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By John K. Hammes

INTRODUCTION From the point of view of the consumer, the cost of mineral commodities might be viewed as the total price industry pays for mine output. Similarly, the mining company engaged in the ongoing business of finding, developing and operating new mines is concerned very much today with the distribution of all the revenue paid for mine output and not just with its direct or controllable cash costs. In other words, what will the labor force, the supplier of energy, explosives, and reagents, and the supplier of government services, management, capital, and the ore reserves receive for their contribution to production? A significant amount might be categorized as what economic theory classifies as economic rent. Mining companies are finding it increasingly difficult to negotiate concession or work contracts to develop ore reserves in lesser developed countries, just as they find themselves accused of taking excess profits in their own countries. The principal difficulty in reaching mutually satisfactory agreements in many cases is the difficulty in establishing an acceptable distribution of income, in particular the distribution of economic rent. (See Chapter 7). Further, it is logical that the decisions and policies of the interested parties be they government or industry should be and will be influenced by their competitive position relative to determining the distribution of economic rent. The raising of finance for a mining project today may be inhibited by too biased an extraction of economic rent by entities other than the risk takers, the mining companies. ECONOMIC RENT A British economist (Ricardo D. McGraw-Hill, 1955) first proposed the concept of economic rent (See Drechsler, H.D. earlier in this Chapter.) Ricardo pointed out that no rent would be paid until land became scarce. Ricardo also stressed the distinction that the price of farm produce was not higher because of the rent paid on farm land but that the rent or price of more fertile farm land was higher because the price of produce is higher. This led to the concept that economic rent is not a cost and that it is therefore not price determining, but is itself price determined. Economic rent may be viewed as a cost if cost is equated with the concept of payment or distribution of income to any factor used in production. However, if it is a criterion that a payment must be made to the supplier of the factor of production, then economic rent is not truly a cost because it is not necessarily distributed or "paid" to the supplier. Consider the commodity A which occurs in three grades: Al, A2, and A3. Any grade may be used as a substitute for another grade in all of the industrial uses of A. However, in industries X and Y the different grades have different productivities. Table 1 shows the relative productivities of each grade in industries X and Y, and in all other industries [~]. [ ]

Jan 1, 1985

The 88th Annual General Meeting of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy was held at Kelvin House, Johannesburg, on Wednesday, 14th August, 1985. Mr J.D. Austin (President) was in the chair and declared the meeting open at 16h00.

Jan 1, 1985

By James P. Bennett

In this Bureau of Mines study, portions of four acidproof bricks (two red shale and two fireclay) were exposed to 20 wt pct RCI at 900 C for periods of 30 days. Three different techniques were selected to deter-mine volume expansion of these materials after exposure. Linear expansions ranging from about 0.02 to 0.12 pct were noted from Ta pin and dilatometer measurements. The use of strain gages to measure expansions was not successful. The red shale and fireclay brick with the lowest apparent porosities had the lowest expansions. Expansion data obtained by direct measurement of samples exposed for 30-day periods or by dilatometric measurement of autoclaved samples ex-posed for 2 h were comparable. This suggests the use of an accelerated autoclave exposure procedure for determining volume expansion effects of ceramic materials in acid environments.

Jan 1, 1985

By John F. M. Sims, Charles B. Green

Introduction The gold rush to the Canadian Klondike and then to the Alaskan gold camps is legend to Americans. The early years of the century also saw flourishing hard rock mining at the famous Treadwell and Alaska Juneau gold mines and the bonanza Kennecott copper mine. Over the last two decades, rich discoveries of copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, molybdenum, tin, and silver have furthered Alaska's reputation as a storehouse of US minerals. Alaska may also contain large commercial deposits of chromite, platinum, and nickel. Yet in 1984, with the exception of the Usibelli coal mine and several hundred small placer gold mines, Alaska's mineral potential remains largely undeveloped. Uncertain 70s The 1970s were years of uncertainty for the mining industry in Alaska. The discovery in 1968 of a huge reservoir of oil and natural gas in Prudhoe Bay brought the land claims of Alaska's natives to national attention and focused interest in Alaska's resource wealth. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANSCA) created the regional native corporations and granted them selection rights to some 178 000 km2 (44 million acres) of Alaska's 1.5 Gin' (375 million acres) - about 12% of the state's land area. The native land selection process would take years. During this time, the status of much of Alaska's land was in question. Additionally, section d(2) of ANSCA provided for the conversion of an undetermined amount of federal lands into conservation units. These consist of parks, scenic rivers, national monuments, and wildlife refuges. The debate over the d(2) lands was long and acrimonious. National conservation groups lobbied to include as much acreage as possible within restrictive classifications, regardless of its mineral or energy potential. The process was polarized into a preservation-versus-development struggle. To many Alaskans, what was at stake was the ability to develop a viable independent economy, rather than an ongoing role as economic wards of the federal government. The resulting compromise was the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (ANILCA). ANILCA resulted in the placement of some

