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During fiscal year 1966 the Bureau of Mines published 99 scientific and technical papers and engaged in 67 research projects on petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale. A basic appropriation of $3.4 million was supplemented by $1 million in cooperative funds from other Governmental agencies and industry groups. Petroleum conservation was advanced by development of scientific knowledge and improvement of technologic methods in both the extraction and utilization of petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale. Experimental work was carried out at research centers in Bartlesville, Okla., and Laramie, Wo., and in laboratories in Morgantown, W. Va., and San Francisco, Calif. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FISCAL YEAR 1966 Bureau of Mines--Petroleum Research in fiscal year 1966 (July 1, 1965- June 30, 1966) was involved in many public issues--air pollution, peaceful uses of nuclear explosives, utilization of oil-shale resources, computerization of recovery-stimulation techniques, and fuels for supersonic airplanes. Scientific contributions included compositional studies of petroleum and oil shale, determination of thermodynamic properties of petroleum compounds, development of analytical techniques, and correlations of petroleum properties with geologic occurrence. Technologic advances included rock-fracturing research, in situ combustion studies, waterflood techniques, use of radio-tracers to study stability of petroleum fuels, and hydrogenation as a tool to prepare shale-oil products.

Jan 1, 1968

By Clifford S. Gibson

THE Workmen's Compensation Ace defines Silicosis as "a fibrocic condition of the lungs caused by the inhalation of silica dust sufficient co produce a lessened capacity for work". This fibrocic condition muse exhibit a specific appearance in the X-ray picture of the chest-an appearance which is not characteristic of several lung conditions which can cause lessened capacity for work and which are not due co silicosis. The layman is sufficiently familiar with this subject co know chat, as far as our knowledge goes, quartz is one of the principal objectionable factors in the production of this condition. He should also know that silicosis respects neither geographical nor industrial boundaries. It is as much a factor in some industrial processes (e.g. foundry work, sandblasting) as it is in mines handling ores containing quartz. Its development co a recognizable stage is usually a matter of many years. As yet, its cure is unknown. Its prevention is possible in varying degrees. The layman should also know that the development of fibrosis may be accelerated by breathing in, or living in, any atmosphere containing dust. Few normal adults, particularly those above a certain age, have clear lungs, and fibrosis in varying degrees is noted in the farmer, the steel worker, the clerk, and many others in varied occupations. It is not restricted to miners. Medical and industrial journals, and at times the press, are crammed with data pertaining to this subject, much of which is misinformation. This is particularly true of certain !laces where the preventive and compensation measures for the good o those earning their livelihood in an industry in which silicosis may be contracted are not so far advanced as in our own Province. A great many of these publishings are alarming to the layman. They leave him with the impression that he is taking his life in his hands if he elects to work underground, particularly in a gold mine-that he has at once sold his heritage of health and chat sooner or later he will succumb to the ravages of this ailment. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Actually, under present conditions in Ontario mines, a very small percentage of the men employed ever become impaired by silicosis to the extent chat they must withdraw from the industry. I propose to tell you briefly something of this subject as it affects our mines.

Jan 1, 1937

By Herty, C. H.

The effect of temperature on the physical properties of structural materials has been the subject of many investigations during the past decade. The literature on the effect of elevated temperatures. is voluminous, and during the last four years a great deal of experimental work has been carried out on the effect of low temperatures on the impact properties of steel. For many engineering purposes it is important to know the shock resistance of steels at low atmospheric temperatures, and with the ever-developing field of refrigeration and separation of materials at low temperatures, the normal limits of atmospheric temperature have been exceeded in practice. Iron and its alloys in the unnotched condition have a high impact strength at low temperatures, but in practice variations in type of notches result either from design or accidentally through scratches and surface or internal defects. A study of notched bar impact tests is, therefore, highly important to the engineer. A survey of the literature on low temperature impact testing indicates that chemical composition, heat treatment and method of testing have been the variables which have been considered in most previous work. In only a few instances has any mention of the steel- making method been mentioned and in these the comparison was between steel-making processes and not between steel-making methods on the same process. In view of the wide variations in impact properties at room temperature, in quench and strain ageing and in grain growth of steels of identical chemical composition, (by this is meant the usual five element analysis reported), it was felt

