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By J Silva Castro, Braden Lusk

Information management is important in all disciplines. In mining; collection and analysis of information before, during and even after mining is a keystone to performance. During mining, information is useful to optimize the resources and make appropriate decisions. Current technologies allow for collecting information in real time. Records of blasting activity at the mine are common practice in surface coal mining operations. The most common blast information recorded contains the location of the blast, scaled distance, geometry of the blast, weight of explosive used and quantity of blasted rock. Sometimes due to the proximity of protected structures, seismograph evidence of the particle velocity and airblast levels is required. However, in the majority of cases, the seismograph information is not linked to the blast information. Blast related information is recorded separately from the seismograph information and seismograms are little more than an attachment to the blast record. This fact makes simultaneous visualization and analysis of the technical details of the blast with the vibration and airblast information difficult.

Jan 1, 2012

By James Stuart

A man died when the primed charge he was holding against his chest exploded. He was doing legitimate explosive work, and he was following all the safety procedures he had been taught. He and his colleagues had done this, thousands of times previously, with no ill effects.

Jan 1, 2007

By Huang Daguang, Paulo Couceiro, Juan Navarro

Mining is typically conducted through a set of interdependent unit-operations, which commonly include drilling, blasting, digging and hauling, in order to deliver the required ore material into the comminution circuit and to remove waste rock with minimum impact in the operation. In such complex environment, the identification of critical paths, and respective interfaces between different unit-operations, are necessary to determine a sustainable long-term operational program. Facing this challenge, adaptive cost optimization strategies are required to increase productivity and revenue while minimizing potential environmental impacts. Since the overall mining efficiency can be strongly impacted by blasting outcomes, an operating method based on the searching of the ideal blast design is required in order to minimize the mine total cost of ownership. The implementation of a consistent continuous improvement program requires specific care in terms of design, control and execution of the different stages of blasting. For that, the application of the most advanced technologies for rock characterization, based on drill monitoring systems, and smart explosive products, allows the improvement and control of blast results by adapting the explosive energy distribution to the rock condition, so as to optimize the performance of downstream stages such as digging, hauling and comminution. This paper describes the application of a heuristic optimization approach, where blast parameters are used as decision variables to evaluate the potential impact of several blasting scenarios on subsequent unit operations, under the continuous ability of modelling, measuring and calibrating operational performances along of the mine cycle.

Feb 6, 2023

By Laurent Airaud

For around ten years, electronic detonators are available for those who want to use advanced methods and to apply theories promoted by engineers and professors to reduce blast concerns or improve fragmentation and dilution. Furthermore, decision makers can verify the use of electronic detonators to drive down mining costs. Engineers and more specifically blasters are the actual users and have to be convinced of the easiness of electronic detonators. This paper deals with electronic detonators and the notion of easiness. Common feelings about the notion of easiness are discussed. Then, examples of new technologies like, automobile, photography or Information Technology are discussed to observe how they progressed throughout time with new features and sales volume. For the specific explosive initiation industry, each step of the life of an electronic detonator is dealt with concerning the easiness and a table is used to quantify this notion.

Jan 1, 2004

By Alejandro Rosario, Ricardo Dumuihual, Guillermo Silva, be nito Danial Valde, Carlos Scherpenisse

