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By C. K. Eilerts

Knowledge of the phase relations of the fluids that exist in the porous spaces of rocks constituting natural petroleum reservoirs and of the behavior of these fluids under various field conditions of operation is essential to the conservation of petroleum and natural gas and to their efficient recovery. The problem of determining whether these fluids are in the liquid or gaseous state and of recognizing the transitions that may take place as the material in the reservoir is subjected to different conditions of pressure and temperature confronts many producers today, especially in certain fields. The subject has grown rapidly in importance since the discovery of and production from deeper reservoirs that have correspondingly higher pressures and temperatures as compared with shallower

Jan 1, 1938

By Mark E. Schlesinger

Engineering design follows a six–step sequence. Demonstration of this sequence in materials engineering is less common. A case study is presented, using the 1989 paper by Gafner on the development of 990 gold-titanium alloy. This paper identifies a need, develops the problem, identifies alternatives, demonstrates the use of metallurgical principles to identify alternative responses, and shows how more favorable options are selected. The paper can also be used to illustrate engineering design as an iterative process. The paper is also useful as a starting point for more in-depth examination of specific elements of the design process, and lends itself to the creation of student exercises.

Jan 1, 2014

By H. Ehnes

"“Industry 4.0” – “Mining 4.0” - perhaps you have already heard of these terms? These keywords signify the next stage of industrial production. The internet and production technologies are growing closer together. Machines can communicate with one another, wherever they may happen to be located. The “Internet of Things” is the appropriate term. But what does SAFETY 7.0 mean? It is both brand new and traditional at the same time. It also has to do with the success of companies, with efficient production. And yet there is a great deal more at stake. It has to do with our lives and our safety – the supreme commodity in this world. What exactly SAFETY 7.0 means, what the number 0 stands for and the meaning of the number 7, and what this all has to do with mining will be explained in the following article. Mining is a fascinating undertaking. Mining is indispensable for a country’s economic development, whatever that may concern: infrastructure, energy supplies or raw materials for industrial production. Mining has brought forth many technological developments and innovations that can currently be found in our daily lives. Mining is impressive, grandiose and repeatedly fascinates mankind with its immense dimensions. Miners throughout the world still work hard and, for this reason, are bound to one another in a special way. In mining, every man looks out for the other; you have to be able to rely on each other. That creates a strong bond. The other side of the coin is that mining and disasters belong to normality in the media and thus also in our perception. Accidents at work and even catastrophes occur in mining, quarries, or raw material operations almost on a daily basis somewhere in the world. They are often associated with extremely serious injuries, or even a fatal outcome, for the miners affected and, in turn, dramatic consequences for the families of those involved. It could be in China, India, Russia, or somewhere in Africa, Asia or America – it mostly does not happen in front of our door or in our neighbour- hood. Perhaps because of this in the daily concert of negative headlines, we do not register these catastrophes any more in our minds. We write them off under the heading “Nothing special”, since there are, day in day out, more terrible news items about wars, civil wars, famines, or ecological disasters. Things only really change if there is a dramatic number of deaths or when we are personally affected, close by in the vicinity, or can witness the rescue action live. In Europe, these three mining disasters in particular have recently generated media resonance:"

Jan 1, 2016

By Shemek Oginski, MARK C. JOHNSON

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Information contained in this work has been obtained by SME, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SME nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither SME nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that SME and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any statement or views presented here are those of individual authors and are not necessarily those of the SME. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not imply the approval or endorsement of SME.

Dec 1, 2015

By Thomas Fraser, E. A. Holbrook

The data in this bulletin were obtained during an investigation of screening practice by the University of Illinois engineering experiment station and the United States Bureau of Mines under a cooperative agreement between them and the State of Illinois Geological Survey Division. Earlier work on this subject includes a study of the general practice of coal preparation in Illinois, made in 1914 and published in 1916/ and an investigation of Illinois coal-w.ashing methods, results of which were published in 1912 in a bulletin 2 that contained complete information on the methods then in use for sizing washed coa 1.

