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By Luana De Lucca de Costa

A microestrutura resultante do processo de forjamento é influenciada por variáveis como temperatura, deformação, tamanho de grão austenítico inicial e taxa de resfriamento. A proposta deste trabalho é estudar o comportamento termomecânico do aço ABNT 4140 mantido nas temperaturas de 900, 1000, 1100 e 1200ºC por 22, 66 e 200 minutos e, posteriormente, forjado e analisar a influência da temperatura sobre os grãos austeníticos que caracterizam os fenômenos metalúrgicos ocorridos.

Aug 16, 2017

By Marco Polo da Silva Peixoto

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a redução do número de queima de placas de refrigeração no Alto Forno 2 da C.S.N, onde são destacadas as principais ações operacionais implementadas para obtenção dos resultados até a presente data e a redução de perdas no custo e elevação da produtividade.

Aug 16, 2017

By Maciej Korecki

Pyrowear®Alloy 53 steel is an excellent material for the construction of drive transmission components (gears, shafts, etc.) which have to operate in difficult conditions primarily in the aviation industry (Fig. 1.). Among the properties of such items is a high case hardness and abrasion-resistance, while the core remains flexible and is capable of carrying large impact loads. They can work at elevated temperatures with limited lubrication. The thermal treatment of such materials is based on case hardening by means of carburizing. This paper presents the technology of vacuum carburizing of Pyrowear® Alloy 53 steel. It discusses the methods of establishing different profiles of carbon concentration in a layer and their influence on the hardness profile. The effects of sub-zero treatment and tempering on the properties of the hardened case are also considered. It also presents a SimVaC® simulator of vacuum carburizing, designed especially for Pyrowear® Alloy 53 steel, which provides highly accurate predictions of the outcome of the process as the profile of carbon concentration in the layer, or vice versa: establishes the process parameters which will guarantee the required profile.

Aug 16, 2017

By Charles de Abreu Martins

An experimental investigation was conducted using laboratory-processed, 0.12C–1.70Mn–0.2V steels with different Cr or Mo additions aiming to evaluate this influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties hot rolled steels. Steels were processed in a pilot rolling equipment, simulating a typical thermomechanical processing, with finishing rolling steps above Ar3, followed by accelerated cooling and 723 K (450 Celsius) coiling temperature. Microstructures and precipitates were analyzed using OM, SEM and TEM, while mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile and hole expansion tests. Since Cr and Mo increase hardenability of austenite, and as a consequence, the volume fraction of the acicular constituents increases with gradual additions of Cr or Mo. Moreover, Cr or Mo impacted V precipitation process, reducing average size of particles. At 0.50%Mo, V precipitation was inhibited. Effects of this microstructure evolution on the final mechanical properties were also analyzed, as well as a comparison between Cr and Mo effects, with Mo presenting more effective influence.

Jul 30, 2018

By Daniele Perondi

Diferentes resíduos são gerados pelas indústrias siderúrgicas, dentre eles o resíduo dos trituradores de sucatas (RTS). O RTS gerado pelas siderúrgicas brasileiras se difere dos demais países devido aos materiais que são alimentados no triturador. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características do RTS gerado por uma siderúrgica brasileira. As seguintes técnicas foram utilizadas: identificação e quantificação dos principais constituintes, análise termogravimétrica, imediata, elementar, poder calorífico superior e teor de cloro e metais. Os principais polímeros presentes no RTS foram o poliestireno e o polietileno. A partir dos resultados de análise imediata, elementar e de poder calorífico superior do RTS, verificou-se uma elevada quantidade de matéria volátil (76,22% ± 6,90). Os altos teores de carbono (72,92%) e hidrogênio (9,86%), foram atribuídos à elevada quantidade de polímeros e borrachas presentes no resíduo. O teor de enxofre (0,21%) pode ser atribuído a presença de borracha no resíduo, enquanto o teor de cloro (1,33% ± 0,13) pode ser atribuído a presença do PVC no resíduo. O poder calorífico superior do RTS foi de 30,01 ± 1,22 MJ/kg, de forma que uma avaliação termoquímica mostra-se como uma técnica atrativa para a sua destinação final.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jan Krull