A monitoring campaign to record dynamic pressures generated by detonation of a single blasthole was implemented at Barrick Gold´s Pueblo Viejo Open Pit mine (PVDC), located in the Dominican Republic. Pressure amplitudes beyond the dynamic compressive strength of the electronic detonator´s capsules have the potential to damage these electronic devices, generating misfires along with all the associated risks and entailed safety implications. In most instances, misfires generated from high dynamic pressures are a direct consequence of drilling deviations resulting in blasthole distances smaller than originally designed. Tourmaline Crystal Sensors specifically designed for high dynamic pressure measurements in aqueous media were selected to address the challenge. These sensors are custom-made and require additional instrumentation for proper operation, including signal conditioners and recording equipment capable of capturing simultaneous events, both in their amplitude and frequency components. Field-testing comprised detonation of a single blasthole using current explosive loading practices along with an arrangement of sensors positioned within water-filled drillholes in a spiral configuration. Distances, explosive weights and all 23 dynamic pressure record amplitudes are included along with additional data regarding arrival time and P-Wave velocity estimations. As with typical vibration models, the Scaled Distance concept (D/W1/2) was used to construct an attenuation model relating Dynamic Pressure as a function of Distance (D) and explosive Weight (W). The resulting model, adjusted to a 95% statistical confidence limit (covering 100% of the recorded data) was used to generate a series of curves (Abacus) estimating dynamic pressure as a function of distance for different explosive charges. These curves, in association with permissible pressure limits defined at 50% (FOS = 2) of the dynamic pressure strength reported by manufacturers for both, the 1000bar (Al) and the 1400bar (Cu) capsules; allow for the determination of critical (safe) distances between blastholes. Tests were implemented to cover a variety of field scenarios, accounting for different rock mass types, qualities and water conditions; however, preliminary analysis indicate the convenience of developing a unique trend that considers said variability. This approach allowed construction of a single, simple, unambiguous and operationally applicable design tool to address entailed safety issues.

By Carl E. Jones

This presentation discusses the properties of the two-component explosive, KinePak, and how it is used by the utility industry.

Jan 1, 1978

By B. Corrêa, M. Cavalcante

A large open pit iron ore mine in Brazil, which has a heterogeneous lithology, faces a challenge in defining drill and blast patterns to achieve the expected results. The mine needed to obtain an automated representation of the fragmentation curves and correlate them to the respective blasts, lithologies and quality parameters, seeking the continuous optimization of the fragmentation process and its benefits to the subsequent comminution processes. Trials were carried out for 5 months to demonstrate the functionality of an autonomous fragmentation monitoring system that analyzes the granulometric curve of the material throughout the muckpile and makes the results available online and in real time. The system, which contains a binocular camera, a processing unit and an antenna, was installed in a shovel, to evaluate the following KPI's: monitoring failures, monitoring capacity, physical availability and reportability of oversized boulders. The system analyzed 33,060 samples, with an average capacity of 285 photos every 24 hours, 127 during the day and 158 at night, all measured, analyzed, stored, and made available on its online platform, reporting 223 alerts of P80 above 400mm (15.7 in) and 38 particle sizes above 900mm (35.4 in). The inactive and operational hours of the monitoring system corresponded, respectively, to the idle and worked hours of the shovel, according to dispatch data. There were no camera or processor failures, and rain, dust or poor internet conditions did not impact sampling and fragmentation analysis, indicating 100% physical availability of the system. The autonomous monitoring analyzed 139 times more samples compared to the currently used manual method. In addition to increasing sampling representativeness and automating the process, it increases the safety, quality, and productivity of granulometric analysis, eliminating the exposure of people in the mine and human bias in the analyses. Additional analyses were performed by correlating digitally centralized drill and blast data, data from autonomous drills and fragmentation results. Automated obtention of granulometric curves favors quick decision-making and optimization of blasts to achieve better results in productivity and cost reduction in the plant and mine operation. The autonomous fragmentation monitoring system met the need presented by the mine, proving to be a key tool in continuous improvement projects, including Mine to Plant.

Jan 1, 2024

By Matheson and Miller

Does anyone have any definitive information on vibration limits for damage to well casings near blasting? Also, are people using self-imposed limits when approaching cased wells? I can only tell you what I have personally done with success. Often in new construction in hard rock, the well is drilled before the foundation is excavated and before the ditch for the water line is excavated. These both require drilling and blasting. Under these circumstances when blasting for the ditch for the waterline we will drill right up to within 10 inches (not feet) of the well casing. We drill line holes the width of the ditch, then about a foot from this, another row of trim holes then as we move away from the casing holes for 1 1/4 inch stick powder for about three rows then as we get further still, we can load with ANFO. I do not have vibration data for this but my experience has been that as long as you are not displacing the material into the casing that no damage is done. These typically are steel casings for residential water service.

