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By H. Yavuz

Physical modelling is one of the research tools in the understanding of the failure mechanisms and the deformations likely to be experienced by the strata during mining operations. Success of the physical models to predict the strata behaviour depends on satisfaction of the scaling requirements in modelling material used. This paper gives results from a laboratory work carried out into the factors influencing the strength and elastic properties of a physical model material to satisfy the scaling requirements determined from application of dimensional analysis to the pertinent variables affecting the deformation and failure of the underground structures. It was found that the conditions for preparing the material over its composition had a great influence on the final properties. The effect of different water quantities, sand size and mixing time upon the properties of modelling material was studied and water requirement for different proportions of sand/plaster to prepare the material was optimized. Various sand/plaster ratios of compositions were cured at three different levels of oven temperatures. Curing at low temperature produced material within the average modulus ratios ranging from 290 to 432, which are common to most rock types according to Deere?s rock classification, whilst curing at high temperature produced material within the low modulus ratios ranging from 64 to 140 depending on its composition. A combination of low and high temperature curing resulted with an increase in modulus ratio compared to high temperature curing. Curing the material at low temperature compared to other curing temperatures provided a satisfactory range of strength ratio. It has been shown that the relative amount of filler to plaster in the mix controls the frictional properties of the material and results with an increase in strength and modulus ratio of the material provided that suggested preparation and curing conditions were applied. Model material developed by curing at low temperature simulated modulus ranging from 241 to 343 and strength ratios ranging from 11.6 to14.8 of a coal mine rocks, satisfactorily.

Jan 1, 2003

By Peter Stacey

This presentation provides comments on the increasing challenges associated with pit slope designs from the perspective of a design reviewer. Besides the technical issues related to the significant increase in current and proposed slope heights since the primary methodology in current use for pit slope designs was developed, other factors are coming into play. These include changes in mining equipment and associated operating practices, as well as a growing awareness on the part of mining executives and other stakeholders of the significance of stable, or at least well-managed, slopes. In the latter area, the associated clarification of responsibility has led to the increased use of either in-house or independent review consultants working on the behalf of management. From a technical perspective, since the mid-1970?s there have been significant improvements in the tools, particularly analytical methods, that are available to slope designers. There is also an increased understanding of the importance of a detailed geological model, with strong emphasis on alteration and/or structure to form the platform for the slope designs. However, the basic technology for determining the rock strength aspects has changed little, although an expanding body of experience is being accumulated in its use and there is a reasonable degree of comfort in its application for slope heights of up to at least 500 m. In addition, slope management is now viewed as a critical part of the implementation of slope designs and this has been supported by continuing improvements in slope monitoring systems. In recent years safety has become a primary concern, in part as a result of some major slope failures that have attracted the attention of regulators and the public, as well as mining executives, who are being held more responsible for unsafe conditions and associated events. There is therefore a growing demand for risk assessments to replace the deterministic design approaches upon which the current design technology is largely based. The focus of mine executives on safety has undoubtedly in part facilitated the recent long overdue revitalization of research into the design and stability of large pit slopes, the requirement for which has been recognized for many years by practitioners. This research, as well as the CSIRO Large Open Pit Study, will almost certainly provide advances beyond the empirical strength determination methods such as the Hoek-Brown failure criterion, which form the basis for current rockmass strength determination. At the same time, as mentioned above, there is a growing awareness of the requirement for a detailed structural model as a major component of every large slope design. In addition, other areas requiring further research include the impact of groundwater pressures on rock mass strength, particularly in rocks with low permeabilities, and the role of stress in high open pit slopes. From the perspective of design implementation, even with the recent significant advances in metal prices, mine operators remain under pressure to minimize mining costs. To address these constraints, mining equipment of ever increasing size is being introduced. There are, however, some disadvantages to this trend in the area of slope design. For example, the large electric shovels are not well designed for scaling bench faces, nor are they cost effective in this mode. As a result, specialized equipment may be needed in the mining cycle to perform the clean-up duties, which in turn increases operating costs. Further, where the large equipment is used in minimum width pushbacks to reduce the instantaneous stripping ratio, the advance rates can be high, but at the same time the associated changes in operating procedures are often not conducive to the concurrent use of such measures as controlled blasting, careful scaling and drain hole installation that generally improve stability. The resulting conflicts which may arise between the interests of production and those of slope stability are often exacerbated by the fact that these stabilization techniques actually increase the operating costs on which the operations manager is frequently judged, even though there is an overall increase in profit. Meeting the objective of developing slope designs which are practicable , i.e., achievable in terms of every aspect of the operating constraints in the specific pit, requires interaction and compromise between the geotechnical engineer, mine planners and operating staff during the formulation of the design criteria. In the current environment, it is often no longer sufficient to present slope designs in deterministic terms to a mine planner who accepts them almost without question. Increasingly, the requirement is that they be proposed within the framework of risk levels, related both to safety and to economic outcomes, to a decision maker who may not be a technical expert in the mining field. In this context, the mine executives must have sufficient information and understanding to be able to establish acceptable levels of risk for the company and other stakeholders; in this process the slope designers must play a major role. These changing requirements for presentation of slope designs necessitate clear communication of the basis for the design, which may be very complex, so that the implications of the designs may be thoroughly understood by all concerned. To ensure clarity at this stage, the slope designer must not only quantify the uncertainty in the input parameters, including the geological model, but must also be able to communicate and defend the resulting design recommendations. Where particular designs may have high associated risks, simply because of the degree of uncertainty in the data, this must also be recognized and proposed methods of reducing the uncertainty included in the presentation. In summary, from a reviewer?s perspective slope designs must not only be technically sound, but must also address the broader context of the mining operation as a whole, taking into account such factors as safety aspects, the available equipment to implement the designs, and the acceptable risk levels for the company. In addition, the designs must be presented in a way that will allow the mine executives, who are ultimately responsible, and the operators, who implement the designs, to fully understand the basis and short-comings of the designs and the risks associated with deviation from any constraints defined by the designer. It goes without saying that there must also be a well-defined monitoring system to confirm stability and detect and manage any variations in the design model or unexpected instability.

