Search Documents

By CHARLES M. A. STINE

IN fighting a war the all-absorbing intent is to win. There is little time to analyze the rush of events or to appraise their consequences beyond the war's end. The united objective is, rightly, success for our arms. Yet under the pressures of a great war there may be compressed scientific, economic and social developments that might have taken many decades to achieve under less urgent conditions. Their effects on our lives and all civilization may be more wide-reaching and lasting than any military conquest. They constitute one of the must imperative incentives to victory. No American, least of all any scientist worthy the name, conceivably could endorse war as a justifiable means to progress. The destruction of life and property wrought by the present war far exceeds the havocs of a century's earthquakes. Most of mankind is burning itself on an altar of paganism. Nonetheless, one fact is inescapable Despite the recurrent malady of war history's overall course is forward. Mankind has the habit of rising phoenix-like from its own ashes to attain greater heights. Progress is immortal.

Jan 1, 1942

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., Now York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS. Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annualmeeting in September or October. STANLY A. EASTON,- Chairman FREDERIC KEFFER,-Vice-Chairman: LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P.O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. D. C. LIVINGSTON, FRANK A. ROSS.

Jan 10, 1916

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. STANLY A. EASTON, Chairman. FREDERIC KEFFER. Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. D. C. LIVINGSTON. FRANK A. ROSS.

Jan 10, 1916

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary. 55 Wall St. New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS. Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston Mass ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. STANLY A. EASTON Chairman. FREDERIC KEFFER, Vice-chairman: LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. 0. Drawer 2154, Spokane. Wash. D. C. LIVINGSTON, FRANK A. ROSS.

Jan 8, 1916

By John H. Harden

In the valuable paper of Mr. Dunbar D. Scott and its varied discussion, on the evolution of mine-surveying instruments, the tripod-head has not received the attention it merits. During the last 50 years this very necessary adjunct to the surveyor's instrument has been much improved. The legs are of better construction; and the devices for laterally moving the instrument over the station-point and for quick leveling, without the use of the screws, have given to the instrument fitted with the modern tripod-head the same facilities possessed by the oldfashioned ball-and-socket, with more perfect accuracy, not attainable in the latter, while saving from 30 to 50 per cent. of the time required for setting the instrument over a station. For the purpose of extending the discussion to this import-

Jan 1, 1902

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members who registered at Institute headquarters during June: Ralph H. Sweetser, Columbus, Ohio. O. M. Bilharz, Rivermines, Mo. Etienne A. Ritter, Colorado Springs. Colo. Joseph A. Holmes, Washington, D. C. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. Francis Church Lincoln, Urbana, 111. Arthur Chippendale, Mexico City, Me'. William E. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. E. T. Miller, Louisville, Ky. E. P. Ross, Johnson City, Tenn. Jesse Scobey, Denver, Colo. H. M. Boylston, Cambridge, Mass. Charles Rhodes, Auckland, N. Z. Edward Keller, Perth Amboy, N. J. John W. Finch, Denver, Colo. F. G. Cottrell, San Francisco, Cal.

Jan 7, 1913

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members who registered at Institute headquarters during June: Ralph H. Sweetser, Columbus, Ohio. O. M. Bilharz, Rivermines, Mo. Etienne A. Ritter, Colorado Springs. Colo. Joseph A. Holmes, Washington, D. C. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. Francis Church Lincoln, Urbana, III. Arthur Chippendale, Mexico City, Mex. William E. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. E. T. Miller, Louisville, Ky. E. P. Ross, Johnson City, Tenn. Jesse Scobey, Denver, Colo. H. M. Boylston, Cambridge, Mass. Charles Rhodes, Auckland, N. Z. Edward Keller, Perth Amboy, N. J. John W. Finch, Denver, Colo. F. G. Cottrell, San Francisco, Cal.

Jan 7, 1913

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. STANLY A. EASTON, -Chairman. FREDERIC KEFFER, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K: ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. D. C. LIVINGSTON, FRANK A. ROSS.

Jan 7, 1916

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary. 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. Boston Meets first Monday, of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. STANLY A. EASTON, Chairman. FREDERIC KEFFER, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. D. C. LIVINGSTON, FRANK A. ROSS.

Jan 9, 1916

By J. M. Sands

Describes important developments in, four counties, all of which brought in 40° oil. Indications are favorable for the future, although the daily production of the agate decreased 19,000 bbl. during the year 1923. THE state of Kansas had a daily average crude-oil production of about 87,000 bbl. at the beginning of the year. This showed a steady but consistent decline during the 12 months, so that the daily average production at the end of the year was slightly over 68,000 barrels. GREENWOOD COUNTY THE most active development in Kansas during the year was in Green-. wood County, in a line from near Sallyards in T 25-R 9 to east of Madison in T 22-R, 11. The main part of. this development has been in a succession of pools beginning at the south with the Polhamus pool in 34-24-9 and 3 and 4-25-9; Thrall pool in 28, 29, 32 and 33-23-10; Burkett pool in. 13, 23, 24 and 26-23-10; Seeley and Wick pool in 22, 27, 28, 32 and 33-22-11 and 5, 6, 7, and 8-23-11; Frohm pool in 11, 14 and 15-22-11; Madison pool in 31 and 32-21-12 and 6, 22, 12 and 1-22-11. Some of these pools, have two or more sands, locally called Bartlesville and Burgess Sands. They range in. depth from 1850 ft. near Madison to 2450 ft. near Sallyards, the general dip being to the west. The thickness of these sands runs from 20 to 100 ft., the initial production of the wells being 50 to 1000 bbl. of 40-gravity oil or better.