Jan 1, 1957

By Mark W. Booth

THE Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation, as a coal mining concern and as a steel industry, has much pumping to do, and the conditions are as varied as it is possible to make them. We are faced with handling large quantities of water at low heads, and small quantities of water at high heads. We have fresh water, we have salt water, and we have highly acidulous water (see Table II). Our pumping problems are concerned chiefly with mechanical reliability, continuous, reliable operation, first cost, and operating cost. The Corporation is actually expending more than 15 per cent of its power consumption at the mines in pumping water, and at the steel plant about 17 per cent; that is to say, 16 per cent of the Corporation's entire power consumption goes into pumping water ( see Table I). We are pumping out of the mines 2 ½ tons of water for every tan of coal that is produced. At the Steel Plant, we are pumping 188 tans of water for every ton of steel we produce. (See Tables III and IV). The mine is pumping at high heads, up to as high as 1,400 feet in one lift ; in the Steel Plant it is, fortunately, at lower heads, 250 feet or 110 lb. being the general maximum. It behooves us, therefore, to look into the question of efficiency. In whatever direction we can gain something, it will be worth while. The centrifugal pump is not an adaptable machine. That is, a pump designed for some particular location and purpose will not always work efficiently if installed in some other place and used for some other purpose. It must generally be designed for the particular job it has to do. Reciprocating pumps are not so sensitive. We have Cameron plunger pumps that can be set up almost anywhere in a mine and they will work, but for big jobs they are apt to be clumsy and the driving power becomes a factor- which is, in fact, the controlling factor in deciding the type of pump we use. One disadvantage of the a.c. induction motor, however, is that its speed cannot easily be controlled. At its rated speed and output, it is a highly efficient machine, but, with any change in these, its efficiency goes all to pieces.

Jan 1, 1944

On the recent trip from Vancouver to Calgary with the President, Mr. C. C. Huston, and yourself, I had the opportunity of outlining a plan based on the following: Among the aims of the Institute are, obviously, the fostering of the confraternity of those engaged in the technical and management fields of the mining and petroleum industries. This may be achieved in a number of ways, of which, to me, the interchange of ideas and experience between different parts of Canada and different sections and divisions of the Institute appears to be one of the most important. I think you and the membership as a whole are, and have been, well aware of this. The annual tour of the President .and Secretary, particularly their visits to Branches, shows this to be true. The interchange of ideas through the medium of the BULLETIN also illustrates the point; indeed, most Institute activities are directed along these lines. I am convinced that much more could be accomplished if it became financially possible to do so. Many able and fine men are, I think, willing and anxious to give their time and energy to furthering these phases of Institute activity, but it is unfair to expect them to assume as well the financial obligations involved. Specifically, I would suggest that the following could be done if sufficient funds were available:

Jan 1, 1952

By É. Roberge, S. Makni, G. Gagnon, F. Lavoie, A. Faucher

"Feed particle size is an important variable for the primary grinding mill operation. Several commercial vision systems have proven to successfully measure online many types of ores and are used for automatic control. However, due to limitations associated with segmentation algorithms, these systems fail to provide good measurements when the feed is composed of a specific bimodal particle size distribution: very big rocks and a large amount of fine particles. This is typically the case for crushed iron ore. This paper presents a technique to overcome the limitations of existing vision systems by using 3D cameras and appropriate processing methods. It provides online particle size distribution indicators and bulk volume flow rate measurement. It is designed to be very cost-effective, robust, precise, easy to install and to maintain. The 3D system was validated in two iron ore processing plants and the results clearly show that it can be used to optimize primary grinding mill operation where 2D segmentation vision systems fail.INTRODUCTIONFragmentation measurement using digital image processing has successfully been applied in mining and mineral processing operations. Several maintenance and operating applications are already deployed in the industry: Measurement of rock fragmentation after blasting (Maerz, 1999; Palangio, 1999) (Pragyan, 2012) Truck inventory (Palangio, 2005) Monitoring of crusher mantle wear Automatic control of crushers and SAG mills (Bouajila, 2000) (Bartolacci, 2001)Commercial technologies like WipFrag (Maerz, 1999), VisioRock and others proved to be very efficient to precisely measure the particle size distribution of many types of materials. These products are mainly composed of a camera, a lighting system and an image processing system based on a segmentation algorithm. By controlling adequately the lighting conditions and with periodic maintenance on the segmentation algorithm calibration parameters, it is almost always possible to achieve reliable measurements.However, the segmentation algorithm is not adequate when the particle size distribution contains big rocks and a large amount of fine particles. In this case, the area containing the fine particles is accounted as a big rock while big rocks get segmented as multiple smaller sized particles, leading globally to a wrong measurement. This situation prevails for crushed iron ore and coke, among other materials. Figure 1 shows a picture of a material which is typically very difficult to process through segmentation techniques."

