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By H. T. Morris

ONE of the chief concerns of the Bethlehem Steel Co. naturally is the proper functioning of its organization. This involves the training of a continuous supply of younger men to fill the vacancies caused not only by the inevitable departure of older men, but also by the growth of existing establishment, and by expansion in new directions. It does not oper-ate a student training course with a fixed time schedule or with definite periods of rotation through the differ-ent divisions. To state the case positively, the gradu-ate's training course must operate continuously from the beginning of his employment through a long term of years. No period of weeks or months nor pair of years suffice to bring him into contact with all the com-binations needed to qualify him for the larger destiny toward which we hope he is headed. Our first step in selecting a college man is to require that he have a degree. We thus approximate the assur-ance that at least four annual siftings have reduced the chance that a non-worker may find himself in a job where work is necessary. The next step is to try to ascertain facts, from the graduate and from others who have known him at his home and in 'his college, to indi-cate whether our opportunities offer him a career that will challenge his continuing interest, and hold him to tenacious effort against all happenings. We aim to avoid knowingly bringing into our organization a man who will not develop in it enough enthusiasm to keep him happily striving. Having made our selections, we assemble the gradu-ates into a probationary observation circuit. We-put ourselves under their observation by taking them in small groups, usually of two to four men, on a circuit of every part of the Bethlehem plant, in which every manufacturing principle of our steel business is ex-emplified. The probationers work at something from day to day, with their hands if it can be arranged; otherwise in questioning, examining, and note-taking. Their observations include talks with superintendents, foremen, and workmen, the conditions under which workmen labor, apparatus, machinery, methods, design and operation of plant.

Jan 7, 1928

By F. G. Miller, E. B. Wilson

In 1972, coal mine productivity was in steady decline and labor and maintenance costs were spiralling upward. Yet, despite this sad state of affairs, nowhere in the US at that time was there a comprehensive and coordinated coal research and development plan in the offing. The Bureau of Mines had not yet been charged with such a responsibility, and industry was content to rely on machinery manufacturers for innovations. It was during this period that Bethlehem Steel Corp. determined that a new approach to coal mining research was needed for the industry as well as for the company itself. After studying Bethlehem's own mining practices, the state-of-the-art of mining research elsewhere, and development work by manufacturers, a comprehensive research package was presented to company management in late 1972. The ideas and experience of many operating and management personnel in the company contributed to the formulation of the final plan as approved.

Jan 10, 1976

By William Benzon

Bethlehem Steel's Cambria Division coal cleaning and preparation plant, operated by Bethlehem Mines Corp., is located in Cambria County, Pa., about 2 ½ miles southeast of Ebensburg. Here, above ground, is the most modern coal preparation plant in the world. Below the surface is a new coal mine also referred to as "the most modern that could be built today." The preparation plant has a capacity of 1370 tons of clean coal per hr. It serves three Bethlehem mines, Heisley No. 31, Revloc No. 32, and the new Cambria Slope No. 33.

Jan 12, 1965

By R. L. Curfman

WHEN the Uranium Reduction Co. mill was put on stream in October 1956, one of the many operational problems was that the sand-slime separation circuits could not produce a satisfactory RIP feed, inasmuch as production greatly exceeded de- sign capacity. The original cyclone portion of the circuits consisted of two stages of three 14-in. cyclones in each circuit, as shown in the condensed flowsheet. The high percentage of +325 mesh material in the over- flows of these 14-in. cyclones was not consistent with good operation, and flow rates per ton of ore were high, indicating that not enough of the total solids in the ore was being rejected as sands. It was inferred by members of the metallurgical department that returning the underflows, or sand fraction, from these cyclones back into the drag classifiers was the primary reason for dirty feed.

