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By C. J. Hall

I would like to congratulate Professor Gershon on an idea that is obviously valuable and is certainly new to me. It has, however, to be further developed, in that one can get fallacious results by limiting oneself to positional weights. In the example problem, the positional weight of one block was 8.6 (the 8.0 value in the paper was incorrect) for 36 units in the cone, for a mean block value of 0.239. The positional weight of the second block was 4.4 for 15 units, for a mean block value of 0.293. Surely one would expect the second block to be rated higher. Additionally, the time value of money adjustment cannot be determined by depth, because the time that a block is mined is determined by the mining sequence, not depth. Figure 1 shows a slightly altered version of Professor Gershon's pit. The overall value of the pit is the same, as are the total values under each of his blocks. The values in the right-hand cone have been reversed top to bottom, and the values in the rest of the pit adjusted to keep the central cone total unchanged. All values have been multiplied by 10. Figure 2 shows the sequence of mining, at three blocks per year, for Professor Gershon's pit, and Fig. 3, the sequence for a pit under the other block. Table 1 shows the value and discounted value (15%) of Professor Gershon's pit, and Table 2 shows similar values for the second pit. It is apparent that the second pit schedule is more valuable than the first.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. A. Herbst, C Lo. Y, Z. Rogovin

The identification and quantification of incipient overload conditions in mills have recently been found to be very significant in the design of tumbling grinding mills. To investigate these phenomena, a series of experiments was conducted in a Plexiglas mill operated in both dry and wet modes. For on-stream measurement of the mill charge weight, volumetric filling, dynamic angle of repose, and mill power, an electronic system was developed. The mill was filled to various levels with 19.1-mm (3/4-in.) ceramic balls as grinding media. As feed material, grindable limestone or 3.2-mm (1/8-in.) nongrinding ceramic balls were fed at various steady-state rates to determine the incipient overload conditions. The prediction of overload has apparently been reduced to predicting the feed rate that results in 50% mill filling.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. A. Herbst, J. E. Bohrer, Y. C. Lo

A systematic approach has been developed to analyze a phosphate grinding circuit with a view toward determining promising alternatives for increasing mill capacity. This analysis was carried out and capacity increases were predicted in the context of detailed population balance models developed for the plant ball mills and classifier systems. Model development and verification was performed using data obtained in a series of batch tests and two plant test campaigns. The effects of feed rate, percent solids, ball size, and mill material filling, etc., on grinding were investigated in the laboratory and plant. Residence time distribution tests were also performed to determine the transport behavior in the mill. The population balance models were found to provide accurate predictions of full-scale grinding circuit performance. Based on the findings of this study, additional capacity in excess of 25% was predicted for these ball milling circuits by a proper combination of ball size change, mill dilution, and adopting screen classification in place of hydro-cyclones. These predictions have been confirmed by plant tests in which the recommended operating changes have been implemented. Understanding the effects of operating variables on breakage kinetics and the interplay between kinetics, transport, and classification has contributed significantly to increasing the mill capacity.

Jan 1, 1988

By S. Chander, A. Briceno

The properties of surface films on pyrite have been studied through electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance, measurements. The characteristics of the surface films depend on the conditions of oxidation and the source of pyrite. At potentials near 0.0 V, some pyrites have large values of polarization resistance, showing a certain degree of passivity. Some pyrites show more passivation than others, however. On oxidation, meta- stable phases of Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 form that transform to more stable phases on aging. The growth of surface films near the corrosion potential of pyrite follows a linear kinetics that is attributed to a chemical (or an electrochemical) reaction as the rate determining step. The surface film is considered to be a hydroxide or an oxide because it is hydrophilic. This study has also demonstrated that AC impedance ,measurements can be used to study the growth characteristics of films at mineral/solution interfaces.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. D. Patsey, G. T. Lineberry

