.2 wt pct at 75° C; it increases to 18.3 wt pct at 150° C. The data concur with data from earlier researchers of this bi-nary system for 75° to 125° C. For the VC14-AlC13 binary system the solubility of AlC13 is 0.1 wt pct at 75° C, increasing to 1.6 wt pct at 150° C. For the TiC14-AlClrVC14 ternary system the solubility of AlC13 decreases from the values found with a pure TiC14-AlC13 system to the lower values found with a pure VC14-AlC13 system at the respective temperatures.

Jan 1, 1986

By T. SPOLAN, G. W. Jones, R. E. Kennedy

Information relative to the explosibility of acetylene at elevated pressures and means of handling acetylene safely under these conditions is of considerable interest at present. American practice limits the pressure at which acetylene may be generated and distributed to poiIits of' use. The pressure in portable acetylene generators is 15 pounds per square inch gage. Tests made by the Bureau of Mines have shown that 15 pounds per square inch gage is too high to prevent explosiofiS of gaseous acetylene in the absence of air; in fact, dry acetylene gai can be exploded at pressures greater than 5.9 pounds per square inch gage. The Bureau has been interested in the explosibility of acetylene for many years because of its continued: use for illumination in many metal mines and its general use in cutting 1illd~--eldifigoperations in the mining maus-try.

Dec 1, 1948

By C. O. Ruud, R. E. Siemens, D. Chandra

The mineralogical constitution of a lateritic ore dictates the type of metallurgical process that can be used to extract valuable metals such as nickel and cobalt . To provide needed mineralogical information on the interrelationships of the metals contained in domestic laterites , the Bureau of Mines awarded a grant to Denver Research Institute to study the transition - type , low - grade laterites found in northern California and southern Oregon . For comparison , limonitic - type laterites from New Caledonia and the Philippines were also studied . X-ray diffraction , electron microscopy , electron beam analysis , and conventional petrography were used to determine the mineralogical associations of nickel and cobalt in the laterites . Results showed that for both laterite types studied most of the nickel and minor amounts of cobalt are associated with the mineral geothite ( FeO ( OH ) ) . Most of the cobalt and minor amounts of nickel are associated with a mixed manganese oxide (wad ) mineral .

Jan 1, 1983

By P. R. Miles, J. K. H. Ma, J. Y. C. Ma, L. Bowman

"The bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids are compounds which can be isolated from plants and which exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities. Perhaps the best known alkaloid of this group is tetrandrine (TT), a compound isolated from the root of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Stephania tetrandra. It has been tested for its effects on the cardiovascular system, tumors, and the lungs. For example, tetrandrine has been shown to act as a calcium entry blocker in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles (King et a/., 1988) and has been used in China as a treatment for angina and hypertension. Its possible effects as a tumor-inhibitory substance have also been investigated (Kupchan and Atland, 1973). In addition, there are several lines of evidence to suggest that it is a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of silicosis. Yu et a/. (1983) have shown that TT inhibits the development of experimental silicosis in rats when it is administered orally after intratracheal instillation of quartz. Other studies have shown that the alkaloid inhibits the synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts and the formation of silicotic nodules in rats exposed to silica (Huang et al., 1981; Liu et al., 1983). In fact, tetrandrine has been used clinically in China as an antifibrotic agent and has been shown to improve both the appearance of chest radiographs and the measurements of diffusing capacity in patients with silicosis (Li et al., 1981).Since tetrandrine may have a potential use as a therapeutic agent for fibrotic lung diseases, its effects on various pulmonary cells and tissues should be studied. Alveolar type II cells are located in the alveolar regions of the lungs and are important because they are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant (Dobbs et al., 1982; King, 1984), regeneration of the alveolar epithelium after lung injury (Kauffman et al., 1974), and metabolism of foreign compounds (Bend et al., 1985). Furthermore, in silicosis, for which TT has been suggested as a treatment, there are increased amounts of pulmonary surfactant produced (Dethloff et al., 1986a,b) as a result of increased rates of surfactant synthesis by type II cells (Dethloff et a/., 1989; Miller et al., 1988). Because type II cells play a critical role in maintaining normal lung function and because type II cells are affected in silicosis, for which 'TT has been used as a treatment, we studied the effects of tetrandrine on energy metabolism in these cells in vitro. Energy metabolism was chosen because it is a basic cellular function which is neces-sary for other cellular processes to occur. Since type II cells depend on mitochondrial metabolism for energy production (Fisher et al., 1980), we examined the effects of tetrandrine on cellular and mitochondrial ATP production and oxygen consumption. Additional experiments were performed in an effort to determine if intracellular calcium levels may be involved in the TT-induced effects. A preliminary report of those results has appeared previously (Ma et al., 1991)."

Nov 1, 1995

By J. R. Cobble

Dissolution of chalcopyrite with acidified ferric sulfate produces a sulfur layer on the unreacted chalcopyrite surface that interferes with further dissolution. The U.S. Bureau of Mines has developed a process to improve the leaching kinetics of these types of diffusion-controlled systems. The system features the Bureau-developed turbomill, an attrition grinder that scrubs the reaction product coating away from the unreacted mineral grains during leaching. The system can be operated continuously at any temperature up to the boiling point of the leaching agent. This method is a hydrometallurgical alternative to chalcopyrite smelter technology and eliminates sulfur dioxide emission problems with its associated costs. Batch testing at 900 C with the chalcopyrite-ferric sulfate system resulted in copper extraction exceeding 99 pct. At an optimal energy consumption of 1,520 kW· hjst, 95 pct of the copper was extracted. The pregnant liquor was clarified and tested for typical solvent-extraction recovery of the copper. Two-stage extraction and two-stage stripping recovered 96 pct of the copper in an electrolyte suitable for copper electrowinning.

Jan 1, 1993

By A. D. Hahn

This report describes and gives the results of an examination by the Federal Bureau of Mines of ilmenite-bearing placer sand deposits in the 24-mile long valley of Otter Creek, Kiowa and Tillman Counties, Okla. Drilling and sampling was completed in three periods between October 1956 and September 1957. Mineralogic studies and mineral-dressing tests on recovery of ilmenite and other heavy minerals from composited samples of the sands were made in Bureau of Mines laboratories at Rolla, Mo., in 1957 and early 1958. Otter Creek rises in and drains the southwestern extremity of the Wichita Mountains, which are represented locally by knolls and ridges of gabbro and granite surrounded by plains floored with flat-lying Permian red beds. The valley fill consists of a basal sand-clay component, derived from weathering of the igneous rocks, and an overlying silt-clay alluvium. Ilmenite is present in significant quantity and recoverable grain size only in the basal sand-clay.

Jan 1, 1960

By O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations in the United States was made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. By agreement with the American Petroleum Institute, identification of the items is confidential. .It presents analytical data for 4, 457 samples, representing the products of 92 companies. The samples were collected by companies during June, July, and August 1956, As in previous surveys, the gasolines covered by this survey include those from both large and small suppliers. The data were obtained by laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies and submitted to the Bureau of Mines for compilation. A list of the National Motor Gasoline Survey reports published during the past 10 years is on page 5.

Jan 1, 1957