Jan 1, 2006

By A. Melkumyan, M. Balamurali, J. Zigman

Understanding the contribution of geophysical variables is vital for identifying ore indicator regions. Both magnetometry and gamma-rays are used to identify the geophysical signatures of the rocks. Density is another key variable for tonnage estimation in mining, and needs to be re-estimated in areas of change when a boundary update has been conducted. Modelling these geophysical variables in 3D will enable investigation of the properties of the rocks and improve our understanding of the ore. The Gaussian Process (GP) was previously used to generate 3D spatial models for grade estimation using geochemical assays. This study investigates the influence of the following two factors on the GP-based autonomously generated 3D geophysical models: the resolution of the input data, and the number of nearest samples used in the training process. A case study conducted on a typical Hammersley Ranges iron ore deposit using geophysical logs, including density, collected from the exploration holes, is examined in this paper.

Sep 1, 2021

By W. Banda

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of Phd. (Process Engineering) degree* The recovery of cobalt and copper from waste slag was studied in a plasma DC-arc furnace in reducing conditions. Three fluxes, CaO,CaF2, and TiO2, were investigated for their influence on selective recovery of cobalt into an iron-rich alloy. A further investigation on the influence of furnace power on the reduction of slag to recover cobalt to the alloy showed that a change in power setting had an unexpected effect on the recovery of metals to the alloy, in that selectivity of base metal recovery over iron recovery decreased at an increased power level. Keywords: DC-furnace, reduction, nonferrous, slags

Jan 1, 2004

By F. Shi , D. Lay, C. Antonio

High Voltage Pulse (HVP) technology has the potential to transform traditional mineral processing practice in the mining industry. HVP pre-treatment has been shown to enable ore preconcentration, achieve ore pre-weakening and improve mineral liberation. In order to improve the efficiencies of these novel HVP applications, it is essential to understand how HVP operational factors affect ore breakage in HVP pre-treatment. A two-level fractional factorial experiment using two rock samples, a gold-copper ore and a basalt sample, was performed to determine which factors have statistically significant influences on breakage probability, size reduction, and energy efficiency, and which factors have insignificant influences. Operational factors investigated include applied voltage, electrode gap, number of pulse discharges, the number of rocks being processed per batch, and rock size. In total, 1920 batch tests were conducted. For ore breakage characterised in terms of breakage probability and the degree of size reduction during HVP pre-treatment, the dominant factors were identified to be the number of pulse discharges, voltage, and the number of particles present in the processing zone. As all these three factors are related to the specific energy, it is concluded that the specific energy is the most important factor controlling ore breakage in HVP treatment. In terms of the efficiency by which spark energy is transferred from the generator energy, the factors found to have the most dominating influence were the particle size, the number of rock particles present in the processing zone and the voltage. Increasing the values of these factors reduced the loss of HVP energy during the energy transfer process. The factorial experiment using the two ore samples with vastly different mineralisation produced similar results. This proves that the dominant factors affecting HVP breakage are generally applicable to different ores types. Keywords: High voltage pulse, ore breakage, factorial experiment, specific energy

