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By Edmund Newton

The steel industry of the United States has depended in the past almost wholly upon imports for its supplies of manganese. Many of the important domestic sources yield ores leaner in their natural condition than the foreign ores the steel industry. has been accustomed to use. To make them available, therefore, either the ores must be concentrated or the practice of the steel industry modified. Roughly 25,000 T. annually of high-grade manganese ores are used for dry batteries for chemical purpose, and in other ways; while approximately 750,000 T. are required for making steel. , By present practice, every ton of steel takes an average of about 14 lb. (1.8 kg.) of metallic manganese. This is generally added to the steel in the form of an alloy, the standard alloys being the 80-per cent. ferro-manganese and the 20-per cent. spiegeleisen, During the year 1917, 286,000 T. of ferromanganese and 193,291 T. of spiegeleisen were made in this country, the former largely from imported ores; and 45,381 T. of ferromanganese. was imported. The metallic manganese represented by these alloys was 304,000 T., the product of roughly 800,000 T. of high-grade ore and 345,000 T. of low-grade ore. Manganese Deposits in the United States Before the war manganese ore was mined in relatively small quantities in the Appalachian region, including Virginia, Tennessee and Georgia, and in Arkansas, but owing to the increase in prices during the past three years manganese mining has been undertaken also in Montana, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Minnesota. From data now available it appears that in this country deposits of high-grade manganese ores are usually small, while materials lower in manganese and higher in iron occur in appreciable quantities. Our total quantity of manganese-bearing material is relatively large, but on

Jan 1, 1920

By James Humes

THE active mines in the Park City district at the present time are the Silver King Coalition, Daly-Judge, Daly West, and Silver King Consoli¬dated. Several other companies, such as the Daly, American Flag, Ontario, etc., are doing considerable development work. In the Silver King Coalition mines the ore is a replacement of a dark siliceous limestone bed, varying in thickness from 18 in. to several feet. In places the ore has reached a thickness of 25 ft. This limestone bed lies within 100 ft. of the underlying Weber quartzite. There are other lime beds, similar in appearance to this one, in the Park City formation, which is approximately 700 ft. thick; but not one of them has been found to contain any traces of ore. Directly under and in contact with the ore-bearing bed is another, composed of gray lime well studded with dark concretionary nodules; and this one is an unfailing indication of the proximity of the ore-bearing bed. These ore deposits make out from or have connection with some one of the ore-bearing fissures, which were undoubtedly the channels for the circulation of mineral-bearing solutions. It is therefore proper to run prospecting drifts in the fissures, although they seldom contain much ore. As a general rule, drifting in the fissures is not costly. Mining and mucking cost from $2.50 to $4 per foot, and very little timber is required. There are instances, as in the Daly fissure in the Daly-Judge mine, where the expense of keeping drifts open in the fissure is so great that it has proved economical to make the drifts in the foot-wall rock and run crosscuts into the fissure at short intervals. In the Park City mines it is not easy to determine beforehand the best method for extracting the ore from a newly discovered ore shoot in the bedded deposits. While we may get one dimension from the drift run in the fissure, that will not give us a correct idea as to the other dimensions of the orebody. The fissures here referred to have a N. 35° E.

Jan 2, 1915

By M. E. Lombardi

ThE Coalinga oil field is located on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, California. The structure is in general a monocline, the edges of the oil horizon resting on the foot hills and dipping gently toward the east. One prominent anticline occurs plunging southeast. The earlier drilling was done in the foot hills comparatively near the outcrop and the wells were shallow. The sands were followed eastward and, in the case of the anticline, along the plunge, the wells becoming deeper and deeper until the depth of 4,000 ft. was reached and passed. There is nothing to show that the oil will not be found in quantity at still greater depth. In fact, some of the best producers have tapped the sand at close to 4,000 ft. The recovery of oil still farther to the east, and therefore at greater depth, seems to be mainly a question of drilling. In this territory the formations drilled through are chiefly sands and shales; they will not "stand up" in an open drilling hole; the casing has to be carried close to the bit, and it is always difficult to keep the casing free for any considerable distance. Ability to carry casing of comparatively large diameter without conductor pipes for distances of 2,000 or 3,000 ft. or over is desirable in such territory chiefly for two reasons. It makes it possible to enter the oil sand with a pipe of ample diameter; it eliminates one or more expensive strings of casing which act only as conductors for the water string, and furthermore, in territory where waters are encountered which corrode steel rapidly, it makes possible the construction of a rust- and alkali-resisting water string. It is always desirable to shut off top waters, which may lie within 100 ft. or less of the oil sand, with 10-in. pipe. Where the depth is so great that a practical weight of 10-in. pipe will not withstand the probable collapsing pressures, 81/4 in. at least is desirable. About the limit of rotary drilling to date in California seems to be the setting of the 10-in. string at 3,200 ft., although the rapid advance in rotary work during the past year seems to indicate that this depth may soon be increased. It is my purpose now, however, to treat only of cable-tool drilling. The problem is to reach a depth of 4,000 ft. or more with a string of