Jan 1, 1985

Coal strip mine operators in Western Canada often mine steeply-dipping multiple coal seams in mountainous terrain. The ability to fragment the rock waste layers above and below these seams with minimum disruption of the seams in large blasts normally involves decked charges in large rotary boreholes. Mining these seams may take two or more separate blasts to break the waste wedges above and below the coal, but these wedges can be blasted in a single shot for better mining efficiency.

Jan 1, 1985

By H. F. Anderson

The Palabora Mining Company Ltd. is probably best known for its production of copper since 1965. The success of the PMC mine lies in the outstanding technical and highly organized efficiencies applied to the massive mining, transportation, and treatment operations necessary to produce profitable copper. We are not however going to discuss the well-known copper operation but the extremely successful recovery and marketing of Baddeleyite by the PMC group. Let us first review the extraction process at the Heavy Minerals Plant. Non-magnetic ground ore from the copper magnetic separators is processed in the Heavy Minerals Plant for the extraction of the "heavy minerals" uranium and zirconia (Baddeleyite). Thorium is also present as a potentially recoverable mineral. The content of the minerals in the feed is probably the lowest in the world to be treated commercially. Minerals are separated from the waste ore by a gravity separation process in which the high density minerals segregate preferentially in a waterborne system.

Jan 1, 1985

By Richard D. Call

Predicting the performance of a waste embankment requires an estimate of the properties of the waste and foundation materials. The performance characteristics and the associated material properties are: [ ] Methods for obtaining estimates of the material properties include: laboratory and field testing, back analysis, and indirect estimates from other material properties. The most critical technical need is the development of indirect methods for use in feasibility studies and mine planning, prior to production when actual samples of waste material are not available. Material properties are not unique, single values; they are probability distributions. There are two components to these distributions: the uncertainties in testing and the inherent variability of the material. The objectives of a material properties evaluation should be to obtain an unbiased estimate of the property distributions rather than the average or the minimum value. Whether the current trend to a probability design analysis is followed or a simple sensitivity analysis is conducted, the unbiased probability distribution is preferable to single values.

Jan 1, 1985

The Greymouth Coalfield contains New Zealand's greatest known resource of bituminous rank coal. The coals are of very high quality, with low ash and sulphur contents and a range of other properties that makes them desirable for a wide range of uses. In fact only a few producers around the world today can offer coals with such exceptional properties. This suggests that Greymouth coal has potential as a premium export trading commodity. These assertions have been largely confirmed by a comprehensive exploration drilling programme funded by Mines Division û Ministry of Energy between 1979 and 1984. The program, forming part of the NZ Coal Resources Survey, was carried out under contract by Lime and Marble Ltd. The drilling of 49 deep, predominantly cored, holes at 1000 m intervals over the coalfield has generated a vast amount of data. It has shown the existence of three major potentially minable coal deposits containing 233 x 106, 33 x 106 and 15 x 106 tonnes of coal in ground. Investigations have at this stage only identified targets and these estimates represent 'in ground' resources, not recoverable reserves. Recent geological studies as well as past and present mining have clearly highlighted the problems posed by the complexity of the coalfield geology. The coalfield lies within a mobile zone in the earth's crust known as the Paporoa Tectonic Zone, which has been active from at least mid-Cretaceous to the present time. Currently this factor poses the greatest obstacle to the determination of mining possibility of the, defined deposit and ultimately will strongly influence any future mining development. The Greymouth Coalfield has, however, had a long and eventful mining history spanning the last 120 years, where 32.5 x 106 tonnes of coal has been won from over 100 mines. In spite of the problems facing development, the large quantities and exceptional quality of the remaining coal will act as a strong inducement to persevere with this difficult but potentially valuable resource.