Introduction A computer program was developed for analyzing drum-type hoists before modifying an existing system or designing a new one. Its use permits the preliminary evaluation of a system before seeking technical assistance from mine hoist designers and manufacturers. The user-friendly program accepts a variety of data and analyzes hoisting systems for any balance state. The program can be used to calculate skip capacity to yield a desired production rate, solve for drum face width, select a permissible wire rope, estimate total horsepower of the hoist plant, and estimate annual power cost. Whether required for a large mining complex or for a relatively small operation, a hoisting system must be carefully designed to ensure the efficient, reliable, and safe flow of material. Because shaft sinking and hoist installation can total between 2.5% and 3% of the cost of opening a deep mine, proper hoist selection is critical. Today's mining engineer has at his disposal the most powerful design and analytical aid ever, the micro- computer. There is, unfortunately, limited software for the study of hoisting systems, unlike that for other materials handling equipment (Manula and Albert, 1980; Prelaz et al., 1964; Bucklen, 1969; Thompson, 1985). HOIST reduces a time-consuming set of calculations to a concise package of interrelated subprograms. A literature review revealed no common-user pro- grams to analyze hoisting systems, although at least four major hoist designers/manufacturers/installers have their own in-house programs. To provide a tool with which the mining engineer could preliminarily analyze a materials hoisting system or could check the calculations of a hoist contractor, a computer program was developed. HOIST was written in BASIC for the IBM-PC for ease of program adaptation and to en- courage field use on compatible systems. Details of program development are omitted, since the basic principles of hoisting analyses are relatively straightforward, simple, and readily accepted (Har- mon, 1973; Nordberg, n.d.; Adler, 1957). Program features, intended usage, and benefits of the com- puterized solution are emphasized over theory development and mathematical rigor. Background The mine hoist system that is selected and installed at a mine is the "lifeline" of that mine, with installations lasting 20 years or more. Thorough study is warranted to ensure that productivity demands are met at a minimum cost per ton. The increased cost of a large, powerful, high-speed hoist must be offset by increased production to justify its selection. To optimize this tradeoff, an extensive hoisting analysis should be performed. The analyses to properly size the skip (or cage ) , the drum, and the hoist drive are conducive to computerization, permitting rapid evaluation of changeable operating and design parameters, such as velocity, acceleration, state of balance, and productivity demand. The program is particularly useful in conducting sensitivity trials, such as investigation into the effect of change of productivity on skip capacity and on horsepower of the hoist drive. HOIST is currently limited to the study of drum-type hoists with cylindrical drum(s). However, only minor changes to the program would permit analysis of friction hoists and conical drum configurations. Model development and testing The program is based on accepted equations and physical relationships. Examples of manual calculations formed the basis for decision points and program branching. Data is input in the order that it would be needed if the problems were solved manually. The choices are arranged likewise. HOIST was developed in sections, with manual solutions performed to check program logic. The testing became more rigorous as sections were completed. Output from one section becomes input for following sections, as appropriate. The simplified flow diagram of HOIST is given in Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1988

By R. E. Ray

As coal reserves at shallow depths continue to be exhausted, a number of US coal companies are developing seams previously considered too deep to mine economically. Because of increased cover load, mines operating in deeper seams face unique ground control problems. In addition, the volume of methane gas in coal beds increases with depth, and ventilation requirements are much more stringent for deep mines than for shallower mines. When the longwall mining method is wed at great depths, ventilation, ground control, and operational considerations all influence the design of longwall panels. This paper examines these influences, particularly ventilation and operational considerations, on the feasibility of two-, three-, and four-entry longwall development panels in Jim Walter Resources' four deep mines.

Jan 1, 1988

By A. D. Trujillo, R. D. Wunder

The Chino Mines Co., a Kennecott- Mitsubishi partnership, located in Hurley, NM, recently completed a $405 million modernization of its mine, concentrator, and smelter facilities. The mine/concentrator modernization commenced in 1980, and the smelter modernization began during 1982. Modernization of the mine and concentrator facilities involved increasing the mining rate from 98 kt/d (108,000 stpd) to 152.2 kt/d (167,800 stpd). Ore mining was designed to increase production from 20.2 kt/d (22,300 stpd) to 34 kt/d (37,500 stpd). A new concentrator was con- structed near the mine using semiautogenous grinding. The new smelter uses the INCO flash smelting process, increasing capacity by 40.8 kt/a (45,000 stpy) to 99.8 kt/a (110,000 stpy) of saleable copper.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. J. Moore, I. Iwasaki, L. A. Lindeke