Jan 1, 2020

By M. Ng

As part of a long-term study of titanium minerals processing being undertaken by the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, techniques have been developed to measure the resistivity of ilmenite, rutile, zircon and other associated minerals. The techniques have proven reproducible and have allowed the measurement of resistivity under conditions of varying temperature, surface condition and surface moisture adsorption. The measured values can be linked to the separability of the minerals in the dry plant, and hence are useful as a diagnostic test for existing plants when performance deteriorates, or for greenfield sites to investigate potential problems. One of the major problems in electrical separation of titanium minerals is surface coating on the mineral grains. Coatings can make normally conductive minerals such as ilmenite and leucoxene behave much more like non-conductors. Electrical separation of surface contaminated ilmenite from non-conductors then becomes extremely difficult unless the surface contaminant is first removed. The resistivity measurement technique was used to evaluate the effect of surface cleaning on the resistivity of ilmenite and zircon from a Western Australian deposit which will shortly be in production. Ten different attritioning methods were evaluated, ranging from simple rinsing inwater to chemical attritioning in sulphuric acid combined with ultrasonic leaching. A roasting and quenching step was also investigated. As would be expected, the gentler treatments, such as rinsing in water or Calgon, had only amoderate effect on the ilmenite surface coatings. Ilmenite resistivity decreased by about 1 order of magnitude from 5.6 x108?m to between 2.5 and 4.4 x107?m. More intense treatments had a much more pronounced effect. The most effective, reduced ilmenite resistivity to 6.5 x105?m or three orders of magnitude. Zircon was relatively unaffected by any of the attritioning methods, with only a small increase in resistivity observed from 8.0 x1012?m to 2 x1013 ?m. The results show that measurement of mineral resistivity allows the effect of surface treatments to be easily quantified in a way that has benefits for greenfield site development where only small samples are available for testing. The effect of surface moisture has also been investigated using resistivity measurements. Measurements were made on zircon in an environmental chamber in which both humidity and temperature could be closely controlled. Zircon resistivity at 60 deg C decreased from 6 x1011?m at 5% relative humidity to 8 x108?m at 95% humidity. Moisture content and moisture re-adsorption from dry of zircon and number of other minerals were measured using a Mettler moisture analyser. Zircon adsorbed the least amount of surface moisture (0.05–0.09%) but re-adsorbed moisture from dry the fastest, reaching 98% of the original level in 10 minutes. Leucoxene adsorbed the most moisture (0.67%), but was much slower re-adsorbing this moisture from the dry state, reaching only 63% of the original level in 10 minutes. The difference was attributed to the surface characteristics of the grains, the leucoxene being much more porous than the zircon examined. The resistivities and differing rates of moisture adsorption can be used to quantify the effects of changes in atmospheric conditions of the performance of electrical separation in dry plants.

Jan 1, 2003

By R. J. Durheim

Detailed investigations have been conducted into 21 rockbursts which caused damage to excavations in deep South African gold mines, in many instances resulting in the death or serious injury of workers. The objective of this study is to determine the principal factors controlling the severity and distribution of damage, so that strategies to reduce the hazard of rockbursts may be developed. It was found that the source mechanism is often controlled by the mine layout, and regional structures such as faults and dykes; while local rock conditions and support systems strongly influence the location and severity of damage. In the short term the most important lever for reducing the rockburst hazard is the effective implementation of existing rock engineering knowledge and technology.