Jan 1, 1925

By Harry V. Warren

Introduction Any person concerned with the welfare of mining in British Columbia cannot help being perturbed by the fact that the industry, to an alarming extent, is living on its capital. The great majority of mines and mining camps of today represent a heritage handed down by the prospectors of yesterday. It is true that mining engineers, geologists, mineral dressers, metallurgists, and their fellow scientists and engineers have played an honourable, indeed a vital, part in he1ping to make our producing mines, often after costly and extensive underground development and extended researches. It is also true that the mineralization at the Sullivan, Britannia, and Copper Mountain mines was all discovered before the turn of the century. Likewise the Cariboo, Bridge River, Hedley, Ymir, Rossland, Boundary, Slocan, Salmo, and Portland Canal mining areas, although they had not all been developed, were all known more than fifty years ago. Furthermore, every one of these camps owed its discovery and eventual exploitation to the fact that encouraging ' mineralization occurred at the surface. Where would the mining industry of British Columbia be today had those precious outcrops been buried beneath twenty to forty feet of glacial drift or other overburden? Anybody familiar with the geology and geography of British Columbia will probably agree that finding new mining camps is going to be an increasingly difficult and costly business: disappointments there will be in abundance. Nevertheless, most persons will probably also agree that other valuable mines and even mining camps await discovery by those who will prove resourceful and lucky enough to unearth them. It has become increasingly obvious to the authors of this paper that any new too1s which can aid either prospectors or engineers in their search for new orebodies should be welcome. This paper outlines our efforts to develop biogeochemistry and related techniques to the point where they may be considered as useful tools in the search for hidden mineralization.

Jan 1, 1950

By A. Ignatieff

"Demonstrations of Automatic Coal Burning EquipmentAT THE 1951 and 1952 Annual Coal Research Conferences sponsored by the Dominion Coal Board and attended by delegates from the Dominion and Provincial governments as well as industry, the importance ,of encouraging the co-operative interest of Canadian coal and equipment industries in •promoting the use of equipment types best suited to burn given Canadian coals was emphasized. It. was suggested that this idea •be enlarged upon at forthcoming C.I.M. meetings that would be .attended largely by coal mining engineers.With this in view, a Domestic Heating Forum (1) was featured in the Coal Division programme at the 1951 Annual Western Meeting of the Institute in Calgary, and a much more ambitious programme, highlighted by live demonstrations, was •staged at the combined Annual Western Meeting and Fourth Meeting of District 4 held in Winnipeg in October 1952.With the excellent co-operation of a number of equipment manufacturers and coal companies, and with facilities kindly provided •by the University •of Manitoba authorities, burning demonstrations were• arranged in the Agricultural Engineering Building, on October l 7th. These demonstrations were a fitting sequel to the Coal Division sessions held in the Royal Alexandra Hotel on October 16th, at which the combustion of coal was specially featured in a series of papers by prominent Canadian and United States specialists.The primary purpose of the demonstrations was to •show that all coal, regardless •of rank, can be satisfactorily used provided that proper application is made with equipment suited to its purpose."

Jan 1, 1953

By J. A. H. Church

The report is too voluminous to be considered in detail within the scope of a single paper, so I will confine my consideration of it to the broader aspects, leaving other members to deal with points of particular interest. The method of presentation leaves one with an uneasy sense of prolixity and confusion of thought; the foreword by the Chairman may well be accepted as a true index of the whole. His argument amounts to this: Recognizing at the outset the futility of divided counsels, it was deemed advisable to arrive at unanimity. To this end, some members subscribed to views to which they do not whole-heartedly assent, thus giving weight to conclusions with which they were at variance. Unanimity cannot be qualified-either it exists or is absent-and, moreover, in the text of the Com-mission I can find no word that unanimity is required. Surely it would have been preferable to have a unanimous report covering such aspects as were acceptable to all members, with minority reports by individual members on such other aspects as were controversial, leaving it to the Government to give such weight to the divergent views as the personality of their sponsors might warrant. In the final analysis the value of an opinion varies directly as the personality of its exponent.

