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By W. G. Bradley

THIS PAPER describing the quarrying, mining, and crushing of gypsum at the Blue Diamond mine, 11 miles from Arden, Nev., on the Union Pacific Railway, is one of a series on gypsum mining being prepared for and published by the Bureau of Mines. These papers are designed to disseminate technical information regarding the methods used. The cost tabulations represent operating expenditures only and not total costs. It is recognized that publication of total production costs might in some instances cause embarrassment to individual producers as well as to the industry as a whole. On the other hand, operating costs are essential to the technical discussion and study of the methods employed. The attention of the reader is specifically called to this differentiation in order that no misunderstanding of the scope of the cost tabulations shall ensue.

Jan 1, 1932

By H. M. Urban

This paper, one of a series being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of Mines on methods and costs of mining at various mica mines in the United States, describes the methods now in use in the principal mica mines of the Southern Appalachian States. Those papers are designed to disseminate technical information regarding the methods used. The cost tabulations represent operating expenditures only and not total costs. It is recognized that publication of total costs might in some instances cause embarrassment to individual producers as well as to the industry as a whole. On the other hand, operating costs are essential to the technical discussion and study of methods employed. The attention of the reader is specifically called to this differentiation in order that no misunderstanding of the scope of the cost tabulations shall ensue.

Jan 1, 1932

By W. J. Fene

"The prevalence of accidents in the coal-mining industry has prompted a study of the workmen's compensation laws of the various States and the statistics of accident costs, for the purpose of explaining to operators how the compensation laws are regulated and to show the cost of accidents.The subject of compensation laws and accident costs is by no means new, but the prevalence of coal-mine accidents would indicate that the mine operator in general is not thoroughly conversant with their importance. Unquestionably, compensation laws are a large factor in promoting accident prevention, and it is believed that a greater measure of success would be accomplished in preventing accidents if all mine operators were fully aware of their important bearing on the cost of production.Many operators seem to be indifferent to accident occurrence; possibly they do not real¬ize the seriousness of the accident hazards that exist in their mines, even after the hazards are brought to their attention. There is no question that material financial advantages are to be gained by the prevention of accidents and it would appear that when these advantages are thoroughly understood, operators would be anxious to eliminate, insofar as is feasible, conditions likely to cause accidents.The unsettled state of the mineral industry and the irregular operation of mines during the past several years has probably been an important factor in influencing the apparently indifferent attitude of the operator. The chaotic conditions in the mining industry and especially in coal mining are unquestionably a factor that tends to increase accidents, just as mine idleness increases roof hazards and results in deterioration in mechanical, electrical, and haulage equipment, and promotes disorganization of the personnel. During such times greater efforts should be exerted toward the prevention of accidents because of these increased hazards and of the financial advantages brought about by the various savings to be effected when mine accidents are held to a minimum.This report on accidents in the coal mines of Pennsylvania was made possible largely through the cooperation of William J. Maguire, director, Bureau of Statistics, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, and Rush N. Hosier, superintendent, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Rating and Inspection Bureau, who made available their records and extended much assistance and numerous courtesies during this study."

May 1, 1932

By A. C. Munro

This paper, which describes the milling practice at the Britannia concentrator, Britannia Beach, B. C., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines. The concentrator treats copper ore at the present rate of 6,000 to 7,000 tons of dry ore daily and produces copper concentrate and pyrite concentrate by selective flotation methods. The copper concentrate is smelted and the pyrite product is utilized for acid manufacture.

Jan 1, 1932

By Edwin C. Reeder

This paper, describing milling methods and costs at the Hillside Fluorspar Mines at Rosiclare, Ill., is one of a series being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of Mines on non-metallic milling methods. The milling practice described is that of one of the large mines in the Kentucky-Illinois fluorspar field in southern Illinois and western Kentucky, on the Ohio River. Milling methods throughout the district are similar in their general principles, although details vary considerably in different plants.

Jan 1, 1932

By Albert E. Keller

This paper describing the timekeeping and pay-roll methods of the Britannia raining and Smelting Co. (Ltd.) is one of a series being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of nines regarding office procedures in connection with mining operations. The general office of the Britannia Mining and Smelting Co. (Ltd.) is located at Britannia Beach, B. C., a town of about 600 inhabitants at tidewater on the east side of Howe Sound and about 30 miles from Vancouver, B. C. The Beach, as it is locally termed, is a company town consisting largely of about 250 employees of the company and their families. Here is the milling and concentrating plant of over 6,000 tons daily capacity- the main service units comprising the electrical, mechanical, blacksmith and woodworking shops and the local electric-furnace foundry; the central-heating steam plant; the air and electric generating units; the ball-manufacturing plant; the warehouses; and the general store, which serves this community and also acts as distributor for the general stores located elsewhere on the property.