Jan 1, 1985

By D. R. Hanson

This Bureau of Mines study examines the acoustic vibrational spectra of rock slabs in the range of 0 to 5,000 Hz. The power spectra of so-called drummy rocks were found to be diagnostically enhanced in the range of 200 to 1,000 Hz. Comparison of the power in this band with that in a band from 3,000 to 3,500 Hz provides a quantitative measure of rock stability. A prototype field instrument was designed, constructed, and field-tested. This battery-powered instrument computes the power contained in the two frequency bands mentioned, compares the magnitude of these two quantities, and displays a number that is related to the detachment of the block tested. Field tests show that this instrument is capable of giving reliable measurements of block stability under conditions of noise and dust that would seriously degrade the accuracy of normal sounding techniques.

Jan 1, 1985

By K. Baba

Liberation of valuable minerals from a gangue matrix during size reduction of multiphase mineral particles is an important objective in mineral separation processes. A methodology for the prediction of volumetric grade distribution from one dimensional, linear intercept image analysis is being developed using a transformation function to describe the relations hi p between the linear and volumetric grade distributions. As part of this research effort it has been found that a transformation function, derived from Monte Carlo simulations of irregularly shaped particles, mainly depends on the volumetric grade and the dispersion density, i.e., the number of nuclei (or grains) per particle. A possible mathematical form for the transformation function is described in detail.

Jan 1, 1985

By Natesa I. Jayaraman

This report describes recent improvements the Bureau of Mines made in the design of its shearer-clearer water-spray system for dust control on lonwgall shearer faces. The improvements were based on findings from a field survey of six mines and laboratory test results. The report in-cludes information on installation and use of the improved shearer-clearer system and describes a field installation and 3-week underground test of the system. The improved shearer clearer, like its predecessor, reduces dust concentrations in the shearer operator's walkway by splitting the airflow on the upwind side of the shearer and confining the dust cloud to the face side of the shearer. The improved shearer-clearer system utilizes more practical-mounting locations for the water sprays and requires less water consumption. In the underground test, the improved system maintained the clean-air split in the walkway up to 40 ft downstream from the shearer. To further improve dust suppression, cooling-water manifolds were relocated into the loading zone. The laboratory and underground tests showed that the improved shearer-clearer system and the techniques described can significantly reduce the respirable dust exposure of shearer operators from shearer-generated dust.

Jan 1, 1985

By Edgar F. Cruft

INTRODUCTION It is sometimes said that "mines are made, and not found." I rather doubt that the exploration geologist would be overly sympathetic to that statement, and, of course, like most one-liners it is only partly true. Access to different financial markets are important at the mineral prospect stage. The modern mine financier has a much more complex, and interesting, job than the financiers of an earlier era, for example, the Canadian financiers of the 40's and 50's who had one simple set of options; i.e. float a company, promote it, and sell an equity stock issue, and then promote it some more. QUALITIES OF A FINANCIER Because technical people are seldom taught financing in their basic training, and because they are usually not involved in it until at quite a senior level in their careers, the whole field often acquires a certain mystique. The engineering professions have too often believed financing is the province of the accountant or financial executive and just as we in the technical world are often too quick to bristle if the latter try to tread on our domain, the opposite can just as easily be true. Unfortunately, this is another example of a compartmentalized individual, and that is one thing the successful financier cannot be. However, to be a successful financier one does not need extensive training or experience in accounting or finance. In fact it can sometimes be a disadvantage to get too buried in working only from the standpoint of discounted cash-flow analyses, ROI's, etc. It must be stressed, however, that one had better know how these analyses are made, and be knowledgeable in understanding a balance sheet, and have a good understanding of financial terminology. The difference between a simple project-type debt financing with a commercial bank and a more inventive and creative financial package comes from an intuition and an experience relating to risk-reward factors. The most important element is "common-sense", based on knowledge and experience. The goal is structure a financial package that fits the project, and in so doing it is important to recognize that it must fit within the limitations of the group supplying the money. I find insensitivity to recognize these constraints the most common mistake made in the field. Put yourself in the other person's place and understand his sources of funds and financing limitations. The engineer has an advantage in financing, as he or she has (or should have) a better idea than anyone of the value of the product, be it the mine, prospect, or company i.e. the intangible or potential worth which cannot be put on a pro-forma. He also knows, or should know, the risks involved. Two projects might look the same on paper, but a good financier must have a sense of when to take whatever deal he can get, and when to hold out based on his evaluation of future developments. It is essential to have a good sense of commodity values and trends, trends affecting the general economy (money supply, interest rates, effects of energy costs, etc.), and political considerations. He must also have a good understanding of the science and art of taxation as deals can often be financed using the government as a silent and unwitting partner by proper use of the tax laws. WHEN TO SEEK FINANCE The first critical decision to make in financing a mineral prospect is "when". At the exploration level, when it is only a dream in the geologist's eye, the alternatives are more limited than when it is a fully-engineered project. The "when" decision depends on how much in internal funds the company has to play with, and how desirable it is to invite financial participation to spread the risk. Assuming that decision is not taken out of lack of money, no one can categorically say when to do it. There is