Jan 1, 1926

By Andrew McGrath, Geraldine Lyons, Sarah Barcelona

In the dynamic and challenging modern industry landscape, understanding and unleashing the true role and contribution of technical teams is crucial to business success. The cyclical nature of industries has led to shifts in the technical professional’s place within the organization and the technical skills that are desired most. This paper reframes the pivotal role that technical professionals play within complex operating assets to maximize value and realize full potential. This investigation focuses on the Rio Tinto Kennecott Technical group’s cultural journey, which is underpinned by an investment in its people. The conflict between legacy industry beliefs and the necessity for cultural change emerges. This is illustrated by a deep dive into the evolving case study of Kennecott’s Bingham Canyon Open Pit Mine Technical team. Here, a multi-faceted approach to cultural change is helping to unlock the team’s contribution to the life extension of an aging asset. Guided by a vision and strategic roadmap, this approach is part way through a 5-year implementation period and is yielding encouraging business outcomes.

Feb 1, 2024

By A. B. Hooker, E. J. Coggeshall

"Dry cells are modified wet primary cells in which the electrolyte is held by absorbent material so that it does not spill aid the cell jars are sealed to prevent evaporation of the absorbed electrolyte. Most dry cells in commercial use are modifications of the Leclanche wet cell. In their usual form they have a hollow cylindrical zinc negative pole that constitutes the containing vessel. An absorbent material, either as a lining in the zinc jar or a bag, separates the zinc cylinder and a rod or flat plate of carbon placed axially inside. A mixture of crushed coke, graphite, and manganese dioxide is tamped about the carbon rod, and the whole mass is saturated with salaanoniac-zinc chloride solution.Dry cells are suitable for services that require minute currents continuously or larger, though limited, amounts of current intermittently. Though limited in this way, they have a wide use, even in underground mining. This paper details some of the applications of dry cells in mines, particularly from the standpoint of greater safety through their use.APPLICATIONSThere are four fields of application of dry cells to mining: (1) Electric shot firing; (2) auxiliary lighting; (3) signaling; and (4) testing.SHOT FIRINGFiring an electric detonator requires very little electrical energy because although the current flow may be 1 to 3 amperes the duration of flow is so small (1 to 4 milliseconds) that the energy withdrawal per shot is almost negligible. Batteries for shot firing need not be large; they may be used for firing either single or multiple shots."

May 1, 1934

By Leon Dominian

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) I. INTRODUCTION. THE lack of Aryan roots for the names of metals commonly known among the Aryan settlers of Asia Minor, as well as the later colonizers of Europe, indicates that these races were generally ignorant of the use of metals until they came into contact with Semitic peoples. Practically all mining-terms in current use among the earliest Greeks resemble very strongly their distinctly Semitic equivalents, which can be traced all the way in a broad belt beginning in Lower Mesopotamia, and extending westwardly to the Syrian shores of the Mediterranean. The Greek word " "metallon," for instance, used indiscriminately to designate mine or ore, probably came from the earlier Semitic equivalent, " matal." Again, the Greek words " chrysos " (gold) and " chalkos " (copper) seem to be descended from the Semitic forms " throats " and a chalak." It is a natural inference that primitive mining-methods were evolved by the dwellers in the mineralized areas of Asia Minor, from whom later Greek, Roman, and even North European miners obtained their first notions of the reduction of metallic ores, by virtue of a general westward migration of mining and metallurgy. Some traces of its passage through Turkish territory will be noted in this paper. While European Turkey can boast of one ancient gold-field, the Asiatic dominions of the Sultan may lay claim to at least two well-defined and widely-separated gold-producing districts. These three regions may be distinguished as the Thracian, the Pontic, and the Anatolian gold-fields. II. TURKEY IN EUROPE. . The Thracian Gold-Field. The most conspicuous topographic feature of the lowland between Constantinople and Salonica is the uplifted Archaean