A high productive coke making process in connection with stringent emission control has clearly become a demand of plant operators and stakeholders. Further to this, availability, quality and coal costs are key concerns for the iron and steel industry in its efforts to optimize raw material cost. Today, the optimization of raw material cost in integrated steel works has further gained priority. Coking coal reflects up to 20% of the cost of steel. In top charged batteries coal preparation and blending is one of the concerns to lower coal cost by maximizing the percentage of non-coking coals in the blend. Stamp charging technology is technologically and economically an effective solution in the process of pre-carbonisation. Paul Wurth’s jumbo top charged oven as well as proven stamp charging technology have recently set new benchmarks in Europe, India and Brazil in terms of productivity, stability and emission control.

Aug 1, 2018

By Márcia Maria da Silva Monteiro Pereira

Tundish is the last reactor where significant metallurgical operations can still be done. Calcium aluminate slags are able to positively contribute to metallurgy considering oxide separation, protection against reoxidation and preclusion of resulphurisation. However, these are poor insulators. When using low melting point slags it is necessary to use another covering material. The deviation from saturation can be used as a measure of absorption capacity. By utilizing computerized construction of ternary and quaternary diagrams it is possible to compare different slags and to find proper slag compositions with reasonable capacity to dissolve inclusions. Objective of the present technical contribution is to evaluate tundish slag capacity to absorb inclusions, considering a particular tundish industrial slag and the changes in its chemical composition during continuous casting of steel. It was observed that slag composition changed during the continuous casting process; this variation is possibly related to interaction between the CaO-Al2O3 liquid slag and the rice hull ash layer which is used above it. Computational thermodynamics was used to determine activity of alumina dissolved in liquid slag; it was observed that the variation in slag composition did not change slag capacity to absorb inclusions, since precipitation of Al2O3 solid phases is not predicted.

Aug 17, 2017

By Emanuele Osto

In late 2013, the installation of the world's first application of a break-through technology for rail hardening was started at Baogang Iron & Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. in Inner Mongolia, China, one of world's leading rail producers. The "Injector Dualphase Rail Hardening" (idRHa+) system was developed by Primetals Technologies and Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A. (RINA-CSM) a Technical Center headquartered in Rome, Italy. Baogang was a key partner, providing its large expertise of premiumrail producer, including its experience with existing offline technologies. With a design based on thermal, mechanical and metallurgical models, idRHa+ can apply customized cooling protocols, so to obtain the desired microstructure and hardness distribution across the rail head, with a high degree of accurateness and operation flexibility. idRHa+ can be installed in inline or offline configurations. During 2014, the system was successfully commissioned at rail mill #2 in the city of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, and entered the regular commercial production. This paper gives an overview of the key concepts behind idRHa+'s design, the progression of its commissioning and testing till the ramp-up to consistent industrial operation. Derived from idRHa+ research and experience, other water-cooling technologies are available for different applications such as: quenching & tempering of medium-large sections, control of distorsion of merchant bars, quenching of stainless grades for improving the resistance to corrosion.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rodrigo Fina Ferreira, Jacek Kolacz, Luciana Gois, Neymayer Pereira Lima

The recent developments on the sensor detectors together with the higher capacity of the machines, due the high-speed computing recent advances, have made possible extending the application in the mining industry. The use of x-ray fluorescence, x-ray transmission and radiometric sensor based sorting can selectively remove gangue minerals in different size fractions for different minerals. This paper summarizes the potential application of SBS for an iron ore in three size fractions aiming to increase the %Fe after the removal of particles with main gangue minerals associated. Pilot plant tests were carried out with samples of iron ore in different size fractions and different content of hematite and gangues. The use of x-ray transmission sensor showed the possibility to increase the %Fe from about 63% to above 68% for particles below 80mm and 45mm, after the removal of low density particles. The presence of fines on the feed affected the performance of the SBS X-rays transmission machine, especially for the fine fraction feed. The mineralogical determination, carried out to know the association between hematite and gangue minerals, and the density of the particles on the feed, can be used to preview the quality of products of the x-transmission sorting process.