Correlation of scale-up from small-scale batch laboratory mills to large-diameter industrial mills was established by performing two series of laboratory and pilot plant grinding tests using a magnetic taconite ore and a siliceous sulfide ore. In one series, controlled batch grinding tests in 203-, 508-, and 914-mm (8-, 20-, and 36-in.) diameter mills were carried out followed by a second series involving continuous grinding tests using 305-mm (12-in.) and then 1067-mm (42-in.) diameter pilot plant ball mills in open circuits. The effects of ball diameter on wear and of mill diameter on grinding power and ball wear are illustrated.

Jan 1, 1988

By R. K. Singhal, R. Kolada

A variety of equipment is wed to surface mine oil sands, including bucket wheel excavators/conveyors, draglines, hydraulic shovels, and off-highway trucks. This paper examines the existing mining schemes and equipment wed. Several proposals to improve mine productivity have been presented.

Jan 1, 1988

By D. M. Bodily, R. Jin, W. Hu

Four methods to assess the relative floatability of fine coal have been tested: flotation with frother only, salt flotation, timed-release analysis, and flotation with frother and collector. A practical and simple criterion that combines the separation efficiency (capacity factor) and kinetic rate constant (intensity factor) has been suggested. Five coal Samples from Utah were tested. Based on test results, it was concluded that the floatability test with collector and frother is closer to practice, and according to the suggested floatability criterion, coal fines can be classified into four categories of relative floatability: very easy, easy, moderate, and difficult.

Jan 1, 1988

By W. S. Sadik

This paper presents the ventilation design for an underground testing facility in a salt medium. The underground workings consist of two-12 ft. (3.66 m) diameter watertight shafts and approximately 6000 ft. (1830 m) plus of drifting. These facilities are designed for the purpose of providing access for an in-situ testing of a salt horizon in which a variety of hazardous and non-hazardous materials could be temporarily stored or permanently deposited. The ventilation system includes a design basis for gassy mine conditions and provides for the option of bulk air cooling and heating.

Jan 1, 1988

By Juan Eduardo Barrera

SUNNARY AND CONCLUSIONS Argentina presents to the foreign and local investors a mineral wealth that is largely unexplored, untested, underdeveloped and therefore incompletely evaluated. In view of the above, the new administration of President Raul Alfonsin through its Department of nines has designed and implemented a strategy ( Plan de Expansión Ninera P.E.M.), whose main objective aims at improving the "investment climate" in the sector. It is the Government's basic intention to apply the Mining Promotion Law with responsibility but with generosity to encourage the attraction of investment (local and foreign) to the sector. The establishment of a Data Bank system to evaluate possible new potential ore mining developments will help to connect the owners of potential projects with investors outside the sector. Argentina has an interesting gold ore potential. Estimated reserves of individual projects already known amount to almost 300 tonnes of gold for potential production. The government strongly believes and present information indicates that more systematic exploration has to be undertaken in the Jurassic areas that almost cover the whole of Patagonia. Two recent gold discoveries (Angela in the Chubut province, and Cerro Vanguardia in Santa Cruz province) indicate the potential of this area.

Jan 1, 1988

By G. Barbery

A review is given of the present applications of random sets and integral geometry in fragmentation and liberation models of ores and minerals. Although attempts have been made in the past to apply such mathematical techniques to the comminution of solids, it is shown that it would not result in major progress. In liberation modeling, it is demonstrated that the approach can lead to fruitful results. Following a recent paper by Davy (1984), a model of liberation prediction is developed that can be calibrated for ore texture and breakage using image analyzers. The model is demonstrated for the case of a Poisson polyhedra ore texture and monodisperse fragment size. The model enables prediction of the complete composite particle distribution and thus is valuable for integration of ore breakage models with minerals separation models.