Jan 1, 2010

By Joseph A. Meyers

NYC has always been a high-profile target for both foreign and domestic terrorists. Explosives have always been the go-to tool for terrorists to bring about serious physical injury, death, and property damage in our society. Today with the anti-police movement gaining traction in the United States and anarchists groups using homemade explosives against law enforcement and municipalities, it is the responsibility of the explosives industry to ensure that every explosive product on a blasting site is secure. We must prevent the theft of these energetic materials used on projects and sold by vendors so they are not used by these terrorists. We have learned many lessons here in NYC which began with the theft of explosives used for blasting projects in NYC to supply the IRA (Irish Republican Army) 50 years ago. The liability is too significant to take short cuts in securing energetic materials. Over the years through cooperation with all agencies and the industry we in NYC have developed certain proven protocol and procedures we would like to share with the industry. An efficient and effective security plan for the logistic movement of explosives, as well as for the blast site is imperative to keeping the good name of the industry from negative repercussions and possible additional bureaucratic oversight of an industry that is highly regulated and still recovering from the pandemic. Communication, security assessments and transparency with all stakeholders and the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) will greatly improve the overall security for the blasting project. This SOP (standard operating procedure) will allow the AHJ to become a proactive partner in the security of the blasting project. If the AHJ is not a law enforcement agency, the law enforcement agency specialty unit must be notified and included in all phases of the project. The security for a blasting project with AHJ and law enforcement input starts at the inception of the project when the memorandum of understanding (MOU) is obtained, and involves the AHJ through all steps of the approval process. This includes threat assessments on new and existing structures. SME’s (Subject Matter Experts) must be present at all stages. The blasting industry and regulators must work collaboratively to improve safety, security, and create a dialogue with law enforcement and the AHJ. Relationships are built through trust, teamwork, transparency, and communication and greatly improve the safety of our great country.

Jan 21, 2025

By Jose A. Sanchidrián, Ricardo Castedo, Pablo Segarra, Juan Navarro

A study conducted at a mine site that used traditional field surveying and physical hole spot markings bench marked their combined drill and blast performance. The analysis of the operational expenditure (OPEX) improvement determined there were many measurable cost improvements. A primary factor that most operations have to deal with is over drilling of holes. This alone impacts the cost due to nonproductive labor allocations, excessive explosive costs, increased drill tool costs, increased drilling costs and has an impact on the downstream operation cost such as digging the shot material. Other related investigations also show a downstream impact of poor fragmentation on digging payload tonnes, cycle times, haulage payload tonnes, time to load a truck and the number of passes to load the tuck. The intent of this presentation is to draw attention to aspects of mining we understand but may be missing the big picture effects, such as the ability to reduce the operational expenditures consistently to impact the bottom line. The target audience is across the board from owner operators, drill and blast contractors to blasting contractors. Everyone can benefit from these improvements.

Jan 1, 2019

By D. Lee Petersen, Travis Davidsavor

The 2003-2004 expansion of a Duluth medical center required rock blasting adjacent to the existing structures, a Mn/DOT retaining wall and other urban structures. This case history describes the methods of a blast damage assessment, based on blast parameters, excavation locations, and critical vibration receptors (including surgical suites, a linear accelerator and a major retaining wall). The assessment concluded that blast vibrations could be controlled, by limiting charge weight, to eliminate impact at the critical receptors. Prior to construction, we conducted preconstruction surveys on structures susceptible to vibration damage. During construction, we reviewed submittals, observed test blasts, reviewed blasting logs and monitored blasting vibrations. Up to 13 seismographs were used simultaneously. Close coordination with medical center operations personnel was necessary to prevent impacts to critical medical procedures. Measured vibrations were clustered around the predicted values, and attenuated at the predicted rate. High-frequency blast induced ground vibrations induced low-frequency vibration of an adjacent MnDOT retaining wall. Medical center structures were observed to significantly attenuate the ground-borne vibrations. This paper was first published in the Proceedings of the 56th Annual Geotechnical Engineering Conference, 2008, at the University of Minnesota.

