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By L D. Lawrence

Certain blasting applications are more prone to the generation of significant levels of nitrogen dioxide post blast fumes, more commonly referred to as after blast smoke, generally ranging in color from dark yellow to bright red. This paper reviews basic background chemistry defining the observed fumes and attempts to correlate geology, blast design, and explosive composition effects on the level of nitrogen dioxide that can be observed in various blasting conditions. Additionally, a test setting for evaluating the generation of post blast fumes is presented with pertinent test data detailing generic explosive formulation modifications which effect the overall level of post detonation generation of nitrogen dioxide.

Jan 1, 1996

A Study on Process Mineralogy and Mineral Processing of Complex Carbon-Bearing Cu-Pb-Co-Ni Multi-Metal Sulfide Ore by Bulk Flotation

Sep 13, 2010

By Kurt Aasly, Przemyslaw B. Kowalczuk, Rolf Arne Kleiv

Seafloor massive sulphides (SMS) can serve as a potential resource of metals such as Cu, Zn, Au and Ag. SMS rock samples from the Loki’s Castle area at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge are comprised of sulphide bearing minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, isocubanite, galena, sphalerite, whereas the gangue consists mainly of barite and silica. Sphalerite, chalcopyrite and isocubanite show complex intergrowth textures on the nano- to microscale. Various mineral processing tests were conducted in order to recover copper, zinc and silver. It was shown that sensor-based sorting can be efficiently used for preconcentration of SMS rock samples. A significant amount of waste (i.e. barite and silica) was removed in the preconcentration stage with very low losses of copper and zinc to the waste fraction. The upgraded samples were sent to the next processing stages. The results showed that the complex mineralogy of the SMS material provided challenges to conventional mineral processing methods. Hydrometallurgical processing was applied as an alternative method for extraction of metals from SMS. Leaching experiments were conducted using solutions of different lixiviants, and it was shown that leaching of SMS together with manganese nodules would facilitate efficient recovery of metals from these resources.

Jan 1, 2018

By L. Shuyi

In order to develop the pulsating high gradient magnetic separation technology, a type of laboratory pulsating high gradient magnetic separator (PHGMS) has been manufactured. Experiments of its separating performance were carried out. They show that PHGMS can significantly increase the grade of the magnetic product and avoid the matrix to be blocked. The characteristic curve of the pulsating fluid was measured and a formula for estimating the grade of the magnetic product was established in PHGMS.

Jan 1, 1990

By Bora Derin, Adnan Aydin, Onuralp Yucel, Hakan Morcali

"The steelmaking industry which uses electric arc furnaces (EAF) generates approximately 250.000 tons of EAF flue dusts annually in Turkey. These flue dusts contain valuable metals such as zinc, iron and lead. For example, if these flue dusts can be treated efficiently, disposal problems certainly decreases and annually almost 40.000-75.000 tons of zinc can be recovered. In this study, powder and pellet forms of EAF flue dusts taken from a steel mill were carbothermally treated in a temperature controlled pilot scale rotary furnace via carbothermal reduction in order to investigate the reduction behavior of Zn and Pb. Temperature (900-1000 and 1100 °C) and time (0-90 minutes) were selected as reaction parameters. The chemical analysis was performed for the sample residues.IntroductionTurkey’s steel production reached to 23.3 million tons in 2006. There are three integrated steel plants of which capacities vary from 0.7 to 3 million tons per year and seventeen EAF steel plants of which capacities vary from 0.06 to 2 million tons per year [1]. When it is considered that more than 74 % of the Turkish steel production is produced by EAF method and approximately 10 - 15 kg of dust is formed per ton of steel during this process, the amount of annual generated EAF dust may be estimated at approximately 0.25 million tons. EAF dust which contains valuable metals such as zinc, lead, iron, cadmium, and chromium, is considered as hazardous waste product in steelmaking industry. If these flue dusts can be treated efficiently, not only the disposal problems certainly decrease, but also annually almost 40.000-75.000 tons of zinc can be recovered. Many studies which exist on recovering of the valuable metals from EAF dust, propose and practice many hydro-metallurgical and pyro-metallurgical treatments [2- 7]. In this study a laboratory scale work were performed to investigate reduction behavior of zinc and lead in EAF dust by carbothermal process in a rotary furnace."