Jan 1, 2015

By W. K. Gummer

"THE LOCATION of Canada's present aluminum industry is determined by availability of hydroelectric power, and ready access to ocean transport facilities. The chief raw material for the production of the metal is imported by ship over several thousand miles of water. In times of freedom of shipping and uncontested movement this provides the industry with its cheapest method of operation. However, during the early part of the last decade the general conditions of ocean and rail transportation were such that interest in the treatment of materials other than bauxite was greatly stimulated. This was the case not only in Canada, of course, but in most other countries.Canada has no deposits of bauxite and much research was carried out on other aluminous materials, chiefly silicates, in an effort to develop more or less economic and feasible methods of treatment. In the United States, this research was considerably more extensive. Some projects were early shown to be of little or no value, whereas others, including the widely publicized lime-sinter and soda-lime-sinter methods, became important. In North America, however, apart from the application of the sinter method to the hitherto waste-product (red mud) of the normal Bayer plant operation, none of these processes contributed appreciably to the production of aluminum during the war. In certain European countries, on the other hand, largely because of their situation with regard to bauxite deposits, they had a more general application, and Germany, for example, produced alumina from clay, ashes, and slag by at least four methods."

Jan 1, 1952

By S. M. Moore

Each year more than 400 coal miners are injured (fatally and nonfatally) by rock falling from between or around roof supports. Many of these injuries can be prevented by the installation of roof screen. However, many coal mines are reluctant to use roof screen because of the added cost. The goal of this study was to determine the potential savings in workers' compensation (W C) premiums that can be achieved due to a reduction in rock fall injuries after roof screening. The WC rate-setting methods utilized by Illinois and Kentucky were investigated in this study. Using data obtained from the Mine Safety and Health Administration, national and state WC bodies and individual insurance companies (e.g., average cost per injury, loss cost rate, number of injuries per year, number of injuries preventable each year with roof screening), baseline mines (representing two mine sizes: 67 and 150 employees) were constructed with realistic ranges for estimates of injuries and WC premium costs. Using each state's actual WC rate-setting formulas, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the total savings in WC costs after a three-year period. Annual savings in WC premiums ranged from $41,000 to $326,000 for the 67-person mine, and $96,000 to $843,000 for the 150-person mine. An economic analysis of the cost of a roof screening program at a 67-person mine was also conducted. The annual cost of a roof screening program here was estimated at $240,000. At this mine, the reduction in WC premiums alone could pay for the entire screening program.

Jan 1, 2010

Throughout the study phases (scoping, prefeasibility and feasibility) of new mining projects one is forced to work with and make predictions based upon limited date obtained from diamond and reverse circulation drill holes. These data are extrapolated to determine how much of the valuable metal is present in the ground, how it can be recovered it and the efficiency of this recovery. Mining methods to extract the ore are investigated with forecasts made regarding excavation stoping stability and performance in an attempt to optimise production. Extraction and use of rock mass data for use in characterising the mechanical behaviour of the rock mass is no exception. One often relies heavily upon the use of empirical charts developed over many years on hundreds of case histories based upon rock mass characterisation schemes. This is largely successful and indicative of what one might expect. However specific site characteristics can always play a significant role, and are not necessarily apparent in diamond drill core. Feasibility studies for the Favona orebodies indicated that the rock mass was generally poor to extremely poor, and that stoping conditions would be difficult in all of the orebodies for various reasons. A range stope performances were achieved ranging from very good to very poor and in some cases unexpected results were achieved. A comparison is made between what was actually achieved and what was expected since stoping commenced in 2007. Explanations are attempted for differences in stoping performance and, in some cases, unexpected results at the Favona underground mine are attempted.

