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By Andrew Matyas

"During the summer of 1968, the author was employed in the Research Department of Dominion Foundries and Steel, Limited, Hamilton, Ontario. Over the years, Dofasco has been conducting a program for developing more efficient control of its basic oxygen steelmaking process. The author was thus able to obtain a variety of viewpoints from both research engineers and furnace operators. He also had access to extensive literature dealing with BOF control schemes underway at other major steel producers. This paper describes the present state of developments in BOF steelmaking control.The necessity for efficient BOF control is pointed out. To appreciate the variables to be controlled, a brief outline of process fundamentals is included. Technical aspects of present methods of practical control are examined in detail; the relative merits of dynamic over static control models are emphasized. Finally, it is shown how an effective dymic-optimizing control scheme serves as the basis for closed-loop computer control of the process."

Jan 1, 1970

By R. C. Tait

The gold at Giant Yellowknife is intimately associated with a complex mixture of sulphides, including pyrite, arsenopyrite, stibnite, and a wide variety of antimony sulpho-salts. Direct cyanidation has never been feasible. Recovery is almost entirely dependent upon flotation, roasting of flotation concentrate, and cyanidation of calcine. In November 1958, an Edwards-type roaster and an early prototype, two stage Fluosolids roaster, were replaced by a large two-stage Fluosolids roaster of improved design. The new roaster was started at "safe" medium temperatures, but early in 1959, temperatures in both stages were gradually and deliberately lowered to determine whether continuous autogenous roasting could be maintained under exacting low temperature conditions necessary for good extraction. Operation is smooth and continuous with first and second stage temperatures controlled at 925° and 875°F respectively. Plant cyanide ex-traction compares very favourably with extraction from low

Jan 1, 1961

By William Petruk

Mineralogical investigations in connection with gold metallurgy are usually performed to find the reason for poor recoveries by cyanidation or by other leaching techniques. Poor recoveries most commonly are obtained when (I) native gold is encapsulated in an insoluble mineral as "invisible gold"; (2) native gold is coated with a precipitate; (3) gold-bearing products are insoluble in cyanide solutions; (4) carbonaceous material in the ore adsorbs gold; and (5) associated minerals decompose and consume cyanide. Samples of refractory material quite often have low gold tenors. It is difficult to find the gold-bearing minerals in such samples with an optical microscope because the probability of finding trace minerals in samples is small. The probability decreases with decreasing grain size of the gold-bearing mineral and with decreas¬ing gold tenor of the sample. Techniques have been developed to increase the success rate of finding gold grains; some are (1) concentrating heavy minerals; (2) preparing special polished sections; (3) searching with an image analyzer; and (4) dissolving associate silicate and sulphide minerals.

Jan 1, 1989

By J. C. Allan

THE purpose of this paper is to outline the pogress made in the development o the gravity separation method o ore dressing known as Sink-and-Float, which, in the opinion of the writers, has now reached a stage justifying the claim that this new method marks a highly important advance in the technique . The essential feature of the newest development of this process is the extremely accurate separation achieved. This is responsible for higher extraction in the sink-and-float unit on coarse sizes and, in consequence, for substantially higher overall recoveries. Whilst this is the most remarkable feature of the new process, it has further important contributions to make to ore dressing under the following heads: (1) The introduction of the sink-and-float separator as a buffer helps to iron-out irregularities in the mill feed. By supplying a concentrate of constant grade to the flotation section, the process also indirectly improves overall recovery. (2) The addition of a sink-and-float unit to an existing mill results in substantial increase in capacity at low per ton capital cost. (3) Where the plant can be installed underground for the pre-treatment of low-grade ores, there is a saving in hoisting costs, and excellent 'fill' is provided near the point of use. ( 4) Low-grade mixed oxide-sulphide copper ores may be pre-concentrated, thereby producing a flotation feed sufficiently rich to render the oxide residue from such flotation economic for subsequent treatment by leaching or other methods. (5) Application of the process eliminates hard gangue constituents which cause high grinding costs, or gangue constituents which adversely affect flotation. The plant is compact and easily controlled. No highly skilled operators or expensive reagents are required, and the labour and power per ton are low. The separator is extremely flexible, working equally efficiently on any throughput up to its maximum capacity.