Jan 1, 1998

By J. B. A. Solar Menéndez, M. A. Martínez Fidalgo, L. A. Alvarez-Santullano

1. ANTECEDENTS This present communication refers to the results of the research project entitled "Training in the correct use of chemical oxygen self rescue apparatus and also an analysis of apparatus autonomy", carried out under the auspices of the Specific Collaboration Agreement signed between the Industry Council of the Principality of Asturias (Spain) and INSALUD (National Silicosis Institute, Spain). The antecedents of this project lie in work undertaken by the National Silicosis Institute aimed at optimising efficiency in the use of chemical oxygen self rescuers through improvements in worker training. To be precise, by means of Agreements drawn up between the above-mentioned parties, a simulator was designed and incorporated as the basis of a training station within the " Fundación Barredo" of the Industry Council of the Principality of Asturias. This has been operative since the year 2001 and, up to the present, 2300 Asturian coal mine workers have been trained there. What prompted this activity was the observation of various errors in the use of the self rescuers, deriving from their innate characteristics, especially with respect to the sensation of discomfort - the high temperature and humidity of the breathed oxygen, resistance and inconvenience - and limited autonomy. It was precisely this insight that, in critical situations, lack of familiarity with the conditions of discomfort likely to be experienced during the evacuation process might lead to rejection of the equipment, with fatal consequences, that has justified the setting up of this training and simulation centre. The centre is able to provide all mine workers with the necessary training, and experience of the characteristic sensations experienced when using such equipment (Fig.. 1).

Jan 1, 2003

Abstract : The computation of reliability index or failure probability of slopes can be transformed into an optimisation problem. In high rock slope engineering, it is usually a multimodal optimization problem. The traditional optimization techniques are difficulty to find out the global optimal solution because of their easily falling into local optimal value. Recently, a new kind of bionic algorithm - ant colony algorithm (ACA) - has been used to solve this problem. In this paper, the structure of ant colony algorithm and the transfer probability of ants are modified to evaluate the failure probability of complicated slopes. A new adaptive ant colony algorithm (AACA) is proposed to determine critical slip surface and its corresponding failure probability of complicated slopes. A case study is given to verify the proposed approach. The results show that the presented method has obvious advantages compared with traditional methods. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Rechnung des Zuverlaessigkeitindexes oder der Zerstoerungswahrscheinlichkeit kann sich in einer Optimierungsfrage umwandeln, im Bauprojekt an hoehe Gebirgehang, handelt es sich meistens um eine Optimierungsfrage ueber Multi- Spitzenwert. Mit der traditionelle Optimierungsmethode ist es schwer eine umfassende Loesung fuer die Optimierung zu finden wegen des leichte Verfallens in Beschraenkung der Teiloptimierungsloesung. Mit dem neue Bionik- Algorithmus —— Ameisen - Kolonie- Algorithmus wird dieses Problem geloest. In diesem Text hat man eine Strukturverbesserungsloesung fuer das Ameisen- Kolonie -system und die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Ameisenkolonie erwaehnt, und damit wird man die Zerstoerungswahrscheinlichkeit des komplizierte Hangs feststellen. Mit dem neuen Ameisen- Kolonie- Algorithmus kann man die gefaehrlichste Gleitflaeche und die entsprechende Zerstoerungswahrscheinlichkeit herausfinden. Die in diesem Text beschriebene Methode wurde durch Praxis geprueft. Durch die Pruefergebnisse wurde es gezeigt und bestaetigt, dass der neue Bionik- Algorithmus vorteilhafter als der traditionelle Algorithmus ist. Résumé : Le calcul de l’indice la fiabilité ou de la probabilité de ruptures peut être transformé en un problème de l’optimisation. Pour le cas du génie des pentes de haut rocher , le problème se pose en général en l’optimisation de multi-crêtes. Les techniques traditionnelles conduisent facilement à la solution optimal partielle au lieu de celle globale. Récemment un nouveau type de bionique algorithmique a été appliqué pour la solution de ce genre de problèmes, c’est l’Algorithme Colonie de Fourmis. Dans l’article il est proposé de modifier la structure du système de la colonie de fourmis et la probabilité de transfert des fourmis en vue d’évaluer la probabilité de ruptures des pentes de haut rocher complexes, par ailleurs un nouveau algorithme adapté de colonie de fourmis est formulé pour déterminer la surface glissante critique et la probabilité de ruptures correspondante. Les techniques proposées dans l’article sont vérifiées à travers des expérimentations dont les résultats ont prouvé que les techniques présentées dans l’article sont évidemment meilleures que celles traditionnelles.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. A. Drummond

The duties and efficiencies of a number of main and auxiliary fans were determined by standard and thermal methods. Some observations on the effect of water and dirt accumulation on fan performance were made.

