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By B. Geelhoed

Gy's formula for the variance of the fundamental sampling error (FSE) is based on a model that assumes independent selections of particles. A generalization of this model, which can theoretically lead to more realistic representation of actual sampling processes, was, for the first time, experimentally verified by repeated sampling from a well-mixed batch consisting of particles of zirconium silicate of two different sizes. The predictions for the sampling variance made in Gy?s theory and in the more general model were compared with the experimentally observed sampling variance. During the experiment performed here, the variance prediction made in the theory of Gy ranges from 0.96 × 10?7(g2/g2) to 0.95 × 10?7(g2/g2), which is approximately a factor 60 lower than the experimentally observed variance (5.76 × 10?6(g2/g2)). The difference between the Gy prediction and the experimentally observed variance cannot be fully explained by the uncertainty in the experimentally obtained variance due to the finite number of degrees of freedom. Therefore, the difference is likely to be a significant effect. This shows that, under the experimental conditions, Gy?s formula for the variance of the FSE probably undervalues the sampling variance, unless an empirical correction factor for grouping and segregation is applied in the theory of Gy. The new theory resulted in a variance prediction of 6.00 × 10?6(g2/g2), which is much closer to the observed variance than the Gy prediction. This indicates that the generalization of Gy?s theory offers an outlook for providing a better variance prediction than the Gy predictor in the case of dependencies between particle selections. The results are discussed. Keywords: sampling, variance, parameter for the dependent selection of particles, Gy, experiment.

Jan 1, 2009

By F. M. Ramadhan, M. R. Pratama

Monitoring open-pit mine road conditions has become very critical nowadays. There are several benefits to in conducting research on this field such as opportunity to improve truck’s speed which directly influences truck’s productivity. This research aims to provide a semi real-time, and sensors-based automatic road damage detector that predicts the road quality through road damage exact location tracing, road damages auto-classification, and real-time instruction in the form of work order format to mining road maintenance, and repair authorities through mobile apps and maintenance unit’s in-cabin display. It will also provide the maintenance/repair activity performance evaluation via integrated dashboards. The artificial neural network algorithm is applied during the process of data training regarding classifying road damages and severities which resulted in a valid model. The road damage classification model has a precision level of 80.5% in predicting whether the road is damaged or not. Using this approach, we are expecting to visualise a road quality map of all active roads on mine site.

Sep 1, 2021

By Antoine F. Mulaba

Introduction Copper and cobalt oxide mineral deposits formed by the atmospheric weathering of near surface sulphide deposits are commonplace in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The most common route for the extraction of these metals is a hydrometallurgical one in which the base metal oxides are dissolved in sulphuric acid and then concentrated further by solvent extraction. However, as many of these deposits are relatively low grade (i.e. 0.5-1.8%Co and 2-4% Cu) and can also contain large amounts of acid consuming gangue minerals (i.e. dolomitic, micaeous, and/or siliceous), the hydrometallurgical route becomes uneconomic due to the excessive acid leaching costs. Some means of pre-concentration ahead of leaching is then desirable to improve the process economics. Apart from the small scale mining (Pan. Afr. News Agency, 2000) handpicking, although not easy, oxide concentration by flotation has been suggested. For the flotation process, the two most common approaches are controlled potential sulphidisation (CPS) and the fatty acid flotation method. The preferred method is dictated by the nature of the mineral makeup of the gangue. Being secondary deposits, the gangue associated with these ores is often complex and can play a significant role in the overall flotation efficiency. Laboratory flotation experience gained from the testing of a number of different ores of this type has revealed that it is not possible to prescribe a set method for the flotation of various ore types. Each ore needs to be analysed very carefully before and after laboratory flotation on an individual basis in order to arrive at an acceptable flotation technique Laboratory flotation testwork was carried out on three different samples from the DRC in attempts to isolate some of the more important variables affecting the flotation of copper and cobalt oxide minerals from these weathered deposits. This paper describes some early results achieved and experiences gained with these different ores ahead of a more detailed flotation test program which will follow in the near future on receipt of a significant quantity of a more representative sample. Controlled Potential Sulphidisation (CPS) was used in an attempt to achieve acceptable recoveries of both copper and cobalt.