Jan 1, 2008

By Ranajit Kumar Sahoo, Shatrughan Soren, Surendra Kumar Biswal, Soumya Sahoo, Sachida Nanda Sahu

The presence of appreciable quantity of clay mineral in Indian hematite ore needs an attrition technique using screw scrubber in the beneficiation circuit to remove the ultrafine clays and avoid downstream operational problems. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that iron ore samples obtained from the Barbil region of Odisha contain a high amount of silica and alumina in the form of clay minerals (e.g., kaolinite) contributed as a loss on ignition (LOI) in the iron-making process. Iron ore fines of below 10 mm size were subjected to a laboratory-scale screw scrubber, and the effectiveness of scrubbing as well as the pelletization of the scrubbed product was investigated. The screw scrubber in the beneficiation circuit helps to remove the clay minerals, causes an increase in iron values from 63.65% Fe(T) to 66.18%Fe(T), with improved physical (CCS of 325 kg/pellet) and metallurgical (RDI of 2.24%) pellet properties.

Aug 31, 2020

By S. Jeon, T. H. Kim

"Understanding the frictional properties of discontinuities is crucial to ensure the stability of underground structures. In particular, the frictional behavior at depth depends on the complex interaction among mechanical, hydrological, thermal and chemical characteristics and their coupled effects. In this study, a series of triaxial compression tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of rough shear surface of synthetic rocks. The frictional behavior showed little variation at different confining and water pressures. The test results were analyzed using Coulomb’s failure criterion. In addition, numerical analysis was carried out using PFC2D to simulate the test.INTRODUCTIONUnderstanding coupled behavior of rock at depth is of great importance in design, construction and operation of underground structures such as a disposal facility of radioactive waste, hot dry rock geothermal system and oil reservoir. In particular, many uncertainties are involved in characterizing deep rock mass deformation in the designing process and interactions among fluid flow of groundwater, high temperature and stress disturbance should be considered. Many independent studies have been carried out to investigate the thermal, hydro, mechanical and chemical coupled effects in numerical and experimental methods. They include the researches by Lockner, Summers, Moore and Byerlee (1982), Jafari, Amini Hosseini, Pellet, Boulon and Buzzi (2003), Tembe, Lockner and Wong (2010), Lee, Lee and Jeon (2012), Indraratna, Premadasa, Brown, Gens and Heitor (2014)."

Jan 1, 2015

By C. Bemelmans

Lead alloys function effectively as oxygen evolving anodes in copper SX-EW operations and are highly resistant to corrosion. The presence of organic from solvent extraction in the electrolyte seemed to enhance solution line attack. Laboratory tests showed that lead is soluble in D2EHPA, Acorga and LIX 984 to a limited, yet measurable degree. Lead alloys and various lead phases formed on the anode were tested to evaluate their effect on the corrosion process in organic media. Possible causes for anode corrosion and mechanisms responsible for their initiation will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1996

By Hyung-woo Kim

This paper concerns about steering characteristics of pilot mining robot, named MineRo II, crawling on extremely cohesive soft soil using dynamic simulation software. The MineRo-II for deep-seabed manganese nodules, which aims at the use for pilot mining test, was manufactured in 1/5 scale of commercial mining capacity (see Fig. 1).

Sep 14, 2011

By Wang QP, Quan YH

Mechanical models are established in accordance with the degree of mining on both sides of the coal pillar, and formulae were derived which calculated the superposition stress distribution and the width of the plastic region. The stability of the coal pillar was analysed and a reasonable size of coal pillar determined, in accordance with the elastic region rate. Further practical examples for the stability of the coal pillar are calculated and simulated.