By J. A. Drummond

The duties and efficiencies of a number of main and auxiliary fans were determined by standard and thermal methods. Some observations on the effect of water and dirt accumulation on fan performance were made.

By B. G. Tarasov

This paper proposes the further development of a recently identified shear rupture mechanism (fan mechanism) that elucidates a paradoxical feature of hard rocks ? the possibility of shear rupture propagation through a highly confined intact rock mass at shear stresses that can be significantly less than frictional strength. In the fan mechanism, failure is associated with consecutive creation of small slabs (known as ?domino blocks?) from the intact rock in the rupture tip, driven by a fan-shaped domino structure representing the rupture head. The fan head combines such unique features as extremely low shear resistance, self-sustaining stress intensification, and self-unbalancing conditions. Consequently, the failure process caused by the mechanism is inevitably spontaneous and violent. Physical and mathematical models explain unique and paradoxical features of the mechanism, which can be generated in primary ruptures and segmented faults. The fan mechanism provides a novel point of view for understanding the nature of spontaneous failure processes, including shear rupture rockbursts. The process explains, in particular, features of shear rupture rockbursts such as activation at great depths, generation of new shear ruptures in intact rock mass, nucleation of hypocentres at significant distances from the excavation, shear rupture development at low shear stresses, and abnormal rupture violence.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. D. Salter

Most diamonds are liberated from their ores by crushing. Diamond and other coarse grained mineral ores require carefully optimised crushing circuits. Recent advances in computer technology have made possible the on-line capture of crushing plant performance data and, hence, the accurate empirical modelling of the crushing process. Such models are used in simulation studies to determine the optimum operating conditions for a given plant. A system is described which allows operating data from mineral treatment processes to be logged. Up to 16 channels of data may be recorded simultaneously at sampling rates in the kiloHertz range per channel. A data storage and analysis procedure is described which allows the system to make full use of its sampling capabilities.

Jan 1, 1987

By B. Schoevaerts

The ever-increasing depth of mineral extraction presents a challenging environment for hard-rock underground mines. High in situ stresses and associated seismicity with potential rockburst hazards are the major decisive factors contributing to the choice of a ground support regime. Conventional ground support systems, designed primarily for static loads, are not always capable of providing safe working conditions for underground personnel in seismically active mines. Systems specifically developed to resist dynamic loading and allowing for larger deformations are therefore preferred alternatives. High-tensile chain-link mesh has a proven record of successful use in open cut operations in various rockfall barrier installations due to its high energy absorption capacity. It has also been used in underground operations in various parts of the world. Its application in South African underground mining, however, is limited due to the high labour intensity. This paper describes a method of mechanized installation of a chain-link mesh as evaluation at Gold Fields' South Deep Gold mine situated some 45 km south-west of Johannesburg. A purpose-built mechanized roll mesh handler, developed in Australia, was used in this trial. The handler is compatible with all standard multi-boom underground drill rigs and is operated utilizing the hydraulic circuit normally used for the feed arrangement. A number of key performance indicators have been specified as success criteria by Gold Fields: ? A 30% faster installation compared to the conventional methodology ? The mesh should sustain any blast damage when applied to the blasting face ? No unravelling of the mesh when cut ? No failure of mesh under normal conditions ? Reliability of the MESHA® installation handler (availability >90% ? Compatibility of the MESHA® installation handler with AC 282 boomers. Although the energy-absorbing mesh combined with yielding rockbolts is a ground support system of choice for rockburst-prone conditions, the operational upsides recognized during the trial imply that this product can also be competitively used in less demanding ground conditions where weld mesh or shotcrete are customarily used as a primary surface support.