Nov 1, 1911

By Y Lanwin

The Australian mining sector is undergoing a significant transformation with the adoption of advanced technology to the operational landscape. This has highlighted a critical disconnect between our traditional educational systems and the skill requirements of working with these advanced technologies. This paper aims to provide a behavioural science analysis of how the traditional manufacturing mindset, deeply rooted in our educational frameworks from primary to tertiary education, registered training organisations (RTOs), and in-house learning and development, is misaligned with the needs of today’s technologically advanced mining operations. Originating in the industrial revolution, the manufacturing mindset prioritised efficiency, mass production, and the division of labour. In educational institutions, this translated into an emphasis on rote learning, linear examinations, and a rigid adherence to processes and procedures. Such a system, while effective in producing a workforce suited for repetitive and predictable tasks, falls short in fostering skills like problem-solving, adaptability, flexibility, and coping with change – skills that are increasingly vital in a mining sector dominated by automation, robotics, and AI. The paper discusses how the focus on disciplined adherence to standard work procedures and processes in educational and training programs has inadvertently stifled creativity and autonomy in learners. This issue is compounded in the workplace, where employees, having been conditioned to operate within strict guidelines, now face the challenge of adapting to environments where autonomous decision-making and creative problem solving are crucial. In essence, the traditional approach to education and training has prepared individuals for a world of work that no longer exists. This paper advocates for a whole of pipeline approach, grounded in behavioural science, to revamp mining education and training. It highlights the importance of understanding and influencing the behavioural aspects of learning and recommends for an approach that promotes diversity, critical thinking, and adaptability, preparing the workforce to excel in the rapidly changing landscape of the Australian mining sector.

Sep 1, 2024

By A Scott, A C. Torrance

Explosive properties are typically summarised on manufacturers’ technical data sheets. The values most commonly referred to are the density of the explosive, the energy it is expected to release and its velocity of detonation (VOD). This information is provided so that blasting engineers can make a considered selection of the most appropriate product for a particular blasting application. As an example, a lower VOD and energy product is better suited to blasting in soft, weathered material. In contrast, blasting hard, competent material generally requires a higher energy product which is usually characterised by higher VOD and energy.A review of the technical information supplied by manufacturers shows a wide range of methods of reporting both VOD and energy. A meaningful comparison between products from different suppliers is almost impossible to achieve based on these data. For a similar product, one supplier may have a VOD range of 2800–5800 m/s and a relative bulk strength of 1.34 while a corresponding product from another supplier is quoted with a VOD range of 3100–6300 m/s and a relative bulk strength of 192. In the end, the user has to rely on the level of confidence available from their experience using a certain type of explosive in the type of rock to be blasted at that mine.This paper reviews some of the technical and supporting information that is freely available in the literature and attempts to provide some clarity as to what the numbers that are reported actually mean for the end user. An alternative approach to the evaluation of the suitability of a given explosive to blast a given rock mass is proposed.CITATION:Torrance, A C and Scott, A, 2015. What is relative about energy?, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 447–454 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By D. Randolph Berry

This report describes a study to develop a detailed set of guidelines and equipment recommendations to be used as a guide for mine operators, mine inspectors, and equipment manufacturers in implementing the emergency escapeway standards for metal and nonmetal underground mines. It was sponsored by the United States Bureau of Mines. The first part of this report reviews the historical background of metal and nonmetal mine fires and the development of present and proposed mandatory standards. This is followed by a discussion of the survey of representative mines and how the proposed standard effects these mines. The remainder of the report covers technical discussions of each escapeway component including a comprehensive computer simulation of mine evacuation. Following the technical discussion of each group of escapeway components is a list of the pertinent guidelines. The major escapeway components discussed are the following: Escaperoutes Refuge Chambers Hoisting System. Escapeway Signs Ventilation Fuel Storage Fire Retardants Warning Systems Auxiliary Transportation

Jan 1, 1976

1. Domestic Production and Use: In 1979, 12 companies operated 32 primary aluminum reduction plants, with 3 firms accounting for 64% of production. Washington, Oregon and Montana accounted for 32% of the total production; Gulf Coast States 20%; other Northern States 32%; and other Southern States 16%. Based on published producer prices output of primary metal in 1979 was valued at over $6 billion. Aluminum consumption by 25,000 firms was centered in the East Central United States. Of aluminum consuming industries in 1979, building accounted for about 24%; packaging 23%; transportation 22%; electrical 11%; consumer durables 8%; and other uses, 12%.