Jan 1, 2010

By Pierre Auger, Benoit Levesque, Richard Martel, Guy Sanfacon, Louis-Charles Boutin, Marc-Andre Lavigne, Patrick Brousseau, Luc Trepanier, Louise Galarneau

Explosives used for blasting operations in civil engineering works, like construction of piping systems under roads, of pools, of houses and buildings can generate large volumes of carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon monoxide can represent between 1 to 3% of the gases produced by usual explosives. The production of 10 to 24 1 of CO by kg of explosives blasted is theoretically anticipated. CO is a gas that has no characteristic colour, smell or taste. It can migrate in the fractured rock of the blasted areas on fair distances, and then infiltrate in closed spaces like sewage systems, manholes, but also in basements of houses. In Quebec, in the last 10 years, 7 people were poisoned by CO in their houses to the point that they had to be treated in hyperbaric chambers. In the USA, many accidents have occurred and one worker died in a manhole. From the review of intoxication cases, the distance of migration of CO may reach 55 m if a conduit is present underground. Underground conduits broken by blast, tilling around underground conduits in road or house trenches, or fractured rock created by blasts between houses or between a house and a road, are the different pathways identified in the Quebec incidents. Field tests were performed at sites close to CO intoxication locations in order to evaluate the behaviour of CO in fractured rock following blasting operations. From these tests, the following conclusions may be drawn. The structural geology of the rock formation (schistosity, family of joints, fractures) plays a role in the direction and extent of gas migration in fractures generated when rock is blasted with explosives. The confinement of the rock can affect the quantity of gas migrating in the fractured rock. Significant concentrations of CO may persist in the fractured rock even 7 days after a blast. Advection is the initial mechanism of CO migration in fractured rock generated by the blasts or naturally occurring before the blast. The distance of migration with this mechanism is short (5 to 8 m). In trenches of muck (equivalent to tills under roads) the distance of CO migration by advection is 12 to 20 m. In the 2 to 3 days following the blasts, further CO migration up to 15 m is made by diffusion in the induced fractures, or up to 30 m in the trenches. To minimise CO production and migration in the fractured rock during blasting, special procedures can be applied by the blasting contractors: (1) do the complete excavation of the overburden before drilling and put mats for each blast; (2) do the complete excavation of the muck after each blast; (3) the last blasting should be the one for the private services entrance of the house and the excavation of the muck should begin at the junction between the road trench and the services entrance trench. Another technique consists in the pumping of interstitial air in the muck with a vacuum truck immediately after each blast.

Jan 1, 2002

By Charles Clark, Mark Mukhija, Jaime Klein

Comminution – the reduction in size of solid materials – is the most energy intensive component of the mining process (Bauer, 2015). It is estimated that comminution consumes around three percent of all electricity generated in the world (Ceecthefuture.org, 2017). On an energy equivalent basis, downstream processing consumes six times more energy than drilling and blasting (Kanchibotla, Sarma et al., 2014).

Jan 1, 2018

By John C. Adams, Darrel D. Porter

After conventional drill and shoot methods were determined to be unfeasible due the fractured nature of the ground, a "coyote" blast was designed to produce 250,000 tons of rock from Rhone-Poulenc's Maiden Rock silica pit located near Butte, MT. This paper will cover the design and excavation of the explosive drifts, the placement and priming of 190,000 pounds of explosives, and the backfilling of the drift to provide confinement of the charges.

Jan 1, 1993

By Tapan Goswami, Lloyd Hain, Geoff Brent

For many years Ramp 24 at Ensham mine in Queensland, Australia has suffered substantial coal loss and damage due to the fragile nature of the coal and problematic geological conditions, which have proved very challenging. In the past various blasting techniques were applied in attempts to improve coal recovery. One approach was to use a shallow throw (cast) blast followed by a separate post-strip blast underneath. Another method was the introduction of the practice known as “baby decking” with the addition of a large buffer of material in front of the coal. However, despite increasing mining costs, none of these techniques adequately reduced coal edge loss and damage.

Jan 1, 2008

By Nan Lee, Stephen H. Chung, Peter Lienberger

INCO Limited's Thompson Open Pit has researched extensively into improved blasting techniques towards increased productivity as well as optimum pit wall protection. Blasting with excessive amounts of explosives near the pit wall can induce severe back-break, new cracks and opening-up of existing joints in the wall. These ill effects can reduce the wall slope stability and restrict mining activities.