Oct 3, 2019

By Jorge Madias

O trabalho está centrado na análise comparativa de normas de vinte paises/regiões sobre vergalhão, escolhidos levando em conta os principais paises productores, exportadores, e consumidores deste produto para a construção civil. São comparadas as propriedades mecânicas: limite de escoamento, resistência à tração, elongamento à rotura, elongamento uniforme, relação escoamento/tração), a análise química, testes especiais como fadiga e adherência e outros ítens. Tambén é tida em conta a evolução dos quesitos das normas ao longo do tempo. O foco é o comportamento anti seismo do vergalhão.

Oct 30, 2017

By Felipe Fardin Grillo

The aim of this work was to study the use of slags to desulfurization of cast iron. It was proposed to use alumina instead fluorspar. In addition, marble waste was used instead lime. Simulations applying Thermo-Calc software were performed in order to obtain the theoretical phases thermodynamic data. Then, a comparison between theoretical data and experimental tests were performed. The cast iron was melting in induction furnace at 1550°C. Slags composed mainly for CaO and Al2O3 were used to cast iron desulphurization. It was observed that increasing liquid phase, the desulphurization reaction was favored. Besides, it was found that cast iron desulfurization occurs by top slag mechanism.

Aug 17, 2017

By Renan Bueno Wojciechowski, Yukio Shigaki

The quality of flat rolling process depends highly on multiple factors such as applied forces, materials involved for both strip and rolls, roll geometry and its positioning. To calculate the strip shape, a mathematical/numerical model can be applied, showing the final product and how the equipment behaves when changing some parameters. This is usually a time-consuming task for both user and computer, especially when it involves thin and hard strips. By coupling a quick rolling load calculation method as Bland-Ford and Finite Element Method (FEM) for roll stack deformation, it is possible to create an accurate and user-friendly rolling simulator. This paper presents the improvements done in the 3D FEM/multi-slab method and its actual capabilities by simulating two cases of a 6-High rolling mill. Different analysis in this equipment can be easily done in about 10 minutes by using the developed an electronic spreadsheet program interface and the folder generated with relevant results and logs. An operation manual and a commercial FE program plugins were made to aid construction of a completely new model. The code was created in a modularized way to assist the application of this simulator for other operational conditions.

Oct 1, 2019

By Rudolf Hubmer

In October 2013 JSW Steel decided to place an order to Primetals Technologies Austria (former Siemens VAI Metals Technologies) for the installation of a comprehensive Level 2 process optimization system for more than 20 existing production facilities of various suppliers. For SMS-I new L2 systems are provided for two hot metal pretreatment stations, three hot metal desulphurization stations, three ladle furnaces, two 1-strand slab casters, a ladle tracking system as well as a shop supervisory system. Additionally the existing L2 system for one 1-strand slab caster is being upgraded in the course of the project. In SMS-II new L2 systems for the 7 hot metal desulphurization stations, 4 ladle furnaces, 1 new RH vacuum degasser, ladle tracking system and a shop supervisory system are supplied. Despite of the challenging time schedule the commissioning of the single facilities started within less than 12 month after contract effectiveness. The installed Level 2 process optimization systems together with the achieved results are described in this paper.

Aug 16, 2017

By Claudilene Ribeiro Chaves

Nanopartículas de carbono são uma nova classe de nanomateriais fluorescentes que têm atraido bastante interesse por apresentarem alta estabilidade óptica, ajustáveis comprimentos de onda de excitação e emissão além de excelente biocompatibilidade. Neste trabalho, apresentamos um método de síntese de nanopartículas por carbonização hidrotermal de quitosana. O processo de síntese ocorre em solução aquosa, é biocompatível e de baixo custo.

Aug 16, 2017

By Adriana Amaro Diacenco

O presente trabalho propõe-se a analisar a influência do amortecimento estrutural inerente de tais materiais submetidos a perturbações estáticas e dinâmicas as quais afetam as características de resposta. A importância deste trabalho insere-se no contexto do controle de vibrações de sistemas de engenharia. Para tanto, é empregada uma técnica de modelagem baseada em elementos finitos. A análise numérica é desenvolvida utilizando a Teoria da Deformação Cisalhante, a qual é implementada em um elemento Serendipity retangular contendo oito nós. O amortecimento é incluído empregando o modelo histerético. As respostas dinâmicas são representadas por funções de resposta em freqüência e autovalores complexos. Simulações numéricas são realizadas visando quantificar os níveis de amortecimento obtidos no tocante às vibrações transversais de placas retangulares e verificar a possibilidade de se aumentar tal amortecimento.