Jan 1, 1940

By I. Ueda, S. Ishikawa, T. Nagata

“O-SR process” in which the S-Furnace of the Mitsubishi process is followed by existing reverberatory furnaces (RFs) and Peirce Smith (PS) converters has been operated since December 2007. The S-Furnace smelts copper concentrates to produce molten matte containing 58-62%Cu which is then settled in the RFs and converted to blister copper in the PS converters. The SO2 gas generated from the S-Furnace and PS converters is converted to sulfuric acid in the acid plants. In addition to the smelting copper concentrates, the O-SR process has advantages in terms of recycling various waste/secondary materials. Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) has been treated in the RF to reduce fossil-fuel consumption in RFs, and to recover various metals included in ASR as well, since 1993. Electronic circuit boards (E-scrap) has also been processed in order to recover not only copper but also rare resources such as gold, silver and PGMs since 2013. Strategic modifications have enabled expansion of the processing volume of E-scrap. Enhancing recycling of wastes and scraps from urban mines while reducing the consumption of natural resources in the “O-SR” process will be demonstrated and discussed in the present paper. INTRODUCTION Onahama smelter and refinery has been operating as a custom smelter since 1965. Smelting facilities were subsequently expanded to two green-charged RF furnaces and five PS converters in 1973. Since RF is a conventional old-fashioned smelting furnace that necessarily consumes a huge amount of fuel to smelt copper concentrates, saving fuel cost has been an important objective. In early 1980’s the fuel was changed from bunker oil to pulverized coal, while utilizing the combustion heat of waste tires. Furthermore, treatment of combustible waste such as shredder residue (SR) was initiated in order to save fossil fuel for smelting concentrates in the RFs. Since enhancing of the treatment of SR requires a reduction in concentrate smelted in the RFs, most concentrates were dried and injected through tuyeres into the PS.converters. These modifications enabled to reduce the amount of the pulverized coal combustion and to increase SR treatment in the RFs. SR treatment capacity has increased to 12,000mt/month because the SR market has grown after the enforcement of the Vehicles Recycling Law. Such business environment has been attributed to establish the thermal-materials recycling system of SR in which the RFs have changed their role from copper concentrates smelting furnaces to waste materials combustion furnaces.

Jan 1, 2019

By David J. Forrester

"CANMET’s research into underground coal mining is primarily conducted at the Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory (CBCRL), established in 1981 to conduct safety research in underground coal mines. Located close to Canada’s largest underground coal producer, in the Sydney Coalfield of Nova Scotia, CBCRL’s program also includes the two western underground coal operations. CBCRL is a relatively small laboratory with a staff of thirteen — eight professionals and five support staff — with an annual budget of over $1 million. In order to maintain effective research response, flexibility is key and staff are increasingly working in project teams, crossing traditional section ties and also drawing from specialist expertise elsewhere within CANMET.CBCRL’s research activities have had a substantial impact on the Canadian underground coal mining industry, particularly in Cape Breton. CBCRL contributed to Cape Breton Development Corporation’s (CBDC’s) threefold reduction in lost-time accidents in the 1980s. Also, in the last four years alone, CBCRL’s work has enabled CBDC to save over $17 million in improved utilisation of reserves and cost savings. The work embraces the three traditional areas of mine environment, strata mechanics and mining technologies, however the current direction has been strongly influenced by recent external and internal factors. It is timely to review progress and recent directions."

Jan 1, 1996

By R. V. Tomkins

Introduction In the past fifteen years, bentonite production in the United States has increased very rapidly. From l50,000 tons in l934, it rose to 400,000 tons in l 942 and to a record 920,000 tons in 1948. Occurrences of bentonite ?in western Canada were described in the early part of the century by Ries and Keele (3), Ells (2), Spence (4). and other officer of the Dominion Department of Mines, and, in Saskatchewan, Professor W. G. Worcester (6), of the University of Saskatchewan has explored and carried out tests on deposits of the material at various times during the past thirty years. Nevertheless, Canadian developments have not kept pace with those in the United States. Exact figures for total Canadian production are not released, but it is probably under l0,000 tons annually. There are a great number of uses for bentonite, but in the United States three alone account for 90 per cent of the consumption. These are for drilling gel, foundry sand bond, and oil decolorizer. The tremendous oil exploration programme on the Canadian prairies has increased the possibility of an adequate domestic market for drilling gel. Therefore, in Saskatchewan, our efforts have been directed mainly to the production of a good drilling gel, with a minor part of the project devoted to activation of bentonites for oil decolorizing.

