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In laboratory tests using reconstructed soil columns, rubber latex showed good sealing efficiency when applied at a rate equivalent to 4000-5000 pounds per acre. Results of field testing, however, were inconclusive. The ideal situation in which latex would coagulate in a narrow zone two to three feet below the surface by reacting with acidic or metallic constituents of the soil was not attained. Rather, the latex was deposited progressively as it passed through the soil (most of it remained in the top foot), the rate of deposition being dependent on soil structure and composition as well as on properties of the latex such as particle size and emulsion stability. Latex stability appears to be a more critical property than latex particle size in controlling penetration. Addition of excess anionic or nonionic surfactants to latex improved its penetration into the soil. A styrene-butadiene (SBR) rubber latex of 2400 Å average particle size with high mechanical stability gave the best balance of penetrating ability and sealing capacity in laboratory tests and this was confirmed in tests on a 5 x 5 foot test plot at Lanse, Pennsylvania. This latex was subsequently applied to three one-quarter-acre plots at Lanse by sprinkler irrigation, and compared to adjacent areas that were sprinkled with water only. Soil moisture measurements did not enable us to judge the effectiveness of the seal because differences between sampling positions were greater than differences between treated and untreated sections, but permeability tests showed that water flow was much slower (90-99% reduction) within the top ten inches of soil in the latex- treated sections. This sealing effectiveness was reduced after wintering. There was no deleterious effect on the vegetation as a result of sprinkling the areas with latex. A laboratory study conducted in a 5 x 5 x 5 foot box containing uniform reconstructed soil from a New Jersey source suggests that latex penetration into the soil in the field occurs mainly through natural macro openings and not through the capillaries of the soil structure. Dilute solutions of ammonium hydroxide or sodium carbonate (with no latex present) were found to seal effectively in laboratory soil columns as well as in field applications. However, since these chemicals are water soluble, the seal is temporary. Raw material costs of latex at the application rates used in the field testing are in the order of $1000 per acre. Equipment and operating

Jan 1, 1972

By Thomas V. Falkie, R. Venkataramani

Anderson, L. B., 1963, "Multiple Regression Techniques Correlate Experimental Data," Chemical Engineering, V. 70, N. 12, pp. 223-228. Aubert, E. J., Lund, I. A., and Thomasell, A. J., 1959, "Some Objective Six-Hour Predictions Prepared by Statistical Methods," Journal of Meteorology, V. 16, pp. 436-46. Barrett, A. L., 1958, "Alternating Current in Continuous Mining," Mechanization, V. 22, N. 9, pp. 83-86. Bower, A. B., Jr., 1970, "Bit Design: Key to Coal Cutting," Coal Age, V. 75, N. 7, pp. 70-72. Bower, A. B., Jr., 1971, Personal Communication dated April 29, 1971; General Electric Company, Mining and Metallurgical Products Department, Detroit, Michigan. Burt, C., 1950, "Group Factor Analysis", British Journal of Statistical Psychology, V. 3, pp. 40-75. Cady, L., Gertler, M., Gottsch, L., and Woodbury, M., 1961, "The Factor Structure of Variables Concerned with Coronary Artery Disease", Behavioral Science, V. 6, pp. 37-41. Cattell, R. B., 1965, "Factor Analysis: An Introduction to Essentials I. The Purpose and Underlying Models," Biometrics, V. 21, N. 1, pp. 190-215. Christensen, R. W., Heins, R. W., Babcock, W., and Tonn, R., 1971, "The Effect of Material Properties on Materials Handling Processes," Six Month Technical Report, (August 1971) to Advanced Research Projects Agency, U. S. Department of Defense; The University of Wisconsin. Collins, G., 1961, "Factor Analysis," Journal of Advertising Research, V. 1, N. 5, pp. 28-37. Cooley, W. W., and Lohnes, P. R., 1962, Multivariate Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Cree, J. 0., 1956, "Power for Continuous Mining," Mining Congress Journal, V. 42, N. 10, pp. 49-52. Draper, N. R., and Smith, H., 1966, Applied Regression Analysis, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Griffiths, J. C., 1966, "A Genetic Model for the Interpretive Petrology of Detrital Sediments," The Journal of Geology, V. 74, N. 5, pp. 655-672.