Jan 1, 1985

By A. Smith

The practice of leaving barrier pillars between adjacent longwall panels at The Durban Navigation Collieries (Pty) Ltd (Dumacol) has resulted in a considerable loss of coal reserves. Dumacol has now modified the layout of its longwall panels to allow the concurrent mining of barri9f pillars and the extraction of the longwalls. The Implementation of the new panel layout has increased the percentage extraction of reserves and will result in an extension in the life of the mine. The method of extracting barrier pillars between adjacent longwall panels is described in this paper.

Jan 1, 1985

By Michael A. Gustafson, Fernando B. Sotelino

INTRODUCTION The degree of success of any new project will ultimately depend on two factors: (i) the underlying economic strength of the project; and (ii) how successfully the parties involved can coordinate their interests to establish a financing structure which indeed capitalizes on the project's inherent economic attractiveness. A project's underlying economic attractiveness is determined by its inherent comparative advantage in accessing the factors of production, combining these factors of production to create a product and marketing this product. Initially, the decision regarding whether to go ahead with the project - the go/no go decision - has to be based on its total ability to generate cash flow returns to project participants to compensate them for resources committed and risks undertaken. The extent to which project sponsors will actually benefit from the project's inherent economic attractiveness is fundamentally dependent on their ability to establish the long-term financing arrangement which best meets the objectives and constraints of each project participant and sources the most advantageous funding. The decision regarding the financing of the project, the "how-to-go" decision, is then an attempt to find the capital structure, consistent with market terms and conditions and sound financial management policies which will best: (i) match planned outflows with cash inflows; and (ii) maximize the return for project sponsors. This article makes use of a case study to illustrate the analytical process involved in dealing with the go/no go and the how-to-go decisions on a project. Though most commonly applied to project finance situations, the guideline described herein is equally applicable to other financing situations, such as leveraged buyouts and debt restructurings, where timely repayment of debt depends largely on the future cash flows to be generated by the entity being financed. Our case study is of a hypothetical expansion of an existing copper mining operation in Latin America. The company, Latin American Copper (LAC) currently has 147 million metric tons of proven sulphide ore reserves. The existing mine complex consists of an open pit mining operation and a conventional flotation plant with a processing capacity of 20,000 metric tons of ore per day. LAC sells copper concentrates primarily to Japanese custom smelters. The mine has been in operation for 5 years, fine copper production last year was 108,240 metric tons, and LAC currently has assets of $175 million and net worth of $135 million. Due to a recent increase in proven reserves, LAC is considering doubling the treatment capacity of its flotation plant to 40,000 tons per day, and expanding its mining capacity to meet the additional concentrator capacity (the "Project"). Project capital expenditures and incremental working capital have been estimated at approximately $210 million. The construction period is expected to cover one year, including a three-month start-up phase. The Project is to be funded by a combination of equity, senior debt, including both supplier credits and/or commercial bank term loans, and subordinated debt. LAC's shareholders are willing to commit a maximum of $50 million to the Project. A government development agency, which is also a minority shareholder, might be willing to lend approximately $40 million to LAC in the form of subordinated notes, depending on the ability of the Project to generate foreign exchange reserves. Commercial banks cannot be expected to offer loans with maturities longer than ten years. The Project is expected to increase the value of the firm because: (i) It will solidify the Company's position as a low-cost copper producer by taking advantage of economies of scale. As a result of the expansion, cash production costs are expected to decrease 7.0[c]/lb. and all-in costs 11.0[c]/lb; (ii) The potential earnings stream from the sulphide ore reserves will be realized