Jan 1, 1932

By Fred L. Bishop

This paper describing the methods employed in the purchasing and supply departments of the Miami Copper Co., Miami, Ariz., is one of a series being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of Mines on office practice in mining operations. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Miami Copper Co.'s plant is located about 1 mile from the town of Miami, in the Globe-Miami Mining District, Gila County, Ariz. The property consists of a complete mining plant, concentrator, high-pressure steam power plant, and many other attendant structures. In normal times the company employs about 1,500 men, and mines and mills about 6,000,000 tons of ore annually.

Jan 1, 1932

By T. F. Myners

This paper, describing the concentration methods and costs of Witherbee, Sherman and Company at Mineville, N. Y., is one of the series of papers on milling methods and costs being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines. It deals principally with the production of high-grade concentrate. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is indebted to C. F. Jackson, principal mining engineer, United States Bureau of Mines, to A. M. Cummings, general superintendent of Witherbee, Sherman and Company, and to the company's engineering staff, for assistance in preparing this paper.

Jan 1, 1932

By D. Harringtong

"There has been much writing and argument on the subject of giving bonuses to miners, quarrymen, metallurgical and chemical workers, and others as a stimulus for safe work and for work safely done. Theoretically, everyone should be careful and should not need monetary or any other type of encouragement for the prevention of accidents; as a. fact, few people are careful, and this is primarily the reason way many if not most accidents occur. A bonus, however, is not simply money given away by an employer; it must be earned, so to speak, before it becomes due; in other words, if the standard established is not reached, no bonus is paid, and in many cases some disciplinary action is taken.The United States Bureau of Mines Is asked from time to time for suggestions for rewards to mine workers who have a good attitude toward working safely or who need some stimulus to cause them to make greater or more earnest efforts toward safety for themselves and their co-workers. A recent inquiry prompted the collection of data on some safety bonus systems from reports of this bureau's field engineers and others, and some of these Now given. Bonus practice at both coal and metal mines is included because a system used at metal mines is generally adaptable to coal mines; in fact, in numerous cases, bonus systems recently started at some coal mines are based on systems in vogue and giving satisfaction some metal mines; in-some instances, also, metal mines have been able to get good suggestions from coal mines or from the cement or petroleum industries. it .should be understood that a bonus, even as applied to the encouragement of safety, does not necessarily mean payment of money; in fact, some successful bonus systems have in them no direct money exchange; hence, the bonus as treated in this paper is that defined as ""Something given in addition to what is ordinarily received by, or strictly due to, the recipient.""Acknowledgment is given here to members of the safety division of the Bureau of Mines who sent in some of the information here presented; to the Engineering and Mining Journal and Mining Congress Journal, from which some items were abstracted; to various mining officials who gave data in one form or another; and to M. von Bernewitz, of the United. States Bureau of lines who aided in framing parts of this paper."

Jun 1, 1932

By Howard F. Puariea

This paper is one of a series describing methods and costs of recovering sand and gravel from alluvial deposits in the United States and deals directly with the methods employed by the Portland Gravel Co. in operating a clamshell dredge on the Willamette River near Portland, Oreg., and a pump dredge on the Columbia River near Vancouver, Wash. These papers are designed to disseminate technical information regarding the methods used. The cost tabulations represent local expenditures only and not total production costs. It is recognized that publication of total costs may in some instances cause embarrassment to individual producers as well as to the industry as a whole. On the other hand operating costs are essential to the technical discussion and study of methods employed. The attention of the reader is specifically called to this differentiation in order that no misunderstanding of the scope of the cost tabulations shall ensue.

