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By F. D. Everett

This report summarizes the results of a nationwide investigation completed in 1964 to determine the nonferrous base metal ore reserves and potential sources of ore and to evaluate criteria for their ultimate exploitation. Engineers of the Bureau of Mines contacted mining company officials, reviewed reports and Government records, and where necessary made personal appraisals in arriving at the results. The estimates are presented by metals in ores in geographic regions and include some of the problems affecting the reserves and potential sources. The recoverable metal in the measured ore category and in the total ore reserves was estimated as follows: [ ] At the 1963 rate of domestic mine production these total reserves would be adequate to provide copper for 62 years, lead for 121 years, and zinc for 42 years. Data also are given for gold, silver, and other coproducts. Reserve estimates greatly exceed those of previous investigations; some prior estimates of copper reserves are included for comparison (table 23). Projections of requirements for base metals indicated the United States will need approximately 45 percent more copper in 1970 and 110 percent more by 1980 than was consumed in 1960; similar projections for lead indicate increases of 20 percent by 1970 and 45 percent by 1980; zinc projections are 40 percent more by 1970 and 90 percent by 1980. Much of the production of gold and silver is a coproduct of base metals recovery and the projected need for the precious metals exceeds all the United States can produce. Some problems of the industry are mentioned. A graphic evaluation of the economic availability of the reserve and potential sources is shown.

Jan 1, 1967

The Bureau of Mines studied available information on the nature and occurrence of potential sources of aluminum in the United States, its Pacific island possessions, and Puerto Rico to obtain data for use in evaluating the production capability and costs of extracting the aluminum from such materials. The quantity, type, and grade of the materials range from 4 billion tons of bauxite, bauxitic clay, and kaolin averaging 33 to 42 percent Al2O3 to nearly 600 billion tons of anorthosite containing only 27 percent Al2O3. Principal deposits of bauxite, bauxitic clay, and kaolin occur in Arkansas, Georgia, Hawaii, and Oregon. Major anorthosite deposits are located in New York, Wyoming, California, Idaho, and Montana. About 11 billion tons of material in deposits of various types of clay, the kyanite group of minerals, laterites, and shales averaging 27 to 30 percent Al2O3 comprise additional resource's from which aluminum some day may be extracted. Material meeting specifications of the study was found in only 22 States and the Pacific island possessions. Utilization of these large low-grade sources of aluminum awaits development of processes that are economically competitive with the Bayer process for extracting alumina from baxuite, which is at present the only commercial ore of aluminum. Changes in economic and political conditions also may play important roles in the eventual development of the potential sources of aluminum.

Jan 1, 1967

By Kung-Lee Wang

This report describes the linkage of all mining sectors with all other manufacturing, services, and final demand sectors of the U.S. economy. Besides being a basic data source, it provides a framework for aggregate economic impact analysis with respect to the mining industries. The framework is an open-static input-output model specifying 48 mining industries as classified in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual for all mining activities and 76 nonmining industries which collectively exhaust, all economic activities. The 124-sector model used in this report is an expansion of the preliminary 82-industry aggregation estimates made by the Department of Commerce. In the expanded model, 48 ruining industries are substituted for the original 6. The methodology used to ascertain the industry-by-industry procurement cost estimates and product ion flows necessary to the construction and expansion of the basic 82-sector model included personal interviews, case studies of specific mining activity analysis, and published and unpublished data from the Bureau of Mines and the Census of Mineral Industries, The end products of this study are two tables arranged to show the direct purchases necessary for each industry to support the level of economic activity and the total purchases generated in each industry throughout the economy by each $1 of aggregate economic demand in 1958. The tables may he used for economic impact studies and market analysis by firms engaged in or closely associated with the mining industries. Some illustrations of their usages are presented.

Jan 1, 1967

By Arnold M. Lansche

[Selenium and tellurium are rare elements in the earth's crust. Their scarcity and primary dependence of supply on copper and lead output are in consonance with the relatively small quantities consumed at 1964 level. Production depending on output of copper and lead creates a supply situation- which would appear to militate against development of large-scale usage of these elements. However, supplies have adequately met. demand in the past decade and can be increased substantially if warranted by new uses for either selenium or tellurium Ores of copper and lead re the principal sources of selenium and tellurium. Byproducts from the smelting and refining of copper and lead concentrates are incorporated in refinery anode slimes from which selenium and tellurium metal are recovered.]

Jan 1, 1967

By Walter Pajalich

This Bureau of Mines report is a study of the organizational framework of the ferrous scrap industry, of the products produced, and of the factors affecting the consumption of ferrous scrap by the steel industry. Consumption data from 27 major iron and steel firms in the States of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin during the period between 1957 to 1962 were grouped by type of iron and steel furnace production facilities to determine consumption pattern for various grades of scrap in comparison to ingot production, hot metal consumption, and home scrap generation. Grades of scrap affected by changes in scrap consumption were determined, and the pattern that emerged was analyzed. Correlation of scrap demand and its effects on scrap prices based on price of scrap receipts of No. 1 heavy melting scrap and No. 2 bundles in the Chicago area for the years 1957 through 1962 indicated that demand trends do not always affect the price of scrap, Past and present technological advancements in steelmaking processes are discussed, and their effects on the scrap industry are analyzed.