Jan 1, 1992

By H. C. Li

Mechanical models are established in accordance with the degree of mining on both sides of the coal pillar, and formulae were derived which calculated the superposition stress distribution and the width of the plastic region. The stability of the coal pillar was analysed and a reasonable size of coal pillar determined, in accordance with the elastic region rate. Further practical examples for the stability of the coal pillar are calculated and simulated.

Jan 1, 1992

By Park Yun-Seok, Jung Seung-Won, Hwang Nam-Sun, Song Jin-hyuk, Kim Young-ho

This study proposes a new blasting vibration estimation formula that reflects the vibration reduction characteristics of electronic detonators, which are not considered in the current MOLIT blasting vibration estimation formula. Test blasts were conducted across six types of Korean open-pit blasting designs. The results of the test blasts showed that the K value for electronic detonators decreased by approximately 30% compared to electric detonators. Predicted Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) analysis indicated a reduction effect ranging from 30% to 31% across various types. By incorporating this reduction in the K value into the MOLIT blasting vibration estimation formula (K=200), a new electronic detonator blasting vibration estimation formula (K=140) was proposed. Using this new formula, the blasting damage range (R) was calculated under various vibration limits to evaluate constructability improvement. On average, the R value for electronic detonators decreased by about 17%, with significant reductions of around 41% observed for TYPE I under certain vibration limits. In conclusion, the adoption of electronic detonators in open-pit blasting operations improves blasting efficiency, reduces economic costs, and significantly enhances constructability. Electronic detonators have demonstrated superior performance in minimizing damage to safety facilities compared to traditional electric detonators, thereby proving their practicality and effectiveness in blasting operations.

Jan 21, 2025

By Huajun W, Long LZ

The composition of fly ash and formation mechanism of cennospheres are introduced in this paper. The signification of using this potential new mineral processing resource is emphasised. The beneficiation properties of the components of fly ash, such as susceptibility, specific gravity, size, shape and flotability etc have been examined in detail. A technique was designed to process fly ash from the XiGaoJing power plant in Beijing, and a flowsheet is also presented. Flotabld cennospheres, magnetic beads, sinkable beads, carbon and advanced pozzolamics can be obtained as separate products through this flowsheet. It is emphasised that the beneficiation of fly ash is an efficient means of totally utilising the resource. Examination of the products show that they have good physico-chemical properties. Possible areas of their application are also Suggested.

Jan 1, 1993

By Seung-Whee Rhee

Characteristics of ceramic support made by spent foundry sand-loess mixtures are investigated by bulk density, porosity, durability, and compressive strength. And the basic properties of SFS and loess are estimated. The effect of drying time after cutting process, elevated temperature time, sintering temperature, and sintering time is also estimated to obtain the optimal condition in the process of manufacture ceramic supports. From the basic properties of SFS and loess, the content of SiO2 in furan sand is much higher than that in loess but the content of Al2O3and Fe2O3 in furan sand is much lower than that in loess. In order to make ceramic supports cylinder shape is the most desirable to sustain the properties of ceramic support. If annulus shape has a enough compressive strength, however, annulus shape may be decided. For the optimal condition to manufacture ceramic supports, drying time after cutting process is decided to 24 hrs and elevated temperature time is decided by 9hrs. And sintering temperature and sintering time are decided to 900 and 9hrs, respectively in order to prevent solidification of sand materials.

Jan 1, 2006

By Saeid Pournaderi, Ahmet Geveci, Ender Keskinkilic, Yavuz A. Topkaya

There are mainly three commercial nickel laterites in Turkey: Gordes, Caldag and Sivrihisar. The first two appear in Western Anatolia. The third one, Sivrihisar (Yunusemre) laterites have been found in the first decade of the millennium, in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Since then, mining facilities have been continued in Yunusemre. Calcination, prereduction and smelting of Sivrihisar laterites have been extensively studied and published. In the current work, some results of the studies related to characterization of Sivrihisar laterites will be presented.