Jan 1, 1972

By Earle J. Klohn

"The design, construction and operation of tailings dams is rapidly becoming a major consideration for most new mining developments, as well as for many existing operations. In North America, under pressure from public opinion, various government agencies have in recent years enacted legislation covering the design, construction and operation of tailings dams. In British Columbia, comprehensive legislation has been passed during the past year (1971). All of these new regulations may be placed into two broad categories: regulations concerning the safety of the dam and appurtenant structures, and regulations concerning the prevention of pollution. Both types of regulation affect the design of the tailings dam facilities. Consequently, they must be considered jointly by the designer. A good tailings dam design must satisfy the basic requirements of safety, pollution control, storage capacity and economy. To achieve this, 'the design must be based on a thorough understanding of both the geotechnical problems involved and the requirements of the mining development. Obviously, this requires close cooperation between the designing geotechnical engineers and the mining operators. This paper outlines the major engineering factors that should be considered in the investigation, design, construct ion and operation of tailings dams. Basic methods of tailings dam construction are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of each briefly discussed. Comparisons are made between the design and construction of conventional water supply dams and tailings dams. Examples are presented of some of the problems that may arise during construction and operation of a tailings dam. The paper also explains the need for basic instrumentation of tailings dams and for carrying out simple field tests and measurements during construction and operation. Of prime importance is the downstream monitoring of surface and subsurface seepage flows. These observations are invaluable where contamination of surface and/or subsurface water may become a contentious issue at some future date. Each tailings dam design must be based on a study of the particular requirements of that project. To make a proper evaluation, adequate data must be available concerning a large number of items•, including such things as: topography, hydrology, geology, subsoil properties, seismicity, government regulations, fineness of mill grind, mill water balance, availability of suitable construction materials, volume of water to be stored behind starter dam, downstream development or liability, and many others. The large number of variables involved in such an evaluation often result in the designer considering two or more alternative designs. Selection of the final design, which is usually based on detailed cost analyses of the alternatives, must be made in close consultation with the owner."

Jan 1, 1972

By Donald Crowell

Due to falling metal prices and depletion of ore reserves, lead-zinc mining in the Leadville, Colorado, area gradually came to a halt in the 1950's. Exploration work continued, however, and by 1969 sufficient ore had been blocked out to warrant sinking a shaft and erecting a new concentrator to treat 700 tpd. The new shaft and concentrator were to be located in Iowa Gulch several miles east of Leadville at an elevation of 11,100 ft. The Leadville project is a joint venture between Newmont Mining Company and ASARCO with ASARCO being the operator. Design work began in the fall of 1969. Engineering was done by Torkelson Engineering Company of Salt Lake City in conjunction with the Central Engineering Department of ASARCO. The plant was constructed by Stearns-Roger Corporation. Construction began in the spring of 1970 and the plant went onstream in April, 1971. Flow sheets and equipment lists are attached. This paper will describe the flow sheet very briefly and discuss in more detail those aspects of the design which may be of interest, particularly the provisions for expanding the capacity of the plant.

Jan 1, 1972

By J. Koskinen, P. Vanninen, T. Leskinen, A. Leppala

Continuous and accurate analysis of slurries has become a critical requirement in mineral processing. With on-stream assay data, automation procedures can be employed to obtain higher recovery and improved control of production. The Courier system was developed by Outokumpu Oy, taking advantage of mineral processing know-how, to provide means for achieving these objectives in the company's ore concentrator operations. It became evident, based on early experience with on-stream analysis, that the Courier should be a complete system to fulfill all functions of the analysis operation. The system includes equipment and techniques for primary sampling, sample preparation for assaying, and processing of data for final assay results. In addition, the on-line X-ray spectrometer unit was developed specifically for industrial use, incorporating a number of technical advances. A new system for converting spectrometric data to assays is based on a physical model programmed on a digital computer. The Courier system is furnished on a turn-key installation basis incorporating all elements needed for operation including calibration. The experience to date with the Courier system at the Pyhäsalmi concentrator is summarized. Reference is also made to recent results with installations at the Outokumpu and Vihanti concentrators.