Jan 1, 1967

By Sidney Katell

This report, covering the period January 1966 through December 1966, is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1944. It is the eighth in a series of reports prepared in cooperation with the American Association of Cost Engineers. The abstracted articles are concerned with all phases of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects. They are from the following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. O. Pynnonen

This publication is an analysis of reports to the Bureau of Mines of 44 fatal accidents that occurred during the operation of rubber-tired, front-end loaders in the mineral industry. The causes of the accidents, the nature of the work being performed, and recommendations for preventing similar accidents are included.

Jan 1, 1967

Over 500 industrial, academic, and government representatives from Europe, Canada, and the United States attended the first large symposium ever held in this country on fly ash utilization and technology, March 14-16, 1967, at Pittsburgh, Pa. Sponsored by the Edison Electric Institute, the National Coal Association, and the Bureau of Mines, the symposium featured 27 formal presentations by leading reports from the United States and Europe on all major phases of fly ash production, utilization, and research. Representing the three sponsoring organizations were Edison Electric Institute, James D. William- son, The Dayton Power and Light Co.; National Coal Association, James R. Garvey, Bituminous Coal Research, Inc; and Bureau of Mines, Harry Perry. Symposium chairman was John H. Faber of the Bureau of Mines. Gerard C. Gambs, Consolidation Coal Co., addressed the opening session. Moderated by Mr. Garvey, President and Director of Research of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., the opening session was devoted to a discussion of the nature of the fly ash problem, including availability, specifications, and limitations on its use. Subsequent sessions covered Fly ash marketing, fly ash utilization in concrete and masonry products, specialized uses, and recent developments in basic fly ash research. Others serving as session chairmen were Oscar E. Manz, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota; Mrs. Katharine Mather, Chief, Petrography and X-ray Section, Concrete Division, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station; Mr. Williamson, and Mr. Perry.

Jan 1, 1967

By B. J. Moore

This publication contains routine analyses and related source data for 374 natural gas samples from 24 States and 5 foreign countries. These samples were collected during calendar year 1966 as a part of a continuous survey of the free world for occurrences of helium in natural gas. This survey has been conducted in the United States by the Bureau of Mines since 1917. In late 1965, the survey was expanded to include foreign gasfields. The analyses of foreign samples contained in this publication represent the first samples received as a result of this expanded program. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and a special helium analysis apparatus, which are described in Bureau of Mines Bulletins 4863 and 576.4 Eight previous publications have been made to present the results of 7,244 gas analyses made? by the Bureau of Mines Helium Activity prior to 1966. The first three, Bulletins 486,5 576,6 and 617,7 contain analyses and related

Jan 1, 1967

This report briefly describes the broad program of research and technologic work conducted by the Bureau of Mines on coal and related subjects during 1966. In addition to n description of investigations on mining, preparation, and utilization of coal, an account is given of the Bureau's work in mine health and safety, coal resources, mine explosives, and environmental conditions relating to coal mining and utilization. Details of most of the projects are reported in publications cited throughout this report. Centers and laboratories conducting the coal research and related investigations appear in appendix A; organizations, institutions , and companies contributing to the Bureau's coal research and technologic program are listed in appendix B.

Jan 1, 1967

By H. E. Powell

The magnetic susceptibilities of 34 manganese-bearing minerals were determined. The source of each sample and petrographic, spectrographic, and chemical analyses are given. Included are values for ismorphous series showing wide ranges of composition and for a few high-purity synthetic minerals.

Jan 1, 1968

During fiscal year 1966 the Bureau of Mines published 99 scientific and technical papers and engaged in 67 research projects on petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale. A basic appropriation of $3.4 million was supplemented by $1 million in cooperative funds from other Governmental agencies and industry groups. Petroleum conservation was advanced by development of scientific knowledge and improvement of technologic methods in both the extraction and utilization of petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale. Experimental work was carried out at research centers in Bartlesville, Okla., and Laramie, Wo., and in laboratories in Morgantown, W. Va., and San Francisco, Calif. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FISCAL YEAR 1966 Bureau of Mines--Petroleum Research in fiscal year 1966 (July 1, 1965- June 30, 1966) was involved in many public issues--air pollution, peaceful uses of nuclear explosives, utilization of oil-shale resources, computerization of recovery-stimulation techniques, and fuels for supersonic airplanes. Scientific contributions included compositional studies of petroleum and oil shale, determination of thermodynamic properties of petroleum compounds, development of analytical techniques, and correlations of petroleum properties with geologic occurrence. Technologic advances included rock-fracturing research, in situ combustion studies, waterflood techniques, use of radio-tracers to study stability of petroleum fuels, and hydrogenation as a tool to prepare shale-oil products.