Jan 1, 1988

By C. R. Zegarra

Extraction of manganese, gold, and silver from a low-grade manganiferous-silver ore was investigated by thiourea leaching followed by standard cyanidation. The levels of reagent concentrations in this investigation were 0.0 -1.0 M thiourea and 0.0 -1.0 M sulfuric acid. Temperature and agitation speed were maintained at Z5 °c and 300 rpm, respectively. The dissolution of gold, and silver was shown to be dependent mainly on sulfuric acid and thiourea concentrations. In general, 50.0 % Ag, 98.0 % Au, and 75 % Mn were recovered from a Mn-Ag ore by thiourea leaching. Overall silver extraction of 98.0 % was obtained by cyanidation after thiourea leaching. Thiourea leaching of sodium bisulfite leach residues was also studied, and the total extraction of gold and silver were 97 % and 40 %, respectively. Finally, a two-stage thiourea leach was also investigated.

Jan 1, 1988

By M. E. Gershon

An approach for scheduling the mining of ore and waste blocks in a surface mine is presented. While mathematical programming approaches have been developed to solve this problem optimally, they are difficult to implement and understand. The more simplistic approach presented here achieves practical mining schedules, taking into account both long- and short-term considerations. The key to the approach is use of the concept of ranked positional grade. The program can determine a complete schedule for a specified time period, or it can be used interactively as a guiding tool for the engineer.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. F. Edwards

In situ extraction of copper through borehole injection presents a new technology for the mining of copper. For the successful application of this technology, copper recovery at the surface must be specifically designed for borehole injection and the general conditions of the well field. This paper describes the design of a solvent extraction / electrowinning facility specifically designed for in situ leaching of copper. This design is based on commercial solvent extraction / electro-winning with considerations of the requirements of this specific application.

Jan 1, 1988

By Jr. Stokowski

Topsoil for revegetation projects is in demand in many urban areas. In this case history, a large aggregate producer manufactured a topsoil from three waste materials. The topsoil was produced in a 200,000 m2 (50-acre) abandoned gravel pit that still had additional gravel under 10 m (30 ft) of overburden uneconomic to strip directly. The topsoil was produced by rotary mixing of sludge, overburden, and a lime admixture; solar drying; and stripping and stockpiling of the product. A major problem was an increase of topsoil drying times for stripping from 40 to over 100 hours when it was rewet by storms. The problem was solved by a research project that evaluated over 50 formulations and over 20 waste materials. . The final formula dried in 15 hours and contained 3-parts sandy mine spoil, 1-part sewage sludge, and 2 % spent-bed, a granular quick-lime produced during power-plant flue-gas desulfurization.

Jan 1, 1988

Conventional logging tools such as density, neutron, and acoustic have ranges of investigation of tens of centimeters. The borehole gravimeter, however, has a range up to hundreds of meters. For example, from the center of a cylindrical ore body 0.20 g/cm3 denser than its surroundings, one can detect the boundary of the ore body at a radius as large as five times its height. More complex structures can be investigated with computer programs. We can predict the usefulness of proposed gravity surveys, or decide which suggested structure is most likely to have caused the results of existing surveys.

Jan 1, 1988

By S. Donges, P. L. Dunstan, B. J. Huls

The commissioning of a distributed digital control system for the grinding circuit at Cuajone was completed by mid-August 1985. Development of a successful strategy, excellent operator acceptability, and the visual aspects offered by the display of the central console improved mill through- put significantly. The inherent features of a digital system enhanced the flexibility in grinding control and allowed the milk and classifiers to be operated at maximum capacity. This paper discusses the strategy development and the production restrictions encountered, and evaluates the overall performance of the digital control system.

Jan 1, 1988

By F. Breu, R. Fraser, R. Lawrie

Diesel-powered underground mining equipment is generally accepted as the most productive, safest, and most efficient equipment used in underground mining operations. Widespread application of this equipment to underground mining is restricted, however, largely because of the difficulty of controlling the diesel engine exhaust emissions. This paper briefly examines control devices currently available for underground application, and also discusses the theory and mechanics of controlling diesel emissions with particulate traps and filters.

Jan 1, 1988