Jan 1, 1972

By W. H. W. Husband

Rock salt has been solution mined for many years in many countries. Attempts have been made in the past in Canada and various other countries to produce potash by the same method. However, only Kalium Chemicals Ltd. has been successful, possibly because the conditions in Saskatchewan are the most favorable to be found so far for the development of a solution-mining method for potash. In view of the fact that few studies of solution mining of potash have been attempted, only one company has succeeded in using the method, and no information has been released by this company, the application of solution mining of potash ore bodies has to be presented on the basis of available theory, past small-scale studies, and recent patents. A simple mining method is outlined and possible methods of recovering the potash from the brine are discussed. Dissolution data pertaining to solution mining of potash, flowsheets, and material balances are presented. The available information is brought together in a cost analysis to show capital and product costs in terms of 1966 dollars.

Jan 1, 1972

By Carl E. Bagge

It is easy for a coal spokesman to relate to the theme of this meeting--that the decade of the 1970's is pivotal for the mineral industries. For the coal operator, this period is crucial. The coal industry, according to most energy forecasters, must gear its production machinery to meet a sharp rise in the demand for coal--in this decade to sustain inevitable boosts in electricity output, and in the next to start supporting a big new domestic synthetic fuels industry that is already in the formative stage. The logic of that projection flows from a combination of hard circumstances--proved reserves of domestic fluid fuels are dwindling, the hope for bountiful and cheap nuclear power must be indefinitely deferred, and the threat of long-term fuel imports to the national interests is becoming starkly visible. Only coal, with its assets of abundance, security and versatility, offers the nation an adequate and immediate lift out of its current energy crisis. A hard-won expansion of coal production made the critical difference between local power load-shedding and major area blackouts in 1970, the year the energy crisis went public. Coal will have to play that same key role, not just through this pivotal decade but through the turn of the century. But the logic of fuel demand apparently does not always extend to supply. The coal industry has had a huge production job laid out for it by the energy statisticians, but up to now the energy policy-makers have not followed through with the aids and inducements that the coal operator urgently needs to do that job well and completely.

Jan 1, 1972

By Jay F. Smith

The Alan Wood BOF Shop consists of two 140 ton furnaces with a rated yearly capacity of 1-1/4 million ingot tons, he hot metal for the BOF Shop is supplied by two 18 foot blast furnaces which produce an average of 2000 tons per day, To achieve the rated ingot ton capacity with this limited supply of hot metal, the preheating of scrap is necessary. This is accomplished in the furnace by using an oxygen-natural gas burner. Piping Arrangement The natural gas and oxygen are piped into the Shop through 8-inch lines to their respective valving stations. As can be seen from Figure 1, the flow of natural gas passes through a flow control valve which is common to both furnaces, after which it divides into two 6-inch lines forming two identical and independent gas control lines, one for each furnace.

Jan 1, 1972

By J. Marshall Rounsevell

It is probably not too far from the truth to say that the sulfur content of the steel bath at the first turndown of the basic oxygen furnace is influenced by every factor which varies in the operation of a BOF shop. However, the determination from normal shop operating data of the effect of a given factor on turndown sulfur content requires a means for collecting a large quantity of such data and a significant variation of the factor in question in that data. In this paper, operating data from 4000 heats collected on the computer at Inland's No. 4 BOF Shop is utilized to analyze the effect of four operating parameters -- hot metal sulfur content, hot metal manganese content, percent burnt dolomitic lime (dolomite) in the flux charge, and the presence or absence of transfer ladle slag skimming -- on first turndown sulfur content.