Jan 3, 1924

By H. M. Wilten

THIS article presets a view of a problem encountered in petroleum refining in the deterioration of equipment used in condensation of vapors and cooling of liquids. Discussion is limited to the problems of shell- and tube-type exchangers and condensers. In this service shell- and .tube-type equipment is gradually displacing other types and, for this reason, its economic importance ill oil-refining practice is also increasing. Considering oil - refinery practice during the last two decades one can readily see many important improvements in the apparatus used. Briefly, the present equipment is safer, more efficient, and Ignore economical. Improvement in apparatus used for the condensation of distillates has, in my opinion, been less than that in other essential distilling apparatus. So it is hoped that this discussion will stimulate research among the producers as well as among the consumers of this equipment with a view to ameliorating this condition.

Jan 1, 1937

By John A. Putnam, Morrough P. O’Brien

DATA on the physical and thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons have been made available in recent years but the formal method of applying these data to flow in porous media appears not to have been fully developed. By making usual thermodynamic assumptions and employing existing data on permeability to two-phase flow, Darcy's law may be applied to obtain the flow characteristics for representative combinations of flowing medium and geometry. The numerical examples presented herein are based on hydrocarbons for which complete physical and thermodynamic data are available under equilibrium conditions. INTRODUCTION Thermodynamic data are obtained in the laboratory under equilibrium conditions and their application requires the assumption that equilibrium also exists during flow. This assumption is at least usual in engineering analyses, though not easily justified in many instances, and will be followed here. In regard to hydrocarbons, laboratory experience in determining the pressure-volume-temperature relationships indicates that gas-liquid mixtures must often be stirred vigorously for periods of 15 to 20 min. before reaching equilibrium. On the other hand, boiling and condensation are known to occur on solid surfaces and the large surface exposed to the flowing substance by a porous medium may bring about rapid approach to equilibrium. For the purpose of providing at least a guide to experimentation and a standard for later comparison with experimental results, it will be assumed that the phases present in cross sections perpendicular to the direction of flow are in thermodynamic equilibrium. Another assumption usually made in the solution of problems of flow in porous media is that the fluid remains at a constant temperature; i.e., isothermal flow. This assumption is arrived at by considering the porous medium and surroundings to be an infinite heat source and the rate of heat flow to be infinite at a boiling front. Its validity depends in large measure upon the character of flow, the number of components, and the physical and thermodynamic properties of the fluid. However, the assumption of isothermal flow represents a limiting case. The other limit can be represented by the assumption that the fluid is thermally isolated; i.e., irreversible adiabatic. The thermodynamic process characterizing the actual flow of a given fluid system probably lies somewhere between these two limiting cases and might be thought of as a flow system in which the confining walls are maintained at a constant temperature. For isothermal flow the solid material of the porous media is considered as the infinite heat source capable, without loss in temperature, of giving up heat to the fluid as the latter tends to cool by expansion. For the thermally isolated system, the solid material is considered to give up no heat to the fluid. In the intermediate case the impervious walls confining the porous media are at constant temperature from which heat is transferred along various paths, solid and fluid, throughout the porous media. It would appear that an actual petroleum-

Jan 1, 1941

By Daniel C. Jackling

WHAT is written here features some of the things that I would say if I were to de- liver a Presidential address during the Annual Meeting to be held this month in New York. I am aware that custom favors written rather than vocal delivery of such a discourse; and, as this accords exactly with my own preference, I assure readers that they will never be called upon to hear these remarks spoken- anyhow, not by me. My year as President is drawing to a close. As I look back I like to classify and analyze the impressions that have been left with me. It has been a delightful and fascinating experience to me personally; I have appreciated the courtesies and aids, and have been deeply gratified at the honors accorded me. Perhaps the source of greatest satisfaction is the opportunity I have had to sense more about the provinces of this Institute and about the useful functions of the profession that it represents. For 38 years I have been a member. I served two terms as Director-one in 1914-'16 and again in 1927-'29. I have been honored by selection as a Saunders Medalist. I thought I was reasonably familiar with the functions, the ideals, and the activities of the Institute. But the things that I have discerned during the past year have dispelled that conceit. I still think that, a year ago, I was as well informed as most members; but since then I have had the rare privilege of executive service and insight. That has given me a perspective that I feel can be obtained in no other way-as I think the illustrious engineers who have preceded me in office will agree. I wish that I had the power to translate to every member somewhat of the feelings of pride in our organization that a year as President cannot help but instill.