Jan 1, 1980

By Albert Ladd Colby

A GLANCE through the Bibliography appended to this paper will show that the Transactions of this Institute contain what virtually contitutes a history of the development of the manu¬facture of steel rails in this country and abroad. It is, therefore, fitting that this paper, bringing one branch of this important subject down to date, should be here presented, and it is also appropriate to select this joint meeting of our Society with the Iron and Steel Institute to compare the specifications covering the rails produced in these two countries, and to propose a standard specification to govern the manufacture of American rails for export. During the last ten years the production of Bessemer steel rails in the United States and Great Britain has amounted to 32,128,720 gross tons. Nearly 19,000,000 tons have been rolled in the past five years. The next five years will see an even larger output, owing partly to the extension of railway projects in the Orient, in South and Central America, in Mexico, and in Australia and the other British Colonies. Of late years, the American rail-mills have so largely increased their daily output, that trade conditions have often made possible the delivery of American rails to foreign ports. The tenders submitted by American mills, however, have always been accompanied by requests for changes in the foreign specifications, chiefly in the reduction of the amount of testing required; and it has only been natural, especially at first, that the engineer, whose specification had always been accepted without question by British mills, should interpret American tenders 'as an evidence that an inferior rail would be furnished

Sep 1, 1906

By K. Schimann, H. D. Knipping, J. P. Fouques

"RESUMELe gisement d 'uranium de Cigar Lake, dans la région de l'Athabasca au nord du Saskatchewan, fut découvert en mai 1981 par Cogema Canada Ltée, opérant pour Ie compte de la ""Waterbury Lake Joint Venture"".Le corps minéralisé. qui est dépourvu de toute expression directe en surface, est situé a la discordance entre les met sédiments du wottaston Group (Protérozoïque inférieur ou Aphébien) et les grès de l 'Athabasca (Protérozoïque moyen ou Hélikien), à une profondeur de 410 a450 m.Fin 1984, Ie gisement était reconnu par 105 sondages minéralisés repartis sur une longueur de 1800 m, pour une largeur comprise entre 25 et 105 m. 11 se présente sous forme d’une lentille aplatie de 5 a30 m de puissance, et montre une remarquable continuité d'ensemble. Une ride ou bombement topographique de la discordance est associée au gisement surtoute sa longueur.A l'échelle régionale, le corps minéralisé à est associe à un corridor structural d’orientation est-ouest, a l'intérieur duquel des facies particuliers aténdance blast mylonitique sont développes dans les formations métapolitiques agraphite du socle métamorphique. Il est entouré par un halo d'altération très important, caractériser Ie développement de minéraux argileux alumino-magnesiens (illite-chlorite).La minéralisation est située, pour la plus grande part, dans les grès d'Athabasca, et se compose essentiellement d'uraninite et de sulfo-arseniures de nickel et de cobalt,De nombreux levés géochimiques et géophysiques ont été effectues dans la région de Cigar Lake. Aucune anomalie ne peut être associée directement au corps minéralise, mais la combinaison des données en provenance de plusieurs sources s’est révélée fort utile au niveau de l’interprétation géologique régionale et de la définition des cibles de sondages a l'intérieur des zones reconnues favorables.Le gisement de Cigar Lake présente de nombreuses analogies avec plusieurs des gites classiques de la région de l'Athabasca; il est caractérise en particulier par l'intensité des phénomènes d’altération et la présence de minéralisations extrêmementriches.En 1984, les réserves géologiques globales estimées par géostatistique sur I ‘amas minéralise principal s 'élevaient a 110 000 tonnes d'uranium, aune teneur moyenne de 12.2%, avec une précision de 25% à l'intervalle de confiance de 95%.ABSTRACTThe Cigar Lake uranium deposit, in the Athabasca area of North Saskatchewan, was discovered in May 1981 by Cogema Canada LId., as operator of the Waterbury Lake Joint Venture. The deposit, which is devoid of direct surface expression, is located at the unconformity between the Lower Proterozoic (Aphebian) Wollaston Group meta-sediments and the Middle Proterozoic (Helikian) Athabasca sands tone, at a depth of 410 m to 450 m below surf ace.AI the end of 1984, the deposit had been defined by 105 mineralized holes over a length of 1800 m and a width of between 25 m and 105 m. It has the shape of a flat-lying lens 5 m to 30 m thick and shows a remarkable longitudinal and latera continuity from the information obtained to date. A well-defined bulge of the unconformity underlies the mineralized zone over its entire length.The deposit appears to be controlled by an east-west-trending structure within which a particular rock facies (""augen gneiss"") has developed in the graphitic metapelites of the Wollaston Group. It is surrounded by a strong alteration halo affecting both sandstone and basement, characterized by extensive development of Mg-A I rich clay minerals (illite-chlorite).The mineralization is hosted principally by the Athabasca sandstone, and consists mainly of uraninite and sulfo-arsenides of nickel and cobalt.Numerous geochemical and geophysical surveys have been carried out in the Cigar Lake area, and no specific geochemical or geophysical anomaly can be directly associated with the mineralized body, although there may be locally a good coincidence. However, a combination of several methods proved extre"