Jan 1, 2005

By L. Pretorius, S. Uludağ

This paper explores how to apply system dynamics principles to surface mining problems towards understanding the consequences of mining efficiencies. Some simulation examples related to machine and people performance have been used to demonstrate systems engineering concepts to mining engineers. The simulation tool used is Vensim, which is widely used in industrial engineering applicable to systems thinking, and systems dynamics. The science and mathematics behind the system dynamics as well as benefits and typical challenges are discussed to explore the applicability to mining problems. The benefit of having one less drill is easily quantifiable with the developed model which is one of many other measurable benefits, using the developed model. Some of the benefits of the improved quality of drill holes are not fully quantified as this depends on the mine specific inputs. There are examples of quantifying this in the other industries using system dynamics tools.

Sep 1, 2021

By M. Gao

The Zinifex Century Mine employs a large number of Detritor mills for fine and ultra-fine grinding to liberate silica and sphalerite at 80 per cent passing 7.5 microns before final zinc flotation. A joint project between CSIRO Minerals and the Zinifex Century Mine was carried out to evaluate the Detritor mill performance. Plant surveys were conducted around the Detritors in conjunction with laboratory tests. The survey data showed that the Detritors in the ultra-fine milling circuit performed well. They reduced a feed F80 sizing of 46 microns to a product P80 sizing of 7.5 microns at a gross energy consumption of 37.2 kWh/t. Scale-up of ultra-fine milling Detritors was studied using a 0.55 kW laboratory batch unit and a 355 kW full-scale Detritor by processing Century zinc concentrate with 1 mm sand media. The results indicated that the 0.55 kW laboratory mill underestimated the energy consumption of the full-scale Detritor by about 20 per cent for a product P80 of seven microns. The performances of a horizontal IsaMill and a vertical Detritor were compared as ultra-fine milling devices for processing Century zinc concentrate. The experimental data demonstrated that, when using the same grinding media, the energy efficiency of the two mills is similar despite the difference in mill designs. The Detritors used for regrind duty at the Century Mine performed poorly when processing feed at 80 per cent passing 88 micron. The energy consumption was high and the product size distribution was broad with particles above 100 microns in the feed unbroken and particles below ten microns overground. A coarser ceramic media of 3 mm was therefore tested in a laboratory Detritor to process the regrind Detritor feed as an alternative to the 1 mm Colorado sand used at the Century Mine. The ceramic media reduced the energy consumption significantly and produced a narrower product size distribution, which is more desirable for the downstream flotation process.

Jan 1, 2007

By N. A. Sithole, S. A. C. Hockaday, P. J. A. Bezuidenhout

The Northern Cape Province in South Africa has high levels of annual direct normal solar irradiance and reserves of zinc (Zn) ores. The question arises as to the benefits of integrating renewable solar energy into the beneficiation routes of these reserves. The paper evaluates a novel flowsheet for the production and beneficiation of Zn in this region, maximising localised solar energy as a source for both electricity and process heat. Solar variability is discussed and the cost and benefits of thermal storage in the flowsheets are evaluated by its influence on the levelised costs of electricity and process energy over the project life-time at a possible implementation site. The results of the developed scoping model showed that solar photovoltaic integration to provide electricity for electrowinning without battery storage can lead to more than 10% cost saving on electricity over the lifetime of the project. Additional savings potential was identified when battery storage was included to enable the solar PV system to supply electricity during peak tariff periods. The solar thermal case showed the most promise with savings of 70% on heating costs for casting, while solar PV electricity without storage resulted in a 16% cost saving on heating for casting over the lifetime of the project. Solar PV electricity generation resulted in the avoidance of more than 20% of CO2 emissions from grid electricity use. Solar thermal heating can avoid up to 80% of the CO2 emissions associated with grid electricity use for remelting of Zn cathodes for casting. The CO2 emissions are indirect and not subject to South African carbon tax. Keywords: Solar process energy, zinc beneficiation, flowsheet evaluation