Jan 1, 1952

By F. Hashiuchi

In 1996, the Saganoseki custom smelter & refinery successfully shifted to a single flash smelting furnace operation and increased the copper production capacity to 450,000mtpy in 1998. As the next step, Saganoseki planned to further increase the productivity, especially in the area of P.S. converters and acid plant. As the results of modifications and operational improvements, the gas washing & cooling sections of the Saganoseki acid plant were consolidated from 3 to 2 lines, and increased the gas treatment capacity. The S02 converters in the acid plant were also modified to increase the acid production. By increasing the matte grade from 65 to 68%, six PS converters have been successfully integrated into four, while maintaining the production capacity and reducing the environmental burden in 2005. This paper discusses recent operational conditions and the results of implementation of technological improvements.

Jan 1, 2007

By W. B. Boggs

A paper describing the Noranda smelter was presented at the 1930 annual meeting of the Institute (1). A lacer article appeared in the Trans-actions of the A.I.M.&M.E. in 1933. Since that time there have been many changes and improvements in plant operation and it is the abject of this paper to give an account of developments up to the beginning of 1939. The Noranda smelter was built originally for a capacity of 30,000 tons a month. At present, the average tonnage being treated is 110,000 tons a month, the tonnage of custom ores alone amounting to almost the total rated capacity of the original plant. This increase has been accomplished by increasing the capacity of the reverberatory furnaces from 700 tons of solid charge per furnace day in 1928 to 1,500 tons per day at the present time. In 1935, it appeared chat the limit of furnace capacity had been reached at about 1,300 tons of charge per day because of the short life of the sprung silica arches. However, the adoption of the suspended magnesite roof, which had been developed at the Flin Flou smelter of the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, overcame this difficulty and it is believed that the limit of the capacity of the present reverberarory furnaces has not been reached. A brief account of the changes to equipment in the various departments will be given, followed by a description of the more important features of present smelter practice.

Jan 1, 1939

By L. Li

Backfill is increasingly used in underground mines, as it can help reduce the environmental impact from mining operations. However, the primary objective of backfilling is to provide safe working space for miners, by improving ground stability conditions. As cement is often added to the backfill, a critical issue is the determination of the required backfill strength (cohesion) due to the binder. This value is usually obtained from a solution proposed by Mitchell and co-workers, in the early 1980?s, for stopes with an exposed backfill face. This paper presents a brief review of the Mitchell et al. solution, with some of its main limitations. Some of the recently developed solutions for backfill design are then summarized and discussed.

Aug 1, 2013

By M. E. Hurst

SINCE 1934 there has been a marked revival of interest in the Porcupine district, especially in the eastern portion of the area, where exploration on the property of Pamour Gold Mines has indicated the presence of extensive gold-bearing deposits. Owing to the prevalence of overburden and the limited amount of exploratory work that has been done, little information is available as yet concerning the distribution and structural relationships of the rocks in the area to the east of Porcupine lake. In order to throw some light on the structural conditions in this section, a brief discussion of the sequence and character of the formations in the better known, producing section of the camp has been included. It should be emphasized that this paper is a preliminary study and that, consequently, the conclusions expressed should not be regarded as final. The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to P. C. Benedict, whose study of the geological relationships on the Foley-O'Brien property has made possible a fuller understanding of the structure in the central portion of the area. The writer also wishes to express his appreciation of the information and facilities placed at his disposal by R. M. Macaulay and C. D. Stevenson, of Pamour Gold Mines, and by A. Bell, of Noranda Mines, Limited.