Jan 1, 1972

By Richard L. Stowe, Donnie L. Ainsworth

The static, rapid, and shock-loading response of rock is of interest to many in the field of rock mechanics. For example, the effects of loading rates on strength and stress-strain characteristics of rock are quite important in defining input loading for use in the design of underground protective installations. Response data on rock subjected to shock loading over a wide range of pressures are also vital in the field of underground nuclear testing. In addition, material response is needed in design of shock-absorbing liners. A number of investigators have reported that ultimate compressive strength of rock increases with increased rates of loading.1-6 Wuerker3 stated that modulus of elasticity, obtained from sonic determinations, increased in some rocks by a factor as high as 4.5. It appears that only a limited amount of work has been done on comparing static modulus and modulus obtained from impact testing.6 Phillips4 showed that with increased rates of loading the deformation decreased. More recent work by Atchley and Furr5 showed that when moderate-strength concrete is stressed with increased loading rates, the axial strain at failure increased. One would expect this to occur if we think in terms of purely elastic materials. For example, if E is constant and maximum strength [amax], increases, the axial strain would also increase. However, in rock testing thus far we have worked almost exclusively with nonhomogeneous and inelastic rocks. From this fact alone the increase in axial strain with increased load application is noteworthy.

Jan 1, 1972

"The rocks of Notre Dame Bay form part of the Central Paleozoic Mobile Belt (Williams, 1964) of the Newfoundland Appalachians. The Central Paleozoic Mobile Belt of the northern part of the island consists predominantly of Lower and Middle Ordovician rocks overlain by Silurian elastic and volcanic sequences and underlain in the marginal zones of the belt by polydeformed metamorphic rocks of the Gander Lake Group (Kennedy and McGonigal, 1972) in the northeast and the Fleur de Lys Supergroup (Neale and Nash, 1963; Kennedy, Phillips and Neale, 1972) in the northwest. The Ordovician rocks of the Central Mobile Belt have been subdivided into a number of local groups in different parts of the region. The Lush's Bight Group was first defined by MacLean (1947) . Recently Marten (1971) has revised the definition of this group, as shown in Table 1 and his revised definition is accepted in the present paper. Plate tectonic models that have been proposed for the development of the Newfoundland Appalachian System have indicated that the mafic volcanic rocks of western Notre Dame Bay represent oceanic crust (Bird and Dewey, 1970; Dewey and Bird, 1971; Church and Stevens, 1970) which marks the remnants of the proto-Atlantic Ocean first proposed by Wilson (1966) . Such models infer that the mafic volcanic rocks constitute the upper part of an ophiolite sequence. Analyses of the lavas show that they are tholeiitic and support this conclusion (Papezik and Fleming, 1967; Smitheringale, 1972) . A complete ophiolite sequence, consisting of peridotites overlain by gabbros, overlain by a sheeted diabase dyke complex which passes upward into pillow lavas, occurs at the base of the Snooks Arm Group (Upadhyay et al., 1971 ) . Sheeted diabase dykes are known to underlie the lowest mafic pillow lavas of the Lush's Bight Group at several localities in Notre Dame Bay (Strong, 1972, and pers. comm.) . However, several conflicting points about the geology of this region suggest that although a typical oceanic crustal sequence of Lower Ordovician age is present, older rocks occur within the ophiolite terrane in several places (Williams, Kennedy and Neale, 1972) ."

Jan 1, 1972

By J. A. MacLellan

"CONSTRUCI'ION OF SHERRITT'S CONCENTRATORSSherritt Gordon is operating two mills north of the 56th parallel, and is presently engaged in building a third. The author was closely involved in the design and construction of all three of these concentrators.The Lynn mill is the oldest of these three concentrators-it is a 4,000 ton per day nickel-copper plant built in 1953. The Fox mill is a 3,000 ton per day copper-zinc concentrator built in 1970. The Ruttan mill will be a 10,000 ton per day copper-zinc plant scheduled to go on line in July 1973.LYNN MILL The Lynn mill including the crushing, concentrating, drying and load out plant is about 69,700 square feet or 17.4 square feet per ton per day. '!his plant was originally built in 1927 at Sherridon, 150 miles south of Lynn Lake, as a 2,000 ton per day copper-zinc plant. In 1952 the plant was moved by tractor train to Lynn Lake. The whole plant was re-oriented within the original perimeter walls as a 2,000 ton per day nickel-copper plant. This plant was expanded to 4,000 tons per day by the addition of t1-Jo rod mills and a 5-1/2 short head crusher in 1959.The Sherridon mill processed its last ore in Sherridon in September 1951 and the first load of nickel concentrate was loaded at Lynn Lake on November 9, 1953 when the railroad arrived at Lynn Lake.The site for the Lynn Lake mill was cleared of overburden in the summer of 1952 and foundations for structural steel and SO!l8 equipment foundations were poured the late summer and fall of 1952 • Steel was erected from January to June 1953. Most of the equipment came in from January to March of 1953 by tractor sleighs. Sane sleighs upset but no equipment was lest through the ice."