Jan 1, 1968

By David J. Kusler

This study is an appraisal of the feasibility of recovery and the possible chemical and physical uses of the limestone from the Greenbrier Formation in western West Virginia. Data on minability, occurrence, quality, and markets were obtained from published and unpublished sources and by a limited mail survey combined with personal contacts. The estimated costs of recovery by deep mining techniques are considerably higher than competitive surface and shallow subsurface operations. Compositional in formation available for this study was limited but indicated the suitability of the limestone for most physical uses and some chemical process uses in appraisal of the uses and demand reveals that immediate markets may be difficult to establish, but for some uses long-term prospects may be encouraging, especially if the quality of limestone would be suitable for lime manufacture or use as metallurgical fluxstone.

Jan 1, 1968

The 1967 Lignite Symposium was held at Grand Forks, N. Dak., on April 27-28, 1967. This was the fifth of these technical meetings and the fourth which was cosponsored by the University of North Dakota and the Bureau of Mines. These symposia have provided a meeting place where current developments concerning technology and utilization of solid fuels (lignite) are presented. There was a registration of 255 persons from 24 States, the District of Columbia, six Canadian Provinces, Germany, and India. Many segments of coal or energy oriented organizations at many levels were represented. During the meeting, 18 presentations were made covering developments in electrical power generation, mining, estimation of reserves, combustion, gasification, and chemical and speciality uses of low-rank coals; these are com-piled in this Information Circular to provide a record of the symposium and to permit wider dissemination of the information. Proceedings of the other meetings have also been published.3

Jan 1, 1968

By George Markon

The importance of United States coal exports as a component of the national economy, the potential for growth of these exports, and the inter-national character of this sector of the coal industry are described in this report. The report summarizes some of the many background elements in the rise of United States coals to preeminence in highly competitive world markets. It presents some insight into this important sector of United States industry and the positive contribution of this sector to the Nation's balance of payments. It contains pertinent basic statistics on production, trade, and consumption of coal in most major markets for 1960-66. The report examines the movement of United States coals from mines to export markets, tracing and describing origins, exit ports, prices, and trends as well as inland and ocean freight rates and other data vital to an under-standing of some of the practices and complexities of the United States coal markets abroad. A brief sketch of coal production and consumption in principal importing countries is also presented with a short review of some of the more current practices and problems of these countries. Coal produced in inland areas of the. United States can be moved to and distributed economically within coal-producing countries overseas and in Canada. Quality coals from the United States can successfully compete with foreign coals in nearly any area of the world on a truly economic basis because of their high grade and their low cost which derives from the high productivity of the miner and from reasonable ocean freight rates. Because of tariffs, trade embargoes, quotas, and other restrictions, how-I ever, foreign coal markets are relatively limited. Further limitations are imposed in some countries by economic conditions which restrict all imports as a matter of financial and economic necessity. Despite these obstacles, United States coals have brought lower cost quality coals to a large segment of the foreign energy market.

Jan 1, 1968

By Sidney Katell

This report, covering the period January 1967 through December 1967, is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. It is the ninth in a series of reports prepared in cooperation with the American Association of Cost Engineers. The abstracted articles are concerned with all phases of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects. They are from the following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering. 5. Chemical Engineering Progress. 6. Chemical Week.

Jan 1, 1968

The principal activities of the Bureau of Mines Explosives Research Center during fiscal year 1967 (July 1, 1966, to June 30, 1967) arc reviewed in a part 1. Part 2 presents short abstracts of the publications issued during this period in the Bureau series and in other media. Part 3 describes a short study on the shock initiation of hydrogen peroxide not destined for publication elsewhere. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Bureau of Mines gratefully acknowledges the support received through cooperative agreement in fiscal year 1967 from The Dow Chemical Company Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc.

Jan 1, 1968

Reports by researchers in government, industry, and universities of the United States are given for various projects on basic coal research concerning, the metamorphism, physical and chemical properties, and reactions of coal, and how many of these studies can lead to better utilization of coal.

Jan 1, 1968

By William R. Barton

Dimension stones, with their almost infinite variety, have a broad range of properties and uses. Natural stone was beyond doubt the first mineral commodity used by man. Today dimension stone has widened to encompass building exteriors and interiors, decorative and ornamental modes, statuary, monuments, paving, curbing, flagging, roofing, and miscellaneous categories such as blackboards, surface plates, and honestones. For many purposes, it competes with greater or less success with alternate materials such as concrete, metal, brick, plastic, or glass. The almost ubiquitous geographic distribution of stone resources is the basis for a dimension stone producer industry in almost every State and in almost every land. In the United States, alone, dimension stone sold or used by quarries is valued at 2 million to 3 million dollars annually. Mining, finishing, transportation, and use technology have been modernized, resulting in a broader spectrum of stone products and new adaptions in use. Increased efficiencies also have been reflected in costs and prices and, coupled with gains that should be realized from current research, auger well for continued vitality of the ancient and honorable dimension stone craft.

Jan 1, 1968

By Franklin D. Cooper

This Bureau of Mines study reviews current and proposed methods of extracting copper from sub-mill-grade ore by leaching. The amount of copper produced by hydrometallurgy has increased dramatically in recent years and will probably be about 200,000 tons per year by 1970.

Jan 1, 1968