Jan 1, 1932

By R. M. Santmyers

The pigments, whose colors are due primarily to iron exides and iron hydroxides, comprise a variety of yellow, brown, red, and sometimes black paint-coloring agents, both natural and artificially prepared. The natural pigments in this group include ocher, umber, sienna, mineral paints, paint rock, and mortar colors. When the natural color or tinting power--either in the raw state or after treatment--is too weak, these pigments may be "forti- fied" or strengthened. Ocher, umber, and sienna, rhile often described as "iron oxide pigments," are also known as "earthy" rigments. Inasmuch as the iron content of these pigments is, in general, somewhat lower than that of other iron oxide pigments, the ochers, umbers, siennes, and other brown earth pigments are not discussed in the present paper. In addition to a discussion of natural or artificial pigments whose color is due to the presence of iron oxide in some form, this paper contains data on mortar colors, which are medium or low grade pigments used for tinting mortar, cement, and concrete. A great variety of materials are used for theso purposes, including "blue billy" (residue left from roast- ing pyrite), ground slate and shale, and even culm from coal washeries. Dur- ing the past three years, there has been a definite trend among the producers of iron oxide pigments to push the sales of the better grades of colors for tinting mortars. Due to the amount of low-grade coloring matter that is re- quired to impart a strong color to concrete (in soro cases as high as 15 per cent of pigment is necessary) the strength of the cement may be materially impaired. The addition of some 2 per cent of the higher grades of iron oxide to the concrete mix imparts a brighter and stronger colcr, does not weaken the material, and in the end is not as expensive as the low-grade pigments formerly used. Iron oxide pigments occur in nature in various shades and colors, but the red pigments are the most important and account for the larger part of the total red pigments used.3/ The nomenclature of these red pigments is involved and the names given to them are descriptive of the shade rather than of origin, method of produc- tion or chemical composition. In most cases the red pigments under this class may occur naturally or may be produced by heating hydrous iron oxide pigments such as yellow ocher to a sufficiently high temperature to drive off the water of composition. They may also be prepared by fortifying naturally-occurring pigments with stronger natural or synthetic oxides or with coal-tar dyes (e.g. alizarine lake), Most of the mineral reds derive their color from the presence of ferric oxide (Fe2O3), the mineral hematite. This may be present in relatively small percentages, as in the red slates and shales, or it may constitute as much as 90 per cent or more of the material, as in Spanish red. The principal iron oxide pigments used in the manufacture of paint are discussed in the following pages.

May 1, 1932

By E. P. Youngman

A new mining law for the Recublic of Polend was promulgated by presiden- tial decree dated November 29, 1930, published in the Journal of Lews (Dzienni stex) No. E, text 654, December E, 1530, and wes to become effective January 1, 1932, in all Polend except Silesie. Its adoption in Silesia wes dependent pon the action of the Silesian Diet. As the new law is considered an im- provement over the old Austrian Mining Lew, which is operative in the Silesian districts of Bielsk and Cieszyn, and the Prussian Kining Law, which is opera- tive in Upper Silesia, no delay in its adoption for Silesin was looked for. This new law codifies the various juridical regulations pertaining to ines existing in different parts of the Polish Republic but does not include legislation with respect to the extraction of minerel oil, especially crude oil. Petroleum legislation was postponed to a later date in order to facili- tate codification in other fields. Koreover, as the oil industry exists in Galicia elone, deley will not be detrimental.

May 1, 1932

By E. P. Youngman

Except possibly by individual natives and Liberians (small specters), is now being carried on in Liberia, according to a late report. definite information is obtainable with respect to the mineral resources of e country, except that iron ores are said to be abundant. Tin, copper, zinc, site, corundum, lead, bitumen or li nite, and diamonds have all been re- parte, but no commercial Geposits are known to have, been found. Gold has been duce, but not in significant amounts, as may be inferred from the customs - rt for Liberia recording the exportation of gold to the value of $4.80 Germany from the port of Cape Mount in 1925. It is not uncommon for atives to come into towns with African gold and valuable minerals, but they e reluctant to sive information concerning then. Some years ago the Liberian Government was seeing a loan in return for oil concessions, but apparently no drilling bea boon don

Jun 1, 1932

By E. P. Youngman

This paper presents one of a series of digests of foreign mining legis- ation and court decisions that is being prepared in advance of a generel report elative to the rights of American citizens to explore for minerals and to own nd operate mines in various foreign countries. This interpretation of the laws of Demark and her possessions, has been prepared entirely from answers made by Ernest L. Ives, American charge d'effaires, Copenhagen, to a questionnaire ini- isted by the United States Bureau of Mines and transmitted through the courtesy of the Department of State.