Jan 1, 1972

By D. L. Morgan, J. A. Butterfield

"Geological data, production trends and current projects underway suggest that enough molybdenum will be available from more diversified sources to meet the world's growing demands. The growth in molybdenum consumption has been primarily related to its beneficial effects as an alloying agent in steel. This rapid growth has been deliberately fostered by stable prices, adequate supply and application research. The molybdenum industry is now in a process of change which has been seen in several other metals, such as aluminum and nickel. As supply sources have become more diversified, the market has become more competitive. The recent drop in consumption has led to excess production capacity, accumulation of substantial producer inventories and increased market uncertainties. While consumption is expected to increase in the next two to three years, it will take some time to absorb the excess capacity and inventory. The increased proportion of by-product capacity indicates that prices may become more variable. Producer discipline will be required to prevent serious price erosion in times of surplus. Future prices may not continue to increase with inflation. For the longer term, several factors favour the increased consumption of molybdenum. Engineering requirements are becoming more severe and molybdenum alloys can help to meet these changing needs. In addition, consumers can rely on a large and increasing supply of molybdenum. A 7 per cent growth rate in consumption can probably be sustained through the next decade, but new applications and reasonably stable prices will be needed to make this possible."

Jan 1, 1972

By M. B. Kahle, A. D. Pernichele

Four types of slope failures in waste dumps are recognized debris flow, foundation failure, edge slump, and blowout. The first three types, although at times causing considerable damage to property and interfering with mine operations, are not usually dangerous to personnel because of their slow rate of movement. The fourth type, the blowout, is the most dangerous because of its explosive mode of failure and lack of forewarning. The December 1969 failure at Verona dump is presented as an example of a blowout. Data from piezometer holes indicate that the blowout was due to perched leach solutions near the face of the dump. The level of water in this zone is very closely related to the rate of leach water application on the dump. A detailed analysis of core samples indicates that the impounded water was perched on a zonal accumulation of jarosite which is associated with a buried dump surface. Drain holes proved successful in controlling perched leach solutions in the critical zone near the face of the dump. Monitoring of the water level in the perched zone is considered essential in preventing blowouts. The use of drain and piezometer holes has allowed an increase in the rate of water application on the dump while preventing additional failure.

Jan 1, 1972

By Sam H. Patterson

Fuller's earth and bentonite are two clay commodities that are interrelated either by mineral composition or use. Because of this interrelation and the sale of both for many different uses, some ambiguity in their classification has resulted. The term "fuller's earth" has no compositional or mineralogical meaning, and it is used more or less as a catchall for any clay or earthy material suitable for certain uses. Most, but not all, of these uses require absorbent properties. Bentonite by geologic definition must have formed from volcanic ash or tuff or the glassy material in volcanic rock; most bentonites consist chiefly of montmorillonite but other clay minerals may be present. In industrial usage the term "bentonite" is applied to any clay consisting chiefly of montmorillonite, irrespective of origin. Georgia and Florida have historically been the leading States in the production of fuller's earth; bentonite has been produced in Alabama on a small scale. The first major use of fuller's earth was in refining of oils. Other materials have replaced fuller's earth for this purpose to a major extent, but many new uses for fuller's earth have been found, and production has increased in recent years. The new uses include absorbent products, insecticide and pesticide carriers, drilling mud, and many others. The bentonite now produced in Alabama is of the "southern," "low selling," or "calcium" type and is used mainly as foundry-sand bond. Most of the fuller's earth mined now is in the Hawthorn Formation of Miocene age; a lesser amount is produced from the Twiggs Clay Member and other beds in the Barnwell Formation of Eocene age. Inactive pits from which fuller's-earth was produced from other formations occur at several localities. The bentonite now mined in Alabama is in beds of Cretaceous age; several years ago bentonite was produced from Eocene beds in this State.