Aug 7, 2018

By Patrick Tassot

Increased worldwide highly competition in steel market imposes innovative measure for the steelmaker targeting cost reduction and climate-friendly steelmaking process in order to have the ability to withstand the pressure of the market. At the same time the demand for high purity and highest quality steels continues to grow from year to year, especially in the sector automotive in transportation of oil and gas, in the construction Industry and in the manufacture of heavy plate. As they allow producers to be up to the requirements while allowing expanding their product mix, new secondary metallurgical treatments have become a must additionally to standard equipment elements of steel plants modern. Most of these treatments occurs in the steel ladle increasing the pressure to ensure a reliable and as possible neutral reactor. Intelligent solutions for refractory lining ladles should integrate better adaptation to the operational process parameters and the high reliability/availability at the best cost/performance. This challenge has conducted Refratechnik to develop new concepts to overcome the frontier between shaped and unshaped materials and that’s what will be covered in this paper.

Aug 17, 2017

By Camila Ferreira da Silva

O presente trabalho descreve a síntese de um vidro de constituição inovadora, elaborado com adição de escória de distribuidor em sua composição. Suas propriedades ópticas foram determinadas através da realização da caracterização elipsométrica. Em virtude da vasta gama de composições vítreas possíveis e visando o reaproveitamento de um coproduto siderúrgico, propõe-se a utilização de escória de distribuidor para a composição de um novo vidro. Efetuou-se a análise superficial via microscopia confocal. Posteriormente ao preparo da superfície, as propriedades ópticas foram obtidas através da medida dos parâmetros elipsométricos tan(?), cos(?) e por conseguinte a obtenção preliminar do índice de refração e do coeficiente de extinção.

Oct 30, 2017

By José Aparecido Pereira

Em um laminador de barras e perfis leves (MBQ) é necessário ter um padrão técnico corretamente elaborado a fim de facilitar a preparação do câmbio e tornar o ajuste de bitola (set up) mais rápido gerando o mínimo de sucata e de produto fora da especificação de qualidade. Para se chegar ao padrão diversas etapas necessitam ser cumpridas para se ter um resultado confiável e uma ferramenta de trabalho acessível e de fácil entendimento pelos operadores do laminador. A Engenharia de Processos cuida de todas as etapas deste trabalho e também adota métodos para que o processo de produção se mantenha estável e com boa produtividade.

Aug 16, 2017

By Bianca Proença

Fotocatalisadores de nióbio foram obtidos por anodização a 15 V, utilizando uma solução de K2HPO4 10% p/p em glicerol anidro como eletrólito por 15 minutos. As amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios-X para avaliação da estrutura cristalina obtida. A fotodegradação do glicerol (utilizado como agente de sacrifício) foi avaliada pela técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência.

Aug 16, 2017

By Wolfgang Oberaigner

Primetals Technologies has always been a driver of innovation in steelmaking, especially by providing sophisticated process expert models for continuous casting machines. This capability is demonstrated by recent advancements in automation solutions that include: DynaPhase, Dynacs 3D, and DynaGap. This state-of-the-art suite of dynamic secondary cooling and soft-reduction packages take into account thermodynamic effects such as shrinkage and phase transitions, and thereby significantly contribute to direct quality improvements during the solidification phase in the continuous casting process. Speed Expert calculates an optimum casting speed for every casting situation, and additionally recommends a strand speed so that the point of final solidification is positioned at the end of a segment for optimum soft reduction. In the case of steel grade changes, the Intermix Expert precisely calculates the chemical properties of the mixed steel, thereby minimizing losses due to deviations from required specifications. The Nozzle Expert is a new model that detects clogged nozzles and broken hoses in secondary cooling systems. The first installations were highly successful and customers are pleased with impressive reductions in maintenance costs and improved steel quality. This paper describes these innovative process automation solutions and gives an overview about the successful results achieved within the first installations.

Aug 16, 2017