Jan 1, 2020

The June General Meeting of the Institute was held in Kelvin House, Johannesburg, on 18th June, 1969, at 4.30 p.m. Mr J. K. E. Douglas (Vice-President) was in the Chair. There were also present fourteen Members, Messrs R. J. Adamson, F. P. Bath, D. M. Jamieson, D. G. Maxwell, Dr J. T. McIntyre, and Mr P. W. J. van Rensburg (Council Members), Messrs B. F. Berry, A. F. Lee, J. E. van Leeuwen, G. G. Nicolson, N. F. Peverett, Dr A. G. Raper, Messrs E. R. Rudolph and H. R. Reid. Five Associate Members, Messrs T. D. Brown, M. R. Fuller-Good, J. S. Freer, Dr P. R. Jochens and Mr D. A. Viljoen. One Graduate, Mr P. G. Mrkusic. Five Students, Messrs N. A. Barcza, J. A. Cruise, R. P. W. Henrard, D. I. Ossin and J. C. M. Wethmar. Nine Visitors, Messrs M. Badenhorst, N. J. Bovey, H. H. Herold, Dr H. J. S. Kriek, Messrs M. S. Rennie, B. B. Segal, S. Selmer-Olsen, O. A. W. Strydom and B. Yates. Secretary, Mr D. C. Visser. Total present: Thirty-six. MINUTES The Vice-President: "May we confirm the minutes of the Monthly General Meetings held on 24th March, 16th April and 21st May, 1969 as published in the Journal?" Agreed. MEMBERSHIP The Vice-President: "I have much pleasure in announcing that the names of the undermentioned candidates having been published in accordance with By-Law 5.2.2, Council has elected them to membership of the Institute in the following grades: Members: Wilfred Desmond Morgan, Abraham Kriek. Associate Members: Rodger Neville Hampson, Robert Richard Booth Lodge. Graduates: Beverley Hugh Waiters, Gwynne Hugh Johnston. Students: Colin Edward Alvery, Peter Marthinus Haikes, Charles Aubrey Husband, John Nowell Randell, Frederick Johannes Jacobus Blaauw, Johannes Andries Breytenbach, Peter Vos, Frederik Hendrik Coetzee, Petrus Nicolaas Jacobus Smit, Patrick Alien Boardman, Robert Nelson Guest. "May I welcome the newly elected members to the Institute." (Applause.) ELECTION OF SCRUTINEERS FOR THE 1969-70 BALLOT FOR COUNCIL The Vice-President: "In terms of By-Law 9.4, I now call for nominations for scrutineers for the 1969-70 ballot for CounciL" P. W. J. van Rensborg: "I wish to nominate Messrs R. C. J. Goode, V. C. Robinson, J. K. E. Douglas, P. Lambooy, D. G. Maxwell, H. Britten and H. Simon as scrutineers."

By A M. Garforth

Insurers are hesitant to provide coverage for Open cast Pit side wall collapse, and even the consequent damage to plant and equipment in the pit as well as the resulting interference with the mining operations. After a general introduction to relevant principles of insurance, this paper addresses some of the major reasons for that reluctance based upon the authors? extensive claims experience, examines what limited coverage can still be obtained and looks to the future possibilities. Confidentiality of sources and examples referred to in this presentation is a natural imperative so that a bibliography is not provided but reference is made to relevant sample insurance policy wordings.