Jan 1, 1985

By A. C. Alexander

Chevron Resources Company owns and operates an open pit phosphate mine and mill 11 miles north of Vernal, Utah. The plant currently produces 500,000 tons per year of concentrate and has the capacity to produce 750,000 tons per year. The operation is currently being expanded to 1,300,000 tons per year of concen¬trate in order to supply a new fertilizer plant being constructed by Chevron Chemical Company in Rock Springs, Wyoming. A 10-inch, 96-mile pipeline is being built to transport the concentrate from Vernal to Rock Springs. The present and expanded operation will be discussed. HISTORY In 1915, Harry Ratliffe staked nearly 15,000 acres of low to medium grade phosphate rock along the southern flank of the Uintah Mountains. This deposit became the largest privately owned phosphate deposit containing approximately 700 million tons of reserves. Initial development of the deposit began in 1958 by San Francisco Chemical, a joint venture between Stauffer Chemical Company and Mountain Copper Limited. In 1968, Stauffer Chemical Company bought out Mountain Copper Limited and became sole owner and operator. In 1981, Chevron Resources Company bought the property from Stauffer and has operated the mining and milling operations since.

Jan 1, 1985

By A. L. Hinde

The recovery of heavy minerals by gravity concentration during grinding is practised widely in the minerals industry. Studies have shown that the grade and recovery of the concentrate depends not only on the performance of the concentrator but also on the degree of liberation achieved in the mills and the scavenging action of the hydrocyclones closing the grinding circuit. In the current study, consideration is given to the development of mathematical models to quantify and unify the operations of comminution, liberation, classification and concentration. The models are based on test work done at production scale with gold ore.

Jan 1, 1985

By Bennett McLaughlin, Gille Brousseau, John F. Cook

"La Mine Bousquet commenced operations in October 1979. Mining has been by underground methods from two main zones which dip steeply to the south , Sub-level stoping methods with following fill are used.The orebody and immediate country rocks are sericitic and highly schistose. The intensity of schistosity varies significantly and poor ground conditions prevail, especially within the orebody,Initially few mining problems were encountered but in May 1981, significant damage occurred. A system of stabilizing pillars was introduced with improved support systems. Predevelopment in ore and pre-drilling of blastholes were reduced with extra footwall development.Damage has continued to occur on a regular basis particularly during the spring thaw. Generally, the adverse conditions have been successfully overcome.IntroductionMost of the mining problems that have been experienced at Bousquet have been caused by poor ground conditions . This pa per describes these conditions, considers the cause and describes the ways in which the conditions have been dealt with . Despite the problems, Bousquet is a successful operation which in 1983 produced 95,000 ozs of gold from 514,000 tons of ore."

Jan 1, 1985

By Michael T. Nigbor

This Bureau of Mines publication identifies the significant environmental issues associated with the potential development of strategic and critical minerals in the Stillwater Complex, MT. The Stillwater Complex contains deposits of Cr, platinum-group metals (PGM), and Ni. Issues that must be addressed prior to minerals development include the effects mining, milling, and smelting will have on the land, water, and air, and methods of minimizing the environmental impacts.