Jan 1, 1939

By Paul Beck

WHILE the recrystallization properties of most of the practically important metals are known in considerable detail, those of lead are still relatively little known in spite of some valuable contributions in recent years. This condition probably is due to the difficulties involved in applying the usual methods of investigation. The microscopic method of discriminating between the elongated deformed grains of the familiar lenticular shape and the equiaxed recrys-tallized grains is not successful with fully refined lead: lenticular grains cannot be seen under the microscope with any amount of deformation whatever. The probable cause of this phenomenon was recognized long ago. With large deformation the time of recrystallization at room tem-perature is shorter than the period of preparation of the specimen for microscopic examination; with small deformation the deformed grains are not noticeably elongated in the first place. However, with small deformation the migration of the grain boundaries can be observed. The only systematic investigations yet published on the recrystallization of lead, those by R. S. Russell,1-3 make use of the conditions just described. Russell considered recrystallization completed when no further migration of boundaries could be observed. A serious objection to this method arises from the fact that there is no evidence to support the view that grain-boundary migration results only from recrystallization. If such migration does result from other sources after recrystallization is com-pleted-after the deformed grains have been replaced by new unde-formed grains-the "time of recrystallization" as determined by Russell may be too long. Furthermore, the method is subject to the above-mentioned limitation because of the unavoidable period of preparation of the sample. According to Russell, even with the fastest technique 5 min. elapsed before the deformed samples were ready for examination, and consequently no recrystallization time shorter than 5 min. could be measured.

Jan 1, 1939

By W. S. Tower

STEEL is the basic metal, the main metallic prop of the modern industrial world, a good gage for measuring the state of our complex economy. Any who had doubts on that score should have had them dispelled by the many evidences of public concern over the affairs of the steel industry in recent months. I do not need to relate the various criticisms of the industry, nor the questions about its policies and performance which have come in a rising flood, especially from unthinking and irresponsible sources. But judged from the standpoint of production, or from plans to improve and expand facilities, or from technical progress, the facts about the steel industry are proof of

Jan 1, 1948

By C. N. Stout

Square-sets go out and labor saving combination of top-slicing and sub-level caving raises tons per man hour 300 pct, cuts timber cost 50 pct to permit mining lower grade ores.

Jan 1, 1953

Jan 1, 1884

IRON AND STEEL DIVISION Established as a Division February 22, 1928 K C. McCutcheon, Chairman T. L. Joseph, Past Chairman J B Austin, Vice-Chairman E K Miller, Vice-Chairman T. J. McLoughlm, Vice-Chairman Ernest Kirkendall, Secretary-Treasurer CO M M I T T E E S EXECUTIVE J. A. Bowers '54 J. S. Marsh '55 R. W. Campbell '54 D. L. McBride '53 Walter Carroll '55 G. B. McMeans '53 K. L Fetters '53 F. L. Toy '54 H. M. Griffith '55

Jan 1, 1952

SULPHUR is a very well known mineral and apparently is produced in many places. It is engendered from an unctuous earthy and powerfully hot substance so that it is considered among experienced workers to bear a resemblance to the element of fire. This is called by these same men the masculine seed and the prime agent of Nature in the composition of metals. Because of its great dryness and heat it has, as experience shows, affinity with fire, which is easily introduced in it when brought near. And once introduced the fire is quenched only with difficulty before its unctuousness is wholly consumed. Although it shows itself to us of such a hot and dry nature, we must not think that sulphur is a substance so pure that it can stand by itself or that in order to attain its form it has no need of its portion and part of moisture like every other mixture. This is shown to us by its easy fusion, in which it resembles the metals. This thing is found in many places and in many varieties of color; some are white, others yellow and orange, and some others between gray and black. They also say that some red is found. It does not occur in that arrangement of veins like other minerals, but most liberal Nature makes whole mountains of it as is seen in the Aeolian islands, [26] near Sicily, in Etna or Moncibello which is the island of Sicily, at Pozzuoli, in the territory of Rome, in the Sienese domain at San Filippo, and in many other similar places. It is a substance that has a very strong odor and is most unpleasant to smell. It is very fixed in its substance so that it is never corrupted by time, by boiling, or by the moisture of water. For although it may stand in water a long time it never becomes soft nor does it ever decrease or increase in weight. It is brittle and easily crushed very fine. It is said that a trace of garlic rubbed on the mortar helps anyone who wishes to reduce it to impalpability. Its ores have a form more like earth than like stone although they some¬times have the color of a certain soft rock. The places where it is found are easily recognized by the great odor that they give out and by the very hot baths that often spring forth near it. What I have already told you about quicksilver that is contrary to the

Jan 1, 1942

The industrial might of the Bowen Basin is primarily the result of Utah Development Co.'s work- which has opened up the Blackwater, Goonyella, Peak Downs, and Saraji mines; built the Hay Point port; and is now developing the Norwich Park mine.

Jan 1, 1977