Jan 1, 2006

By A. Navarra, A. Quelopana

The mine production scheduling problem (MPSP) has been studied since the 1960s, and remains an active area of computational research. In extending the concepts of the MPSP, the automated mine may now be regarded as a hierarchical intelligent agent in which the bottom layer consists of distributed robotic equipment, while strategic functionality occupies the higher layers. Here we present a disambiguation of artificial intelligence, machine learning, computational optimization, and automation within the mining context. Specifically, the Q-learning algorithm has been adapted to generate the initial solutions for a high-performing strategic mine planning algorithm, originally developed by Lamghari, Dimitrakopoulos and Ferland, based on the variable neighbourhood descent (VND) metaheuristic. The hierarchical intelligent agent is presented as an integrative conceptual platform, defining the interaction between our new Q-learning adaptation and Lamghari’s VND, and potentially other hierarchically controlled components of an artificially intelligent mine, having various degrees of automation. Sample computations involving Q-learning and VND are presented.

Dec 1, 2021

By C. E. More

Some observations on 'ancient' mining at Phalaborwa C. E. MORE. B.A. (Pretoria) (Visitor) A brief account is given of historical references to the Phalaborwa area, the first being to the mountain of copper and iron sought by Francois de Cuiper in 1725. These are followed by a description of several finds in the area, which are related to finds described in the literature and to Bantu tradition on the subject. Phalaborwa is one of the earliest known mining sites in the Republic of South Africa, Loolekop having been a mining centre, as shown by carbon-14 dating, since 770 A.D.

Jan 1, 1974

By A. Fouchee, N. Naudé, K. Schommarz

"This article presents laboratory test work conducted on an African haematite ore to determine the influence of the flotation pulp pH on the final iron grade and recovery. Results show that a combination of an isodecyl ether propylene amine/amino acetate and 1,3-propanediamine, N-(3-(C10-C16-alkyloxy)propyl)-derivatives collector is suitable for separating haematite from quartz. Higher iron grades were obtained at pH levels between neutral and pH 9. This underlines the importance of the surface charge effect of the ore on its flotation characteristics. The results serve as good baseline conditions for further optimization. IntroductionBeneficiation of iron ore by flotation is widely used in Brazil, India and China. In Africa, however, this practice is not yet commercially developed.The aim of this test work is to serve as a starting point by establishing suitable pH conditions for the development of a practically implementable reagent suite, which will then be included in a larger beneficiation circuit for producing high-grade iron ore sinter feed.In the literature, African iron ore types are graded as low-grade (60.0–62.9% Fe; 8.6– 12.5% SiO2 and insolubles), high-grade (66.0– 69.9% Fe; 0.8–4.5% SiO2 and insolubles), and meduim-grade as the remaining portion (Astrup et al., 1998). The low-grade ore used in this work contains less than 60% Fe.For Brazilian ores consisting of a combination of haematite and quartz, it is common to use corn starch as a depressant and ether amine blends as collectors with additional frothing characteristic (Araujo et al., 2005). Work by Turrer and Peres (2010) shows the possibility of using other depressants successfully as well.The main mechanism of the reverse flotation of quartz from iron ore is based on the electrostatic theory of flotation. This is due to the strong pH dependence of the zeta potential of the mineral edge planes on silicate particles (Fuerstenau and Pradip. 2005)."

Jan 1, 2016

By J. Petersen, H. Naderi, H. Zare, M. H. Nikzad, M. Karimi

In the copper electrorefining process, the dissolution of anodes is significantly reduced or even stopped when the passivation phenomenon occurs. The results of this phenomenon are increasing energy consumption, residual formatting, and voltage levels in the cell. In this study, the electrochemical behaviour of blister copper in the presence of sodium persulfate (PDS) was studied. The electrochemical methods of LPR, Tafel, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used. The results showed that the addition of sodium persulfate activates the electrode surface and increases the open circuit potential. In the presence of PDS, the polarisation resistance of the electrode shows an increasing or decreasing tendency, based on the PDS concentration. This tendency is probably due to the formation of surface layers (such as slime layer or copper sulfate) and dissolution of this layer at various concentrations of PDS. The lowest polarisation resistance of 1.8 ohms and the highest corrosion current of 60.6×10-3 and 36.6×10-3 A/cm2 from LPR and Tafel techniques respectively were obtained at the concentration of 40 g/l PDS. Based on the results of potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests, the addition of sodium persulfate to the solution reduces the corrosion resistance, therefore the passivation time of the blister copper anode increases. Keywords: Blister copper, electrorefining, sodium persulfate, anodic passivation