Nov 25, 2010

By A. Delgado-Jimenez, O. J. Restrepo-Baena

"Sustainability is a concept that involves several aspects like social, economy and environment. For the concept of sustainable mining is an action that involves to do more in social acceptance, distribution of welfare, an stable economy and the environment. Understanding the mining operation that creates a new state that is necessary to prepare and conduct searching for the best results in sustainability. The results of sustainable mining could be directed to achieve less net environmental impacts, more economic development through the transformation of the natural capital and the social acceptance as the result of good negotiations with the communities in the surroundings. To do that, one option is to create frameworks to planning the regional mining developments that allows the stakeholders to decide and develop different strategies to addresses the sustainability in a mining environment. Strategies based on the understanding of the whole mining business, the environment in which it operates, composed for a natural resources network that interact in a complex system, social system composed by different groups, communities and economies that could be subject to big transformations. INTRODUCTION The mining sector represents one of the most significant challenges for sustainable development, given the magnitude of the impacts that it has on the social and natural systems and the potential to generate welfare associated with its exploitation. Some of the main challenges of mining to contribute to sustainable development are the reduction of the environmental and social impacts of mining operations, to advance in the distribution of benefits in the community and the investing in the development of substitutes. To help in this direction it is necessary to integrate more actors than those who have been considered traditionally in the development of the mining business, and consider the natural environment, communities and the several dynamics generated by the interaction of these elements that contribute to sustainable development. This work provides some useful considerations for sustainable development of mining operations in regions with mining vocation, through the convergence of objectives and the finding of synergies between the existing conditions in the territories and the potential conditions that are generated by new mining developments. A DEFINITION FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN MINING The definition of the Brundtland Commission in 1987 established that sustainable development is ""the ability to ensure that it meets the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs""."

Jan 1, 2015

By Jay F. Colinet

Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP), commonly known as black lung, is caused by the inhalation of respirable coal mine dust and is a disabling and potentially fatal lung disease with no cure. Historically, CWP has taken a tremendous human and financial toll in the US coal mining industry. Recent health surveillance data indicates that CWP continues to occur at elevated levels. Respirable coal dust exposure must be controlled to prevent the development of CWP. The Pittsburgh Mining Research Division of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts laboratory and mine-site research to identify control technologies that can be used to successfully reduce respirable dust levels. Various technologies, using multiple methods of control, can be applied in order to reduce dust levels. An overview ofCWP’s impact and a general methodology for controlling respirable dust in underground coal mines are discussed in this paper.

Jul 30, 2020

By H. C. Boydell

Introduction Situated in the district of South Lorrain, some 16 miles southeast of Cobalt, Ontario, and reached from that centre either by branch line of the T. & N. O. railway or by what, for a mining camp, is a reasonably good road, the Keeley mine, owned by the Keeley Silver Mines,' Ltd., has had its history recorded by C. W. Knight (1). Silver was first discovered in South Lorrain, in Woods' vein, on Keeley property, in 1907, and the Keeley mine has been described by Knight (2) and Bell (3). The total production to February 28th, 1930, has been 10,760,107 ounces of silver and 1,285. 434 pounds (weight) of cobalt.

Jan 1, 1931

By A. B. Hooker, R. A. Kearns

Material used for flame safety lamp gauzes should possess the following qualities: (1) mechanical strength, (2) resistance to corrosion under service con- ditions, (3) a relatively high thermal conductivity, (4) a melting point above the ignition temperature of mine gas. Heretofore, three metals have been used for flame lamp gauzes, namely: steel, brass and copper. While each of these has the requisite qualities to some extent, none of them is an ideal gauze material. Copper gauzes lack mechanical strength, especiall, after they have been heated; brass and copper both have comparatively low melting points so that before the gas ignition is reached the gauze metal is attacked and oxidized under the action of the heat. Steel corrodes readily in damp atmos- pheres and if the lamp stands unused under these conditions for some time, the gauzes become unfit for service. Tests of these three materials have shown that steel offers the highest degree of safety. Manel metal, the natural alloy of nickel and copper, is practically noncor- rodible. Its relting point is approximately the same as that of steel. From time to time it has been suggested that this alloy might be a better gauze material than steel, since gauzes made of Monel metal should have all of the good qualities that steel gauzes possess and, in addition, would not corrode appreciably in ordinary mine atmospheres. One advocate of this use for Monel metal, the International Nickel Co., through their development engineer, Mr. Robert J. McKay, cooperated with the Interior Department, Bureau of ines, to the extent of supplying twelve sets of 30 mesh, Monel-metal gauzes for tests. Those gauzes were made up by the same lamp manufactur- er ho rade the steel gauzes used in the previous investigation. Being made by the same processes as the steel gauzes, these Manel-metal gauzes were needlessly given the same anti-rust coating that is always applied to steel gauzes to prevent any corrosion before the gauzes are used. In previous tests the Bureau of Mines had collected data as to the behavior of steel gauzes. In determining the value of Monel metal as a gauze material, it was planned to obtain similar data with Monel-metal gauzes, and thus make a direct comparison with the steel gauzes. In addition, steel and Monel-metal gauzes