Jan 1, 1986

By Paul M. Tyler, Colin G. Fink

THE field of rare metals is so broad that progress can be reported upon many important fronts. Not satisfied with the 92 elements that Mendeleeff and his followers have accepted as legitimate, scientists are trying now to complicate matters by making new elements. Enrico Fermi announced the fabrication of "Element 93". Uranium, instead of being allowed to disintegrate slowly according to its normal habit, was bombarded with neutrons until some of them seemed to have stuck in the nucleus. To understand just what is alleged to have happened all one has to do is to line up the elements in their usual order of ascending atomic weight and imagine, as physicists do, that each atom is a little solar orbit comprising a central mass or planet about which other masses revolve like satellites. Ordinary hydrogen, being very light, consists of only one positively charged proton center, with only one positively charged electron revolving about it. Other atones are progressively more complicated until we come to uranium, which has a relatively big center and 92 particles revolving around it.

Jan 1, 1935

By D François-Bongarçon

The theory of sampling (TOS), and therefore representative sampling, is based on three fundamental principles: sample correctness, which handles the search for non-bias; segregation, the effects of which must be eliminated or minimised; and variance control to help achieve the desired reproducibility. After briefly reviewing these very few, albeit essential first principles of Gy’s TOS, the state-of-the-art in TOS is examined through the prism of these principles and the prospects for the future are explored, with suggestions for further research where relevant. Regarding segregation, which is currently the focus of much research, new orientations are proposed. For correctness, which takes on a major importance when it comes to sampling devices, some new, important principles that have been put forth by recent research, are described in details.CITATION:François-Bongarçon, D, 2014. State of affairs and current research trends in theory of sampling fundamentals, including segregation and correctness, in Proceedings Sampling 2014 , pp 11–16 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 29, 2014

By R. T. Jones

"SynopsisScientific progress relies on the publication of ideas and experimental results that can be replicated, tested, and improved over time. The first printed book on metallurgy to have been published in Europe is considered to be De la Pirotechnia, written in Italian by Vannoccio Biringuccio, and published in Venice in 1540. Together with De Re Metallica, written by Georgius Agricola and published in Latin in 1556, this can be considered to mark the start of scientific and technical literature in this field. Scientific publishing of journal papers has been in existence for 350 years, since the world's oldest and longest-running scientific journal, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, was first published in London in 1665.The nature of scientific societies has changed significantly since the early days when regular meetings were held to discuss science and conduct experiments, and the reading of scientific papers took place, and publication of papers was undertaken to record the proceedings of meetings, often including rather robust debate. In today’s world, there is a plethora of publications, and it is close to impossible for anyone to keep up with the vast flow of information. International conferences with hundreds of presentations have taken the place of the local meetings that used to discuss a single paper or experiment. In this frenetic environment, it is essential that researchers are able to trust the material they read.The system of peer review is used to maintain standards and to improve the quality of papers. This vital system is, however, significantly flawed. There is little incentive for reviewers to invest sufficient time in picking up all errors in publications, and any ineptitude on their part is usually protected by anonymity. It has reached the point where some reviewers have mistakenly permitted the publication of hoax papers deliberately presented with a complicated scientific facade. In light of such astounding inadequacies, perhaps a more open review process would be an improvement. Electronic publishing allows errata to be linked to the original papers.There is an increasing trend towards open access for papers in scientific journals and conference proceedings, which helps to reach as wide an audience as possible. This also supports the statement in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which says ‘everyone has the right freely to … share in scientific advancement and its benefits’."

Jan 1, 2015