Jan 1, 2020

By F. T. Cawood

This article offers a personal and independent view on the threats to the sustainability of the South African minerals industry. It argues that if the six identified threats of insufficient spending on research and development, general standard of education, nationalization, inadequate infrastructure, Aids prevalence and labour inefficiency are not acted upon as a matter of urgency, the future of the mining industry, along with its important contribution to the economy, is at risk.

Jan 1, 2011

By Alexandra Amiel

Tarkwa Gold Mine is owned by Gold Fields Ghana, IAMGOLD and the Government of the Republic of Ghana in a 71%, 19% and 10% ratio. The mine is operated by Gold Fields Ghana. This large, low-grade, open pit, gold mining operation is located in Tarkwa, in the Western Region of Ghana, approximately 320 kilometres by road, west of Accra, the capital of Ghana, West Africa. In the Financial year ended June 2007, the operation mined a total of 108 million tonnes of which 22 million tonnes was ore. The mined ore is processed through three gyratory crushers supplying two heap leach pads (North and South) and a carbon-in-leach (CIL) plant. Before the 6 Sigma project commenced, the current fragmentation was resulting in sub-optimal feed size to these crushers. It was decided to use 6 Sigma methodology to improve the fragmentation. A defect was defined as a fragmentation analysis indicating less than 95% passing 750 mm. The objective was to improve fragmentation in order to achieve a constant throughput to the north heap leach crusher of 1500 t/hr, a 5% increase in pit loading efficiency and a 50% decrease in rock breaker hours, equipment damage costs and in-pit sheeting costs respectively. However, this was not to be achieved at the expense of grade control as Tarkwa is exploiting a low grade, high volume deposit and therefore ore dilution must be kept to a minimum. This paper is intended to take the reader through the various 6 Sigma phases of the project (Define ? Measure ? Analyse ? Improve ? Control) which have resulted in a 10% reduction in loading times, of which half has been attributed to improved fragmentation, as well as a substantial increase in blasted stocks. The focus has been on both drilling and blasting parameters as both processes had to be taken into account. These parameters are technical but personnel factors were also identified and dealt with as they arose. In order to measure the impact of any change in the process parameters on the fragmentation size distribution, cameras have been acquired. One has been installed looking into the bowl of the north crusher and the other one was dedicated to field observation, of individual blasts. Both are used for on-going fragmentation analysis. At Tarkwa, mining efficiency is strongly dependent on good fragmentation as well as the presence of un-blasted ?toes? on the pit floors. Crusher throughput depends on an acceptable ore fragment size. Compliance to plan with regards to actual hole depths was temporarily monitored by manual hole dipping, but, this is now being replaced with a fully automated Drill Data Management system developed by Sandvik and Modular Mining. The Six Sigma methodologies, using control charts based on data collected in the field, allowed the mine to improve methods with regards to the control of blasted material. It also enforced the implementation of a quality control programme encompassing the entire Drill and Blast process.