Jan 1, 1992

By D. Johansson, C. San Miguel, U. Stenman, N. Petropoulos

Blasting is a commonly utilized method in civil engineering projects and mining operations. Ammonium nitrate-based (AN-based) explosives are the most efficient explosives today in terms of handling and performance. However, a side effect is the production of gases. The reduction of these gases plays an important role in the safety and environmental aspects in the working place. Therefore, optimizing the recipes of explosives is vital for minimizing the environmental impact and increasing performance. The aim of the project is to provide results and recommendations on the use of emulsion commercial explosives to support the Swedish mining industry and tunnel-contractors as well as the explosives manufactures. The approach was to test various recipes of civil emulsion explosives to investigate the generation of toxic fumes (CO, CO2, NO, NO2 and NOx) during their detonation. To further increase the knowledge of the influence of different additives, ammonium nitrate prills were added in various percentages. The experimental configuration consisted of magnetite mortar cylindrical specimens with a 50 mm borehole at their center, filled with emulsion explosive. Several tests with different emulsion compositions regarding ammonium nitrate additives (10%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%) were carried out in a blasting chamber. The measurement equipment was composed of a flue gas analyzer. The instrument was meticulously cleaned after every test, as well as before and during the tests due to condensation (high humidity and dust) at the inlet of the instrument. The emulsion was manually sensitized with microballons and pumped into the cylinders to ensure lack of bubbles, which could introduce inhomogeneities. The acquired gas concentration data was complemented with temperature, humidity, and VoD measurements. The results showed a linear increase of nitrogen gases as the percentage of ammonium nitrate prills increased. On the other hand, carbon gases had a relatively low coefficient of determination. The VoD data showed a behavior that can be described with a simple quadratic equation.

Jan 1, 2024

By Ray Jambakhsh, John Okell, Frank Cook

"In early 1988, an experimental study was carried out at the Inco's McCreedy West Mine inLevack, Ontario. The objective was to develop blasting techniques which would allow themine to maintain production targets and reduce blast induced vibrations and overpressure.Due to its close proximity to the town of Levack (approximately 900 feet), particularconcern was expressed as to the vibration and overpressure resulting from the undergroundblasting operations."

Jan 1, 1993

By Douglas R. Simms

O & G Industries, Inc. owns and operates a number of rock quarries within the State of Connecticut. These rock quarries are surrounded by residences and commercial neighbors who have concerns related to blasting. In addition, local commissions which issue the mining permits to O & G are required to hold public hearings, prior to issuing the annual permits each year.

Jan 1, 1994

By Alejandro Berrios, Matheus DaSilva, Erick Siqueira

Vazante mine is an underground polymetallic mine that produces zinc, lead, and silver, which belongs to Nexa Resources in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The mine, a sublevel stope underground mine, mainly applies two subvariants: VRM – Vertical Retreat Mining and Open Stope. In a specific place of the mine, the geology allowed the design of a production stope with larger dimensions than the standard stopes, commonly called Super Stope. At this place, the plan was to apply both sublevel variants simultaneously. This mining block comprises rings in two different levels, with access by two ore drives on each level; the dimensions would be approximately 50 meters high, 50 meters long, and 35 meters wide. Opening the Free Face to mine the whole Stope was a challenge due to operational issues, such as hazard risks from loading over void space, exposure to uncontained places, and the impossibility of implementing the optimal blast sequence. Wireless blasting initiators have gained popularity recently due to their convenience, safety, and efficiency. This initiation system was applied to preload all the rings required to open the Free Face, ensuring a safe and optimal blast sequence. Wireless initiation prevented hazard risks, enhanced the blast sequence to guarantee the required void space, and optimized the equipment's operational cycle. The blast crew carried out the activity without exposure to the risk of loading over void space. The wireless detonators also avoided after-blast activities, which were required to provide secure access to the blast crew, optimizing the operational cycle.

Jan 21, 2025