Jan 1, 2016

By Yeon-Ho Jin, Eui-Haeng Heo, Yun-Seok Park, Sung-Oong Choi, Hyung-Dong Min, Min-Su Jeong, Seung-Joong Lee

As rock fragmentation in bench blasting can affect the following process such as loading, hauling and crushing, its good control is essential for assessment of blasting efficiency and production cost.

Jan 1, 2015

By D. Moraetis

The present study examines the nutrients and micronutrients availability of uncultivated soils originated from different parent rocks. The study areas include four types of parent rocks with different geological origin, from acidic to ultramafic. The parent rock mineralogy and the nutrients available in soils are in strong relation-ship. Mineralogy, particle size distribution and chemical composition of the soil samples were studied jointly with the nutrient content of soil solution. High magnesium availability in soils of Anogia area is related with the alteration products of the ultramafic rocks. Potassium content of the soils exhibits no relation with the geology of the area. Micronutrients, iron and manganese, shows strong dependence to the bulk chemistry and mineralogy of the parent rock material. In contrast no interrelation detected between zinc and copper availability in soil and parent material.

Jan 1, 2006

By Sun Yubo

A basic method for designing reasonable jig cycles for movable-screen jigs is presented in this paper. The reliability and effectiveness of the designed jig cycle was verified with tests performed on an artificial mixed material. An iron ore (12 - 100 mm) from Huashugo Iron Mine, Jiuquan Iron and Steel Company, was treated in the TJD-75 movable-screen jig using the designed jig cycle. A good result was achieved. The procedure presented here should provide a reliable technique for the design of a commercial movable-screen jig.

Jan 1, 1993

By S. P. Narayan

The hot deformation behavior of Pure Mg and Mg-0.29Ce alloy were studied by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 250 - 500°C and strain rate range of 10-3 - 102 s-1 in a computer-controlled 50kN servo hydraulic universal testing machine (UTM). The results show that the flow stress of Mg pure and Mg-0.29Ce alloy increases with strain rate and decreases after a peak value, indicating dynamic recovery and recrystallization. Process efficiency was increased by nearly 10 to 12% by addition of Ce in Mg. Mg pure exhibits instability zones between 250-275°C at 10 ? 102 s-1 and 400¬500°C at 101 ? 102 s-1 temperatures and strain rates respectively, rest is the safe deformation zone. Wherein, Mg-0.29 Ce exhibits two low efficiency zones from 250 ? 300°C at 10-2? 10° s-1, 400 ? 500°C at 101 ? 102s-1 and high efficiency zone at 450 ? 500°C at 10-3? 10-1s-1. 4D process maps were generated for the above said alloys which illustrate contours of power dissipation and instability in the 3D space of strain rate, temperature and strain.

Jan 1, 2011

By A. Dabbagh

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of coke particle size on the thermal profile of the charge bed in the sintering process of iron ore. Six different ranges of coke particle size that could be used in practice in the sintering line of Esfahan Steel Company (ESCO) were used while parameters such as ratios and particle sizes of other ingredients, ignition temperature, and suction power were kept constant. Thermal profiles were obtained by measuring the temperature changes at three points in the sintering bed. The influence of coke particle size on rate of temperature rise, maximum temperature of the sintering bed, and the flame front velocity of the sintering bed was determined by analysing the thermal profiles. Moreover, the cold strengths of the sinters were measured using the Tumbler method. The results indicated that the coke particle size has a significant impact on the thermal properties of the sintering bed. Based on the results, a coke particle size between 0.212 mm and 3.350 mm was determined as the optimal range for the specific conditions in the sintering line of ESCO. Keywords iron ore sintering, coke particle size, thermal profile, flame front velocity, Tumbler index.

Dec 1, 2013