Jan 1, 2012

By W. J. Theron

The purpose of the paper is to give an introduction to the concept of fatigue and its causes in the mining industry. By knowing the fundamental role it plays, together with its dynamics, can positively contribute to a mine?s safety management system. The difference between physical and psychological fatigue will be addressed with a possible range of causes that could trigger fatigue. There are two main sources of fatigue: firstly, work-related fatigue which is associated with activities at the workplace; and secondly non-work-related fatigue. The shared responsibility between the employer and employee is also discussed as it involves factors that occur both in and outside the workplace. Employers have the responsibility to manage fatigue through using a risk management approach. Employees have the responsibility to ensure they get enough sleep, take sufficient and regular nutrition, are healthy and physically fit and come to work fresh and alert. The impact of the implementation of a fatigue management plan and procedures has the potential to eliminate employee fatigue or its causes, reduce the likelihood of fatigue occurring in the workplace, and counteract the effects of fatigue when it occurs. Factors considered when implementing a fatigue management system include: extended hours of work, shift work, time of day and work design. Fatigue is one of the major role players (either causal or contributory) when it comes to causes of fatalities in the mining industry. Our main challenge in identifying whether fatigue played a role is the fact that it cannot be tested in post-mortems like drug or alcohol abuse. It is an aspect worth understanding and getting an organization sensitive to managing it properly to benefit both organizational as well as employee needs. Keywords Signs of fatigue: Causes of fatigue, circadian rhythms, the fatigue equation, fatigue management, fatigue affecting safety, fatigue fighting tips, lifestyle suggestions.

Jan 1, 2011

By A. Becker, R. Tait, S. L. George, A. Carlisle

Surface treatments like laser shock peening (LSP) induce residual stresses penetrating up to 1 mm deep, surpassing traditional methods, thus significantly increasing the potential impact on materials prevalent in the automotive and aerospace sectors. Through extensive fatigue testing and fractography investigations, it was determined that LSP resulted in a fatigue life increase of over five times for aluminium alloy AA7075-T6 and titanium Ti-6Al-4V. Increased fatigue life was also noted in AISI316 stainless steel, which showed increases in fatigue life of 1.7x. While fatigue life in all cases improved, the efficacy of LSP was shown to be material dependent.

Jul 23, 2025

By M. Matema

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of BSc (Eng.) Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Small and large welded aluminium specimens were tested in fatigue and the results compared with design curves for aluminium in specification BS8118. Metallurgical tests were also performed on the specimens in order to correlate microscopic and macroscopic phenomena. The small-scale fatigue test results were in reasonable agreement with results in BS8118, whereas the large-scale fatigue tests showed that BS8118 is conservative.

Jan 1, 2005

By P. C. Schutte

There have been several high-profile accidents in the South African mining industry where fatigue was identified as either causal or contributory. The risk of fatigue is inherent in any work-time arrangement involving shift work and work that is physically or mentally demanding, repetitive, or requires high vigilance. The management of fatigue is not simply a matter of correct shift scheduling. Amore comprehensive approach is needed. In order to be successful, a fatigue management programme should address the unique needs of the operation in which it will be implemented and should be integrated into normal operations. Fatigue management is a shared responsibility between the organization and its employees, and all stakeholders should participate in order to provide the safest and healthiest working environment possible.

Jan 1, 2010

This paper describes a simple finite element (FE) modelling approach which leads to the computation of seismic energy release rate (ERR) and strain energy storage rate (ESR) which result from mining. The concept of critical strain energy is introduced as a means to help evaluate the strainburst potential in mine structures. A new, energy-based, burst potential index (BPI) is proposed. The use of ERR, ESR and BPI is demonstrated by a cut-and-fill stope case study. The merits of using such energy parameters in the interpretation and analysis of strainburst phenomena are discussed. While the study gives promising results, site-specific back analyses would be required to first calibrate the model and fit it with the local mine conditions, before it can be adopted as a routine design tool.

Jan 1, 1999

By M. Wang, Z. Sui, T. Lou

After smelting, the associated mineral ore accompanying Valuable Metal Compounds (VMC),such as titania and borate in BF., most of the VMC were separated from the metal into the molten slag that is an associated slags. Based on several case studies in laboratories and in a practice in a pilot plant on the associated slags , there occur a feasibility to recovery VMC from the slags by anew process- Selective Precipitation Technique (SPT) on which three continuous steps are involved: (1) The selective enriching the dispersed VMC into a designed mineral phase in the molten slag; (2) The selective coarsening the designed mineral phase with large crystal grain size;(3) The selective separating the coarsen phase from tailing by mineral dressing or hydrometallurgical process . Some results on the recovering the VMC from the associated slags by SPT were summarized as examples in present paper. Keywords: selective precipitation technique, associated slag, recovering metals from slag.

Jan 1, 2004