Jan 1, 1985

By Frank F. Aplan

Introduction Heavy media separation (HMS), also called dense media or float¬sink separation, is one of the newer forms of gravity concentration. Though the concept can be traced to the last century, the process has enjoyed its major growth since 1940. Heavy liquid separation is a mutation. The heavy media process is used extensively to clean coal and for the concentration of a wide variety of ores such as those of iron, lead-zinc, chrome, manganese, tin, tungsten, fluorspar, magnesite, sylvite, garnet, diamonds, gravel, etc. It may be used where ever a significant density difference occurs between two minerals, and commercial separations are typically made in the range of 1.3 to 3.8 sp gr. The particle size treated ranges downward from 6-8 in. top size. Particles greater than about 1/16-in. (10 mesh) may be treated in a "static" bath, though for reasons of separation efficiency, + 1/2 -in- feed is usually preferred. For particles less than this size, separation in a heavy media cyclone is generally used. The flowsheet of a typical heavy media process, in this case one using a ferrous medium, is shown in Fig. I. In essence, the process consists of: (1) preparation of the feed usually by wet screening to remove undesired fines, (2) heavy medium separation, and (3) removal and recovery of the medium from the separated products. Many muta¬tions of the basic scheme are possible and numerous options are possi¬ble. HMS offers the following potential advantages:12 1) Ability to make sharp separations. 2) Ability to change the specific gravity of separation quickly to meet changing conditions. 3) Ability to remove products continuously. 4) Ability to treat a broad size range of products. 5) Ease of start-up and shutdown without loss of separating efficiency. 6) Relatively low medium cost and low media losses. 7) Low operating and maintenance costs. 8) High capacity with the use of relatively little floor space. 9) Relatively low capital investment per ton of capacity. The process may be used to produce a finished concentrate, two finished concentrates, or a concentrate and a middling of differing quality, or a preconcentrate by rejection of unwanted gangue. It is an ideal method for the reprocessing of coarse waste dumps. The greatest use for the process lies in coal cleaning and in the preconcentration of ores. The relatively inexpensive heavy media process may be used advantageously to reject large quantities of coarsely crushed gangue. When used in this way, the process will allow: (1) the use of lower cost but less selective mining methods with the "overbreak" material being removed at the front end of the concentrator or preparation plant; (2) a substantial reduction in the quantity of ore that must be finely ground for subsequent mineral liberation and separa¬tion. Since comminution is often the single most expensive step in beneficiation, it is desirable to eliminate as many essentially barren pieces of rock as possible before the grinding step, (3) a decrease in overall plant capital cost per ton of concentrate since the size of the plant from the dense medium step onward will be smaller. Several general references are available,12-18 though much of the technical data on the process is widely scattered in the general litera¬ture. Heavy Liquid Separation Organic Liquids Given sufficient settling time, it is possible to make a perfect separa¬tion between two particles of differing density by placing them in a liquid whose density is intermediate between the two. This means of achieving a perfect separation has proven to be elusive because of problems in feed preparation, particle settling rates, operational considerations, and economic constraints. There are a wide variety of heavy liquids that could be used, most of them halogenated hydrocarbons, and a few typical examples are given in Table 4. These liquids are most commonly used in ore dressing for the laboratory fractionation of ore particles on the basis of specific gravity. Laboratory Separations. Using liquids typified by those given in Table 4, separations are made to develop either the standard washability curves used to estimate the response of a given sample to gravity concentration or to prepare a partition curve to evaluate the effective¬ness of a given gravity separation process or piece of equipment. A typical washability curve is given in Fig. 2.19 Such curves are generated for raw coal, e.g., by treating either the whole or various size fractions of the sample in a series of heavy liquids and analyzing the various specific gravity fractions so produced. The procedure is relatively simple for coal samples because of the ready availability of a wide variety of relatively low cost heavy liquids in the density range 1.2¬-2.0. For ores the problem is much more complicated, because only a few high density liquids, all of rather high cost, are available. Parti¬tion curves are generated in the same manner by treating the separated products in the same liquids. Greater details on the procedures to be used in heavy liquid separa¬tions are to be found in the literature (for coal, Refs. 13, 14 and 19 and for ore, Refs. 20 and 21). For testing coal, calcium and zinc chloride solutions have been used extensively in the past, though today halogenated hydrocarbons (available under the trade name Certigrav) are the preferred media. The liquids shown in Table 4 may

Jan 1, 1985

By Andrew M. Leszcykowski

A 1981 U.S. Bureau of Mines investigation indicates the Panamint Dunes Wilderness Study Area (WSA) has one active (intermittent) mine,--borrow pit MS 242 owned by the California Department of Transportation (Cal Trans). This mine produces cinders for road base and traction grit. It contains about 900,000 tons of inferred reserves. Examination and sample analyses indicate the Panamint Dunes deposit, covering about 480 acres of the WSA, may have silica resources and the Green Quartz Claim may have copper resources. Carbonate rocks occur in the WSA, but stone resources have not been identified. Adjacent to the WSA, the Big Four Mine contains 35,000 tons of inferred subeconomic zinc-lead-silver resources, and may have additional resources. Sample analyses indicate the Apple 1 Claim, also adjacent to the WSA, may have silver-lead-zinc resources.

Jan 1, 1985