Jun 1, 1932

By E. P. Youngman

By a decree of March 14, 1929,5 the President of the Faitian Repub- lic, considering it to be necessary, until the mining legislation of the Republic shall have been revised, to put into effect the mining law of Decem- Der 4, 1860 (relative to mines, diggings, and quarries), by the authority given in article 55 of the Constitution, declared the law of February 14, 1919, to be abrogated and the provisions of the earlier mining law (December 4, 1050) again to be valid. No concessions were granted under the law of 1919. All citations in this paper, unless otherwise designated, refer to the law of 1930.

Jun 1, 1932

By E. P. Youngman

In the Unfederated Malay States, with the exception of Johore, the rights of suzerainty, protection, and administration were transferred by giam to the British Government in 1909. In the States of Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah, and Perlis, the rulers are assisted by State Councils and by British advisers appointed by the British Government.3 With respect to Johore, the largest, richest, and most highly organized of the Malay States not in the Federation, the treaty of December 11, 1885, with Great Britain, defined the relations of the State to the British Govern- ment and allowed the Maharaja to assume the title of "Sultan"; an amendment to this treaty (May 12, 1914) provided that the Sultan should be advised by a British officer, the General Adviser. ...... The political organization of the States is reflected in the mining legis- lation, Johore being the only one having a comprehensive code. The mining enactments now in force, according to the High Commissioner for the Malay States, are as follows:

Jun 1, 1932

By E. P. Youngman

This paper is one of a series of digests of foreign mining legislation and court decisions that is being prepared in advance of a general report relative to the right of American citizens to explore for minerals and to own and operate-mines in various foreign countries. This interpretation of the mining laws of Greece was prepared from information furnished by Ralph B. Curren, American assistant commercial attache, Athens, in reply to a questionnaire of the United States Bureau of Mines, transmitted through the courtesy of the commercial laws division of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. INTRODUCTION In his report,3 Mr. Curren states that the source of his information was the Director of Mines of the Greek Ministry of National Economy and the Mining Code of Greece, which was, compiled from existing laws in 1929,4 and which has since been modified by several acts of Parliament.

Jan 1, 1932

By G. R. Hopkins, E. M. SEELEY

The number of natural-gasoline plants has shown a consistent decline in recent years, but the total capacity has increased steadily. The number of completed plants, as determined by a survey as of January 1, 1932, amounted to 959. Previous surveys of January 1, 1928 and 1930 showed 1,155 and 1,035 plants, respectively. Of the total plants on January 1, 1932, 859 were operating and 100 were shut down, compared with 999 operating and 36 shut down on January 1, 1930. The material gain in the number of inoperative plants in the last two years was probably due to the severe decline in prices of 1931. The low prices of 1931, which were approximately 40 per cent below 1930, made it virtually impossible for the majority of the independent plants, or plants not owned by a large integrated company, to operate at a profit. Accordingly, the majority of the plants removed from the list in 1930 and 1931 were owned by companies which were engaged solely in the manufacture of natural gasoline. The total daily capacity of the plants on January 1, 1932, amounted to 11,387,000 gallons, an increase of 871,000 gallons, or 8 per cent, in the two years 1930 and 1931. That the total capacity of the plants has increased while the number of plants has declined is due to the fact that nearly all the plants constructed in the last five years have been large plants. During 1931 the average total daily capacity of the operating plants was approximately 10,600,000 gallons, while the average daily production amounted to 4,944,000 gallons. This indicates that the plants operated during 1931 at 47 per cent of their capacity, compared with 58 per cent in 1930 and 61 per cent in 1929. Although more plants have been dismantled in Oklahoma in recent years than in any other State, it continues to rank first in number of plants. On January 1, 1932, there were 238 plants in Oklahoma, compared with 145 plants

Jun 1, 1932

By E. P. Youngman

The mining law now in force in Finland is the Imperial Russian Ukase of 1883, promulgated November 12, 1883, by Czar Alexander III, with the sanc- tion and permission of the Finnish Estates. This law repealed prior legisla- tion, as follows: Crdinance of liay 25, 1857, concerning the appropriation of ores and minerals; as wall as the right to remove and utilize them; proclama- tion of January 20, 1868, amending, the ordinance of May 25, 1857; proclama- tion of October 3, 1621, concerning the appropriation of precious metals; and the proclamation of October 30, 1878, concerning prospecting for gold, etc., in Finnish Lapland. A proposal for a new mining lar is still being considered by the Finnish Diet. This new law, if and when promulgated, will differ only slightly from the law of 1683 but will be drafted in more modern language."

Jun 1, 1932

By BUREAU OF MINES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sep 1, 1932