Jan 1, 1936

By Bunting S. Crocker

This paper reviews the trends in the past two years in autogenous grinding throughout the world. It covers rock grinding in South Africa, Sweden, Canada, the United States, Finland and Germany. To properly orient the discussion on this subject, the paper attempts to define and classify the scope of autogenous comminution. As this is a relatively new subject, there is often considerable confusion regarding the various practices, which sometimes differ widely. By clarifying the types and forms, we hope to help clear up this con-fusion. Autogenous grinding is being carried out, throughout the world, either in mills grinding in water or solution or in dry mills using air classification to remove the finished material. The wet grinding, particularly, can be divided into: (1) (2) (3) Primary autogenous grinding, or "run-of-mine" grinding. Secondary autogenous grinding or semi-autogenous grinding or rock pebble grinding. Combination processes. -This covers plants in which pebbles made in the primary mill are re-moved and used as grinding media for fine grinding in secondary mills.

Jan 1, 1963

By Shuji Owada

Scrap electrical and electronic appliances, so called "E-waste", are not a present target to be collected and recycled under Japanese regulations. This material, however, contains considerable amounts of base, precious, and rare metals and it is necessary to recover these elements for maintaining stable supply and establishing "the society of environmentally-sound material-cycle". This paper describes recent trends of rare metals recycling in Japan and technological approaches to achieve the above objective. Also a research work to concentrate rare metals from the printed wiring boards by combining brand new comminution and physical separation methods is discussed.

Jan 1, 2011

By Edgar Stansfield

Introduction First, I should define more closely the vague term 'recent work' that appears in the title of this paper. Following the period of depression that was an aftermath of the first Great War, the Research Council of, Alberta carried on for ten years without a Council and without a financial yote by the Legislature. In November, 1942, a new Council was formed, under the chairmanship of the Hon. N. E. Tanner, Minister of Lands and Mines, and a vote was granted by the Legislature early in 1943. By 'recent work', I mean work during the present regime. The Council is now going full steam ahead, or would be if it could get suitable technical assistance and required apparatus and materials. Lack of these has so far made unnecessary my responsibility for seeing that we do not exceed our estimates. The Annual Meeting of the Research Council will be held in November (1945), and at that meeting the programme of work for next year will be discussed. The present time is therefore the correct time for any of you who may have ideas as to work which might profitably be undertaken by the Council, to submit these ideas for consideration. I propose to discuss my subject under several headings, and to give enough of these to show that the Council has wide interests.

Jan 1, 1946

By H. Sano

Most of the dust generated from the copper smelting process in Chile has been stored after the stabilization by hydrometallurgical process because it contains high concentrations of arsenic. However, in recent years, the dust generation has increased because of degrading the quality of concentrate. In addition, the environmental regulations become stricter. On the other hand, valuable metals such as copper and zinc are contained in the dust at high concentrations and it is desirable to recover them. In this study, the effect of dust recirculation to the smelting process was examined in order not only to decrease the amount of dust but also to recover copper. Dust generation and the distribution of arsenic, lead, zinc etc. among the matte, slag and gas phases were evaluated as a function of the amount of recirculated dust, partial pressure of oxygen and temperature. It was found that the direct dust return to the smelting process was quite effective for the recovery of copper and the reduction of dust generation, but the acceptable dust amount was limited by the produced matte quality.

Jan 1, 2007

By Carol E. Jones

?Reclaiming the land? in the Athabasca Oil Sands is becoming a household phrase in Canada. Advances in soil salvage and placement, increasing biodiversity of forest ecosystems and improved design of the landforms are beginning to change the trajectory of the ?reclaimed land? towards a boreal forest. The boreal forest is much more than just a forest; in the area of Fort McMurray AB, roughly one half of the boreal forest is composed of organic wetlands, often called muskeg. How important is muskeg to the boreal forest ecosystem and to the local aboriginal people? Should muskeg be reclaimed? Can muskeg be reclaimed? Ten years ago it was broadly accepted that organic wetlands could not be re-established; in fact this was so well accepted that reclamation of organic wetlands had not been attempted. Over the past decade this conclusion has been re-evaluated and research projects have been undertaken to examine the potential to create organic wetlands in a reclaimed oil sands landscape. This paper examines these questions and the research initiatives necessary to reclaim the other half of the Athabasca Oil Sands.