Apr 1, 1923

By Alexander E. Morrow

Oxygen breathing apparatus for use in mines was introduced to the United States in 1907. Despite their intended purpose of safeguarding lives, the apparatus led to the deaths of many men because of inherent or developed defects in the equipment, lack of training,, physical shortcomings of wearers, and improper procedures. The Bureau of Mines pioneered in research and training to curb logs of life among users of such apparatus and promoted development of safer equipment and procedures. As a consequence, deaths have been far less frequent. In 1944 the Bureau issued Information Circular 7279, Loss of Life Among Wearers of Oxygen Breathing Apparatus. That publication listed the case histories of 26 deaths that had occurred since the introduction of such equipment to American mining. The author, the late G. W. Grove,3/ asserted that further loss of life could be avoided if good equipment were used, teams were properly trained, and the basic principles of safe procedure were followed. This publication is a sequel to I.C. 7279 and contains information on eight deaths among wearers of oxygen breathing apparatus that were overlooked in the original compilation. It also describes the single death that occurred since I.C. 7279 was published.

Jan 1, 1959

By AIME AIME

The Washoe plant, 1 in Anaconcla. Mont., together with the local street-railroad, ranches a. foundry and machine-shop a brick-plant and the Montana hotel, form a property under one management; to which should be added the mines in Butte owned by the company, from which part of the ore-supply of the plant comes. The Anaconda Copper Mining Co., controlled by the Amalgamated Copper Co., was reorganized under the laws of Montana in 1893. A map of the plant, showing the numerous departments and illustrating the details of tracks, pipe-lines, and charging-stations for compressed-air locomotives, is given in Fig. 1.

Jul 1, 1906

By Paul J. Guay

This report presents the results of evaluating a longwall mining system specifically designed to extract a very deep web (60 inches or deeper) from a longwall panel. The report includes a productivity and cost analysis comparing the new mining sys-tem with a high capacity conventional longwall operation taking a 30-inch wide web. The analysis shows the new system will increase annual production 44 percent and decrease cost per ton off the face 21 percent. The report also includes conceptual drawings and specifications for a high capacity four-drum shearer and a unique shield type of roof support specifically designed for very wide web operation. The advantages and problems associated with wide web mining are discussed in general and as they relate specifically to the equipment selected for the new mining system. The study concludes by recommending that surface coal loading tests be conducted as the follow-on work.

Jan 1, 1978

By A Scott, I Onederra

Most iron ores occur in mine benches as complex mixtures of lithologies and ore types. This significantly complicates their characterisation for both blast design and fragmentation modelling. A great deal of technical and research effort has been applied to the development of models to predict fragmentation from rock blasting. A number of quite useful engineering models are currently available to blasting engineers and consultants, and more sophisticated approaches using mechanistic descriptions of rock breakage continue to be developed and applied by researchers and explosives companies.The engineering or empirical models that are in more general use within the industry, such as the Kuz-Ram model, require appropriate data if they are to generate useful fragmentation predictions. Some of these models have reached significant sophistication and have made very useful contributions to both routine blasting operations and the exploration of new blasting paradigms. However, these models struggle to adequately deal with rock that is as complex as iron ore. This paper reviews the characteristics of the most successful blast fragmentation models available to the industry and discusses approaches to the derivation of suitable rock mass properties to adequately describe blast fragmentation in a range of iron ores.CITATION:Scott, A and Onederra, I, 2015. Characterising the blasting properties of iron ore, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 481–490 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By Yuhe Tang, Jun Zhang, Jianguo Liu