Jan 7, 1958

By D. M. McFarland

IN mining, quarrying, and construction, drilling and blasting have an important influence on the operations that follow. If the fragmentation of material being disrupted is inadequate, loading and transportation equipment will not operate at or near full capacity. Any operator faced with this difficulty should not be satisfied until he is convinced by a careful study of his methods of drilling and blasting that no improvement can be made. Rock in a certain quarry in Ohio seemed to defy any grade of explosive or means of detonation that the explosives industry had to offer. The average result of a blast was that a great part of the burden would be pushed out from the face in a number of large sections that would jokingly be referred to as "boxcars." These were no credit to the explosives man and a costly problem for the quarry company. Such blocks retard shovel operation as they have to be uncovered and subjected to secondary drilling and blasting which, if extensive, is an expensive operation. It was an attempt to improve the fragmentation obtained in primary blasts that led to the development of milli-second-delay electric blasting caps. The reasoning that prompted the trial was that even with wide spacing of the drill holes it seemed that the burden was separated too quickly from the face by the cutting action of the explosives from hole to hole. If the time of firing of the holes could be regulated so that

Jan 1, 1948

By George A. Miller

AMERICANS like engines, but more than anything they like powerful engines, and next to that they want them quiet, silent, smooth; perhaps a slight purr might be permitted, but they must not knock. To provide a gasoline to fit all these requirements, American petroleum technologists have experimented for years, and mounting octane numbers of the gasolines the refiners have produced both before and during the war bear witness to their success. The question on everyone's mind now is what may we expect in the way of engine fuel in the postwar period? The gasoline drouth during the war rationing, the inconvenience of doing without a car were major annoyances to all motorists, but they put up with them pretty cheerfully for the most part. However, now that the war is over, and the jalopies are all out and the better cars have been taken off the jacks and brought out on the road, the call is for "Some of that good gas-fill her up, if you please."

Jan 1, 1945

By Ralph H. Sweetser

MUCH progress in -blast-furnace construction and in the manufacture of firebrick for furnace linings has been made since the publication of Bulletin 130 of the U. S. Bureau of Mines on "Blast-Furnace Breakouts, Explosions and Slips, and Methods of Prevention," by F. H. Willcox in 1917. At the time of publishing this report comparatively little information was available to blast-furnace men as to the fundamental facts relating to the character of blast-furnace refractories. Some of the accepted theories of only a few years ago have been completely reversed. The mortality of blast-furnace linings used to be so great that nearly every furnace plant had one or more complete linings in the brick shed ready for use in case of a lining suddenly "going out"; it was generally accepted that a furnace could not "keep her lines" more than two or three years at best, and often a hot spot in the shell would develop, or a breakout occur in the hearth or bosh within a year or two after blowing in on a new lining. In some respects these frequent relinings were not so detrimental as to he a complete loss because they afforded opportunities to take advantage of advances in blast-furnace practice. At present the cost of relining has greatly increased, but the life of a lining has also increased. Anything less than five years on a lining is now considered a short blast.

Jan 1, 1932

By Luther M. Krupp

A 3 ½ -mile asphalt mixed mat haulage road joins American Smelting & Refining Co.'s El Tiro copper pit northwest of Tucson and its Silver Bell mill. Two-axle trucks operate continuously over the road- way but the asphalt top shows none of the wash- board wear usually seen on dirt haulage roads during use by heavy vehicles. The following data cover construction of this road, and results of its use by Asarco and Isbell Construction Co., the road's builder.

Jan 11, 1958

By AIME AIME

For the convenience of persons who desire to file, or otherwise use separately, the technical papers in Section II of the Bulletin, each of these papers has been paged and wired by itself; the whole collection being held together by a single, heavy wire, upon the removal of which it will fall apart into individual pamphlets, substantially like those formerly issued. A small stock of separate pamphlets, duplicating the technical papers given in Section II. of this Bulletin, is reserved for those who desire extra copies of any single paper. All communications concerning the contents of this Bulletin should be addressed to Dr. Joseph Struthers, Assistant Secretary and Editor, 99 John St., New York City (P. 0. Box 223; Telephone number 5477 John).

Mar 1, 1906

By AIME AIME

For the convenience of persons who desire to file, or otherwise use separately, the technical papers in Section II of the Bulletin, each of these papers has been paged and wired by itself; the whole collection being held together by a single, heavy wire, upon the removal of which it will fall apart into individual pamphlets, substantially like those formerly issued. A small stock of separate pamphlets, duplicating the technical papers given in Section II of this Bulletin, is reserved for those who desire extra copies of any single paper. All communications concerning the contents of this Bulletin should be addressed to Dr. Joseph Struthers, Assistant Secretary and Editor, 29 W. 39th St., New York City (Telephone number 4600 Bryant).