Jan 1, 2008

By M. Khodadazadeh, K. G. van den Boogaart, T. Leißner, L. Tusa, J. Gutzmer, R. Gloaguen, M. Kern

Ore sorting is a technology that is increasingly used to process primary raw materials. Timeconsuming and expensive empirical state-of-the-art test work is carried out to assess whether the use of ore sorting for the enrichment of a particular ore makes technical and economic sense. With the innovative simulation-based approach presented here, it is possible to direct the selection of a suitable sensor based on quantitative mineralogical and textural data, thus avoiding much of the empirical studies. Required data can be collected quickly and cost-effectively using available methods of automated mineralogy. The obtained parameters such as mineral grain size distribution, modal mineralogy, mineral area and mineral density distribution have been utilised in this study to simulate the prospects of success of ore sorting, applying different types of sensors. Empirical tests with commercially available sensor systems have been conducted to experimentally validate the predictions of the simulations. The estimation of the target mineral grade can be further optimised by the use of machine learning algorithms for the integration of automated mineralogy data and sensor data. The approach can easily be adapted to other types of raw materials and thus has great potential to become a key technology for the optimisation of processing experiments. Keywords: Automated mineralogy, hyperspectral imaging, machine learning, ore sorting

Jan 1, 2020

By E. M. Sacris

The semi-autogenous grinding mill is the bottleneck whenever treating hard and finely fragmented ore at Benguet Corporation's Kaline Concentrator. Low milling rates result from very high and fluctuating mill power draw. Attempts to use a mill horsepower control loop to regulate feed rate were unsuccessful because of operational upsets caused by fluctuations in feed rate on downstream operations. The objective of the computer control was to maximize tonnage throughput by stabilizing the power draw at a high but safe level without upsetting subsequent operations. The semi-autogenous mill is operated in closed circuit with a stationary screen. Instrumentation consists of a feed weightometer, a power transmitter to measure mill load, a headwater flowmeter and an ultrasonic level sensor to measure the mill discharge sump level. A 64 k-byte FOX-3 Foxboro computer processes field data from various sensors and manipulates the input control variables. These variables are the fresh feed rate and the headwater flowrate. Feed rate is controlled through a supervisor-type computer program aimed at maximizing and stabilizing power draw. The control scheme was according to how the operators responded during an operator-directed automatic control mode. Mill dilution is similarly controlled. Results achieved reflect a 3% increase in tonnage milled because of the reduction in control variability that ensued.

Jan 1, 1987

By J. van der Walt, A. Whillier

Reference is made to the approach to mine cooling in which the service water is used as one of the means of distributing refrigeration, and attention is drawn to various engineering disciplines or functions necessary for effective distribution and reticulation of cold water from refrigeration plant. The demand for service water is intermittent, the peak flow-rates being typically two to three times the average flowrate. The refrigeration plant, on the other hand, must preferably be operated steadily throughout the day and night, with the result that a large storage dam for cold water must be incorporated into each system in order to even out the surge in demand for water. These dams should be operated as constant-temperature, variable-volume reservoirs. The conventional cascade system involving dams on each level is not the best for sending water down mines, and schemes are described that avoid the need for such dams. Reference is made to various tests that were carried out, and to several large systems that were installed. Management and organizational problems that could arise as a result of new technological developments in mine cooling are referred to, and cost figures are quoted to indicate the large potential savings, In addition to the improved environmental conditions, that can be achieved through the use of integrated water systems.