Jan 1, 1972

By George Newton

When Mr. Bailey asked us to present a paper describing our new BOF shop, he requested that we avoid a presentation heavily laden with detail and statistics. Not only have we attempted to do this, but also we have prepared a number of colour slides which, hopefully, will provide you with a graphic conception of the facility. The installation of the BOF facility at the Steel Co. of Canada's Hilton Works was delayed many years because of the remarkable production growth of the oxygen open hearth furnaces in No. 3 shop. However, in mid-1960 it became strongly evident that not only would increased ingot capacity be required, but also that N0.2 shop - with vintage non-oxygen open hearth furnaces - would have to clean its stacks in the near future, or be closed down. A decision to embark on the BOF facility was made in 1967 after an extended period of in-depth planning and assessment of industry trends.

Jan 1, 1972

By D. F. Coolbaugh

Successful mine exploration requires sound planning and modern exploration techniques, but it also requires perseverance and the right timing. The La Caridad mineral area has been known for over 70 years, but as with many mines, it was not "discovered" until viewed under new economic conditions and exploration philosophies. Present exploration of the La Caridad area began in 1964 and was carried out under a joint Mexican Government-United Nations Project. Detailed exploration was begun by Asarco Mexicana S.A. in late 1968. The geology of the La Caridad deposits conforms, generally, to the "porphyry copper" deposits of Arizona. However, breccias and pegmatites play a very important part in the emplacement of mineralization.

Jan 1, 1972

By George F. Dana

Oil yields, lithology, and stratigraphy have been evaluated for 15 cored wells and two sampled wells representing 10 square miles of the Tipton Member of the Green River Formation near Green River, Wyo. The area evaluated is being used by the Bureau of Mines for experimental production of oil from the oil shales in place. Lithology and oil yields were correlated to produce a stratigraphy diagram for the in situ study area, permitting precise designation of comparable sections. Because of lateral uniformity of oil shale, oil yields from eight cores and two sets of drill-cutting samples within a quarter section show the range of variation in average oil yield arising from experimental error. Variation in average oil yields from the seven cores representing the 10-square-mile study area lies within the expected experimental error. No difference in oil-shale richness across the study area is indicated. Average oil yields for three Tipton sections in the study area were deter-mined as follows: (1) The entire Tipton Member oil shale (about 145 feet thick), 13.3 gallons per ton; (2) the 40-foot upper rich zone, 21.0 gallons per ton; and (3) the 21-foot zone in which the Laramie Energy Research Center is conducting in situ experiments, 22.4 gallons per ton. One acre of the 21-foot experimental section represents 34,300 barrels of oil in place, and 1 acre of the Tipton's 40-foot rich upper layer represents 62,000 barrels.

Jan 1, 1972

By Wayne T. Brooks

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, although providing no precise definitions of safe and healthful working conditions, specifies mandatory duties, and methods and procedures -- "to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions." The dynamics of the workplace ad the dynamics of this coextensive Act both spring from the same source. Both require at any given time an application of the then con- temporaneous highest state of the art. Both are flexible, ongoing, adaptive, changing; both advance by a blending of experience and research.

Jan 1, 1972

By J. E. McConnell

No. 1 Electric Furnace and Billet Casting Shop, located in Plant No. 4 adjacent to our new 12 inch merchant bar mill, represents Inland Steel Company's first venture into both electric furnace steelmaking and continuous casting. Construction of the shop began in September, 1968 with excavation and foundation work, followed by awarding of general construction and major equipment contracts from December, 1968 to April, 1969. The first heat was tapped from No. 90 furnace on December 18, 1970, and the first cast attempted on December 29, 1970. The rated shop capacity is 500,000 tons per year of semi-finished billets and blooms, and was justified on the basis of approximately 85 percent of the product mix falling into the special bar quality category of steel grades. Auxiliary equipment has been designed into the shop to pursue free machining steels, including leaded and tellurized grades. The start-up and operation of the shop for the first year was essentially based on a two-part philosophy: 1. Initially operate with the "open stream" casting technique to accomplish machine shakedown and operator familiarization and training. 2. Operate with special bar quality, or "submerged casting", practices, make necessary refinements and gain customer acceptance

Jan 1, 1972