Jan 1, 1907

1. List of Manuscripts Seen in America 2. List of Manuscripts Seen in England 3. List of Maps Examined 4. List of Newspapers Examined 5. General Bibliography - Numbered Reference List

Jan 1, 1942

References are in all cases to the earliest known editions. In the few cases where the first edition has been unavailable for consultation, the particular one studied is indicated. English translations are included when known, but not others. [ ]

Jan 1, 1942

By Samuel S. Wyer

Bethlehem Meeting, February, 1906 THE following abbreviations have been used in the text:¬ Am. MF. and Iron World. American Manufacturer and Iron World, Pittsburg, Pa. Can. Min. Rev. Canadian Mining Review, Ottawa, Can. Cass. Mag. Cassier's Magazine, New York, N. Y. Col. Eng. Colliery Engineer, London, Eng. Col. Guard. Colliery Guardian, London, Eng. Eng. and Min. Jour. Engineering and Mining Journal, New York, N. Y. Eng. News. Engineering News, New York, N. Y. Engr. Engineering, London, Eng. J. I. and S. I. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Lon¬don, Eng. Jour. W Soc. of Engrs. Journal Western Society of Engineers, Chicago, Ill. Lond. Eng. The Engineer, London, Eng. Mines and Min. Mines and Minerals, Scranton, Pa. North of Eng. I. M. E. North of England Institute of Mining Engineers, Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. Oester Zeitsch f. Berg u. Hüt. Oesterrcichische Zeitschrift für Berg. und Hüttenwescn, Vienna, Austria. Pract. Engr. Practical Engineer, London, Eng. Proc. I. C. E. Proceedings Institution of Civil Engineers, London, Eng. Trans. A. I. M. E. Transactions American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York, N. Y. Trans. A. S. M. E. Transactions American Society Mechanical Engineers, New York, N Y Trans. Fed. I. M E. Transactions Federated Institute Mining Engineers, Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. Trans. I M E Transactions Institute Mining Engineers, Newcastle-on-Tyne, England.

Mar 1, 1906

By Samuel S. Wyer

THE following abbreviations have been used in, the text: Cassier's, Cassier's Magazine. Eng. Lond., The Engineer (London). Eng. Mag., Engineering Magazine. Eng. and Min. Jour., Engineering and Mining Journal. Eng. News, Engineering News. Eng. Rec., Engineering Record. Engng., Engineering. Engr., The Engineer (Chicago). J. I. and S. I., Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. Jour. F. I., Journal of the Franklin Institute. Jour. Assn. Eng. Soc., Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies. Mar. Eng., Marine Engineering. . Mem, Soc. Ing. Civ., France, Memoires de la Society des Ingenieurs Civils, France. Prac. Eng., Practical Engineer. Proc. Digs. Soc. of W. Pa., Proceedings of the Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania. Proc. I. C. E., Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers. Proc. I. 1M. E., Proceedings Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Trans. A. I. M. E., Transactions of the American Institute Mining Engineers. Sci. Am., Scientific American. Sci. Am. Sup., Scientific American Supplement. Zcitschr. d. V. D. Ing., Zeitschrift des Vereines Dentscher Ingcnieure.

Mar 1, 1905

By Persifor Frazer

1. SMOKE PREVENTION. Report of Select Committee of House of Commons (1843). Nuisance considerably abated in Leeds (Wm. Backerd, July 13, 1843, 239 pages). A synoptic index, p. 211, gives, in alphabetical order, the digest of every subject taken up. 2. FUEL : ITS COMBUSTION AND ECONOMY. D. Kinnear Clark, C. E. 24mo, 1354 pp. Crosby Lockwood & Co., London (1880). Includes abridgement of treatise on combustion of coal and prevention of smoke, by C. W. Williams, A.I.C.E. 3. DIE RAUCHSCHÄDEN IN DEN WÄLDERN DER UMGEBUNG DER FISCALISCHEN HÜTTENWERKE BEI FREIBERG. Dr. J. v. Schröder, Professor in Tharand, and Dr. A. Schertel, Vorstand des Hüttenlaboratoriums zu Freiberg. Royal 8vo, 27 .pages, 19 pages of tables and a map. Ernst Maukisch, Freiberg (1884). (Aus dem Jahrbuch für das Berg- und Huttenwesen, 1884.) In 1861, Reich and Stockhardt examined the extent of injury to vegetation by the Muldner works. Needles and twigs of pine showed in 100,000 parts : Pb, 5 to 50 ; As, 3.3 to 14.3 ; S02, 62 to 120. In the top twigs, 5 to 8 ; needles, 10 to 16 ; thicker twigs, 10 to 22 ; thinner twig-ends, 17 to 54 of lead. Lead greater in amount in sickly twig-ends with few needles ; also in the bark than in the naked wood of the trunk, which had hardly a trace ; also in the part turned toward the works than on the opposite side. Pb and As diminished in the vegetation with distance from the smelter ; and the same with regard to the soil. Fresh snow was collected, and SO, As, and Pb detected in it.