May 1, 2011

By G. C. Hambleton

"The author has had wide experience in the reclamation of coal from coal mine waste dumps in the United Kingdom.The paper includes such topics as the processing decision and factors affecting processability; method of testing and appraisal; test data interpretation; historical influences in apppraisal; special contaminants and processing difficulties; methods of treatment; review of systems in use and their comparative economics; over-all system economics including excavation, handling methods, recovery system and shale disposal; effluent treatment; environmental considerations; alternatives to processing for coal recovery; light aggregate and cement usage; burned shale heaps; land reclamation; shale deposition for encouragement of vegetation by natural or artificial means; use of tailings fines; the environmental argument for action."

Jan 1, 1972

By W. B. Boggs

This is a rather comprehensive subject and cannot be thoroughly covered in the short rime allowed for its presentation. This article will touch only upon a few of the chief points of the difficulties encountered in recovering copper from brass shell cases in a primary smelter which was not designed to treat scrap metals. Owing to the fact that the plant is at present (Dec., 1946) closed, and our tests were not completed, full details of the results are not available. As is well known, most primary smelters are situated near the mines in the interior of various countries and are not close to seaports or large industrial and railway centres. Consequently, iris unusual for a primary smelter to be asked to treat scrap metal of any kind. When so required, iris obvious that the primary smelter is at a great disadvantage, for the simple reason that it probably has to pay the freight on the scrap from the seaport or industrial centre to the smelter and then also pay the freight on the recoverable metal from the smelter to the refinery, or seaport or industrial centre. Another disadvantage is that a primary smelter is not equipped to sample and unload the scrap nor bas it usually the equipment adaptable for treating the scrap efficiently, as the plant bas been designed to handle large tonnages of ores and concentrates. This short paper will describe some of our difficulties> and how they were corrected. However, it might be advisable to state briefly some of the methods used in treating brass shell cases in other plants. In the first place, a brass plant producing new brass- especially those producing brass billets for extrusion to make brass tubes or rods, or to be drawn into wire, or making brass cake to roll into brass sheets- generally insists upon using new electrolytic copper and zinc and is opposed to using any scrap or secondary brass . Consequently, such a plant usually will not treat brass shell cases. Therefore, the usual procedure is to ship brass shell cases to a secondary smelter, where it is generally sorted, melted, fire-refined, and returned to the market in the form of a high or low brass ingot which can be sold to brass foundries for making brass castings. This evidently is the cheapest and simplest method. Another method is to ship to a smelter which is a combination of a primary and secondary smelter attached to or near an electrolytic refinery. In plants of both these types, that is a primary smelter with Cottrell dust collectors or a combined primary and secondary smelter with Cottrells or a bag house, the zinc may be wasted. However, if a bag house is used, some of the zinc is recovered, but it is usually contaminated with other metals and further processing is required to recover it.

Jan 1, 1947

The major factors limiting the establishing of vegetation on the shale and sandstone wastes at Minto are high exchange acidity and low pH (shale pH 4-5, sandstone pH < 4). In the first revegetation program (1967-74), 3.8 million trees were planted without grading on 4,000 acres (red, jack and scots pine and black locust). White dutch and sweet clover, birds-foot trefoil and red top were established in selected areas, and ponds were stocked with brook trout. In the second phase of reclamation, beginning in 1979, a comprehensive plan will be initiated which will allow for forest production, wildlife development and recreational activities.

Jan 1, 1977

By D. Murray

A 2-hectare uranium tailings area has been reclaimed. The exposed tailings of 1.4 hectares were capped with glacial till and vegetated with grasses and legumes. The water running through the tailings was diverted around the tailings in a line ditch and treated with sodium hydroxide and barium chloride. Difficulties occurred in placing the till capping because of the low bearing strength and the uneven surface of the tailings. This led to varying thicknesses of till and the need for manual labour in some areas. Total reclamation costs were $32,200, with vegetation establishment costs at $13,700 per hectare. This report provides a record of work for use in assessing the long-term suitability of these treatments.

Jan 1, 1979