"The nature high carbon graphite with fine particle size has low commercial value because of its narrow application range. In order to improve its value, this paper has studied the methods for nature spherical graphite. The nature spherical graphite can be used as the battery material in the field of electronic product battery and new energy automobile battery, basis on the physicochemical characteristics and particle feature of graphite. In this research, the Fixed Carbon (FC) grade of the graphite sample is more than 95.0% and the particle size of the graphite sample is from +325 mesh to -100 mesh. There are many methods for nature spherical graphite, including the fluidized bed airflow mill, the hydro-spheroidization mill and micropowder mill. The testing results indicate that the method of ACM micropowder mill is the best because the spherical shaping ratio and production yield of spherical graphite are both the best.According to the testing results of the ACM micropowder mill, the best process includes two stages of coarse crushing, four stages of fine crushing and twelve stages of shaping. And two kinds of spherical graphite products can be got, which are the product of D50=22.85 µm and the product of D50=15.43µm, and the whole yield of them is up to 54.43%. So, it lays a foundation for the high value utilization of this kind of graphite resources.INTRODUCTION Graphite is isomer of the diamond. Graphite ore resources are mainly concentrated in China, Brazil, India, followed by Czech, Korea, Mexico, Canada and other countries. Graphite ore has lots of characteristics by itself crystal structure, such as good resistance to high temperature, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance, good lubricity, plasticity, chemical stability and so on. So, Graphite is widely used in metallurgy, machinery, electrical, chemical, petroleum, nuclear industry, defense industry and other areas. [1,2,3] Natural graphite ore has low geological Fixed Carbon (FC) grade. FC grade should be enriched to more than 94.0% by mineral processing. [1,2] The particle size composition of this high carbon graphite affects its application value. The part of +100 mesh particle size has high application value. The part of -100 mesh particle size has low value because of its limited application field. In order to improve the value of-100 mesh particle size, this part high carbon graphite can be made into spherical graphite. And the value of the spherical graphite is great, it is more than 8 times of the feed. This paper has lots of tests for spherical graphite preparing with the fine particle size natural high carbon graphite. And it lays a foundation for the high value of this kind of resource."

Jan 1, 2018

By D. G. Leddy, J. B. Johnson, L. D. Gratz, S. T. Bagley

"Studies have been conducted at Michigan Technological University (MTU) for over twenty years on methods for characterizing and controlling particulate emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines and die resulting effects on regulated and unregulated emissions. During that time, control technologies have developed in response to more stringent EPA standards for diesel emissions. This paper is a review of: 1) modem emission control technologies, 2) emissions sampling and chemical, physical and biological characterization methods and 3) summary results from recent studies conducted al MTU on heavy-duty diesel engines with a trap and an oxidation catalytic converter (OCC) operated on three different fuels. Control technology developments discussed are particulate traps, catalysts, advances in engine design, the application of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and modifications of fuel formulations. Methods for dilution tunnel sampling, particle size analysis, chemical analysis with emphasis on polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH, and biological characterization using mutagenic activity (Ames) assays are described, along with statistical approaches to experimental design and data analysis.In studies at MTU, both particulate traps and an OCC have been shown to be effective for the reduction of total particulate mauer (TPM), with the OCC being better al reducing all forms of hydrocarbon emissions, including PAH and nitro-PAH, and with the traps being better at removing the solids (SOL). The use of low sulfur fuel (0.Ql % by mass) has led to additional reductions in TPM; the low sulfur fuel has been shown to reduce the number of small, nuclei-mode particles for one of the engines tested. PAH, nitro-PAH, and mutagenic actively levels generally decreased with use of either the traps or the OCC.INTRODUCTIONDuring the 1980s and the early 1990s there have been significant advancements in the development of technology to control diesel particulate emissions. Efforts have been focused on internal control of the engine by design, the use of after-treatment devices, and improvements in fuel formulations to reduce all the diesel emissions. The research and development activities have been driven by the need to meet the US EPA heavy-duty vehicle standards shown in Table 1. The important standards for new technology are the 1994 heavy-duty vehicle 0.1 gm/bhp-hr particulate, the new urban bus 0.05 gm/bhp-hr particulate standard for 1996 and the heavy-duty vehicle 4.0 gm/bhp-hr NOx standard for 1998."

Dec 1, 1995

By M. C. Irani

This study is a survey of supply and demand for minerals, metals, alloys, and compounds used by the chemical industries in the Ohio River Basin (ORB) area of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia during 1967. Data for the study were obtained from completed questionnaires received from chemical manufacturers and from interviews with officials of chemical companies and mineral producers and distributors. The information includes kind, quality, quantity, values, sources, specifications, uses, and methods of transportation. Results of the study show that of the total value of mineral materials consumed by the chemical industry, manufacture of inorganic chemicals consumed 46 percent; fertilizers, 22 percent; and soaps and detergents, 19 percent. Fifteen commodities accounted for 91 percent of the total value of mineral materials consumed. Five of these--phosphates, potash, salt, sulfur, and titanium dioxide--accounted for 59 percent of the total.

Jan 1, 1970