Jan 1, 1979

By R. C. W. Webber-Youngman

The mining industry in South Africa faces real challenges with regard to the reduction of safety-related incidents. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the need for alternative interventions in addition to other safety improvement strategies already employed on mines. It furthermore supports an existing paradigm: incident investigations. An investigation into fatalities in the South African mining industry shows that although great progress has been achieved through the reduction in fatalities in all sectors of the industry over the last few years, more can and should be done to achieve status of ?zero harm?. Fatalities and lost time injuries on mines result not only in large financial losses, but also in disruptions of mining operations in general through Section 54 stoppages to resolve the situation. The approach of the paper is therefore not to try and prove whether there is high fatality rate and/or lost time injuries, but in what way incident reconstruction simulations (IRS) can have an impact in the future prevention of such incidents. The challenge therefore lies in the utilization of pro-active systems that would show employees the possible outcomes of being exposed to certain hazards. In real life, these incidents cannot be re-enacted and in most cases we can only learn through the previous mistakes of others. A virtual reality (VR) education and training system will enable employees to be ?exposed? to different hazards in a safe environment, and simulation, in a ?forgiving? environment, of the possible consequences of unsafe acts. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), unsafe acts and unsafe conditions are indirect causes of safety-related incidents, but there are also direct causes; for example, unplanned release of energy and/or hazardous material, and basic causes, for example, management safety policies, personal factors, and environmental factors. The administrative workload associated with any incident investigation places a large burden on the investigation team, and in most cases other employees are informed through vague administrative processes what the ?real cause? for the incident/accident was. New preventative strategies are often put in place without showing the employees what the real causes of the incident/accident were. This can be mitigated through the use of interactive VR simulations/animations of the hazards that they are exposed to and how to deal with them. If VR interventions are not used as proposed by this paper, the real causes and consequences of almost all fatalities and lost time injuries may never be fully understood. This paper also emphasizes what potential impact IRS could have on the prevention of future mine incidents as part and parcel of a pro-active risk prevention strategy. The intention is therefore not to replace any other risk prevention strategies, but to visually enhance the reality of the incident. Keywords virtual reality, risk management, incident reconstruction simulations, interactive safety training, usability context analysis, mine safety.

Jun 1, 2013

By H. J. Le Roux, W. B. Drummond

1. INTRODUCTION We have a moral responsibility towards the world to reduce the harmful deposits we emit into the environment arising from beneficiation technologies. Industry has not willingly spent money to limit these emissions because it affected their profit margin with the end result of emitting harmful elements into the environment. Governments have thus rightly stepped in and enforced systematic reduction of these emissions through legislation. In the past beneficiation of sulphur bearing ores was typically done through hydro-metallurgical concentration, smelting, followed by Sulphur removal by converting processes like the Pierce Smith converter. The latter two processes emitted substantial quantities of Sulphur into the atmosphere. Spiralling costs and legislation have resulted in the quest to develop more efficient and environmentally friendly processes to achieve the same end results. New hydro-metallurgical processes like the ActiVox process has completely eliminated the pyro-metallurgical processes. Kansanshi are also operating a similar process. It however elicits other ground water and spillage pollution hazards and problems of it?s own. Various improvements has also been made to the pyro-metallurgical stages, examples being combined smelting and converting with the Noranda reactor, the Codelco CMT furnace, one step flash smelting/converting or the Mitsubishi continuous smelting, converting and slag cleaning process. The new converting processes are also normally enhanced using oxygen leading to higher SO2 gas strength with only a marginal increase in off-gas volume. These processes have led to better efficiencies and a more controlled environment that reduces pollution, but does not eliminate it completely. The fact that there are still more than 70 existing Pierce Smith converter plants throughout the world that needs to be replaced or upgraded at tremendous capital cost, means that we will have the environmental problems for some time to come. The need thus exists to cost effectively get these existing plants into a state where they meet the new environmental regulations, community and safety requirements. This paper will concentrate on just one aspect of this quest, i.e. reduction/removal of off-gasses emanating from the converting of non ferrous sulphur mattes to achieve higher or specialised grades of refined metals.

Jan 1, 2005

By R. o. Cretier, L. A. Cisternas, A. López-Valdivieso, F. Valdes, E. Gálvez, G. Gahona

The size of the particle plays an important role in the flotation of minerals. Comminution allows the release of valuable species and their subsequent recovery. Then, the degree of concentration and recovery will depend on the size of the particle. In this work, we investigated the flotation of coarse particles (-850 +150 μm) of copper ores when using the fluidized-bed separator (HydroFloat® cell) and compared it with the process of conventional flotation with medium size particle (-150 μm) (Metso cell) using seawater. The collector concentration was the main variable studied in terms of copper recovery. The results show that the flotation of coarse particles is feasible using seawater without frother

Jan 1, 2020