May 1, 1907

Jan 1, 1902

By Paul Berggreen

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS In the Bibliography titles of publications are replaced by corresponding symbols in this list. American A-1. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York. A-2. Journal of the New York Microscopical Society, New York. A-3. Journal of the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. A-4. The Metallographist, Boston, Mass. A-5. The Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industry, New York. A-6. Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York. A-7. The Iron Trade Review, Cleveland, Ohio. A-8. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Ithaca, N. Y. A-9. The Physical Review, New York. A-10. Van Nostrand's Electric Engineering Magazine, New York. English E-1. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. E-2. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London. E3. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London. E-4. Journal of the Chemical Society of London, London. E-5. Philosophical Magazine, London. E-6. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh., E7. Carnegie Scholarship Memoirs, London. E-8. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, London. E-9. Chemical News, London. E-10. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,, London. E-11. Transactions of the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, Newcastle-on-Tyne E-12. Iron, London. E-13. Nature, London. E14. English Mechanic and World of Science, London.

Jan 6, 1914

By D. B. RUSHNORE, K. A. Pauly

Bulletin. No. 41, May, 1910. ABBREVIATIONS. Al. Ind., Alliance Industrielle. am. Elec'n.. . American. Electrician. Bull. As. Ing. El Bulletin de la Association des Ingenieurs Elec- triciens Sortis de l'Institut Electrotecnique Montefiore, Liege. Bull. Soc. bilge d' Elec Bulletin de la Société belge d'Electriciens. Col. Guard . Colliery Guardian. D. R. P Deutsches Reich Patent. Dilly. Poly Dingler's Polytechniches Journal. E. & DI. Jour Engineering and Mining Journal. E. T. Zeit Electrotechnische Zeitschrift. Eclair. Elec. L'Eclairage Electrique. 1;1. Anzeig Elektrotechnischer Anzeiger

Sep 1, 1910

By AIME AIME

THE Iron and Steel Division and the Institute of Metals Division are laying plans for a rousing meeting the week beginning Sept. 21 in the land of the bean and the cod-at Boston. The two divisions are collaborating with the American Welding Society, the American Society for Steel Treating, and the Iron and Steel Division of the A. S. M. E., to have technical sessions of widespread interest and social affairs that will compare with the best of previous years. In connection with the meetings an exhibition of production and testing equipment, heat-treating equipment, furnaces, welding equipment, and metal products will be held on Commonwealth Pier all week, where those attending may see the latest developments in the field of their own work.

Jan 1, 1931

By Thomas B. Dellinger

Since 1950, rotary-drilled, large-diameter holes, "big holes", with depths to over 300 ft and diameters of over 30 in., have become numerous and widespread. 50 such holes have been drilled for access shafts to LPG mined caverns. Over 70 holes have been drilled for various other commercial activities. Over 150 holes have been drilled by the AEC for atomic testing purposes. These holes have ranged up to 300-in. diam with 1600-ft depths, 120- in. diam with 570-ft depths, and 72-in. diam with 4800-ft depths. Equipment is now available to drill a wide range of big holes for varied requirements. At least a dozen drilling contractors are participating or have participated in the drilling of big holes. The accompanying tables show pertinent historical, technical and economic data on over 250 holes. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the big hole drilling equipment available, a compilation of the available data on large-diameter holes, to show the experience obtained to date and to show that big hole drilling is feasible and available to the industry.

Jan 12, 1965