Jan 1, 1915

By Emby Kaye

IT is the purpose of this paper to outline briefly some of the considerations that enter into the economics of so-called recycling, the generic designation of the relatively recently developed process by which a condensate† is separated from gas-distillate gas at high pressure and the residual gas returned to the reservoir. This subject necessarily embraces not only a discussion of factors that should be considered in projecting a recycling operation, such as estimating reserves, investment and operating costs, but also a comparison of condensate with other types of petroleum. The place of condensate in its relation to the total supply of crude oil is pointed out as well as certain logical methods of product disposal. The cost of drilling wells and lease maintenance is not pertinent to this discussion because income and revenue are in this paper confined to that retained by the plant or plant operator for supplying processing facilities for the gas. Before the development of recycling a great many gas-distillate gas fields in Louisiana and. Texas provided no income to their owners. When gas was sold from these reservoirs it was accompanied by irretrievable losses of condensate in the formation. The understanding of the function of retrograde condensation resulted in the introduction of a new commercial petroleum recovery process for these hitherto unexploited fields and now permits the conditioning of this type of wet gas field for the sale of dry gas therefrom without waste. SOME ECONOMIC FACTORS The study of a gas-distillate field for possible exploitation necessarily involves the critical appraisal of a number of elements, chief of which will be discussed here: (I) estimate of distillate in place, (2) estimate of distillate that can be brought to the surface, (3) available market, (4) costs. The considerations affecting the estimating of distillate reserves. in place are in the main subject to the same errors as are involved in determining dry gas reserves. Determinable data including acreage, sand thickness, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, porosity and connate water provide the basis for calculating the volume of gas in place. Ample allowance must be made for connate water, which may occupy from 20 to 35 per cent of the pore space of the sand. The factor of supercompressibility is to a considerable extent nullified by the reservoir temperature. It has been considered well advised to allow this factor to serve as a cushion. With the gas reserves calculated, it remains only to assay the distillate content of the gas. Those familiar with the handling of "wet" gas at high pressure readily appreciate the variables in sampling gas from

Jan 1, 1941

By K. Koneko, T. Nokoyama, S. Shibato

SEYBOLT et al.' have detected various silica films formed on a 3 pct Si-Fe alloy after heating at low oxygen potentials with the electron diffraction method, and they have made some observations on the H,0/H2 ratios required to form them. The purpose of this note is to describe the structure of the oxide film formed on either mechanically or electrolytically polished surfaces of a 3 pct Si-Fe alloy containing small amounts of manganese after heating at low oxygen potential. The samples were prepared from a Si-Fe alloy made in the laboratory using electrolytic iron, 76 pct ferrosilicon, and 76 pct ferromanganese, vacuum-in-

Jan 1, 1969

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Apr. 10, 1919, to May 10, 1919. BEAVER, JAMES J., Supt., Mech. Ore Loaders, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co., Box 62, Bessemer, Ala. BLACKWELDER, ELIOT Geol. & Prof. of Geol., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill. BRAECKE, GUSTAVE E., -Min. Engr., Mgr., Societe Curas et Soldado, La Carolina, Spain. BRINK, CYRIL GORDON, Reduction Officer, Charge of Reduction Works. Fairview Devonian Montrose Gold Mines, Ltd., P. O. Sheba, Transvaal, So. Africa. COMERFORD, JOSEPH S., Chief Chem. & Met., American Manganese Steel Co., New Castle, Delaware. DROSDOWSKI, N. C. V., Asst. Supt.,, The Spassky Copper Mine, Ltd., Karagandy, Akmolinsk, Oblast, Siberia. DUNGLINSON, GEORGE, JR., Asst. to Gen'l Mgr., Norfolk & Western Railroad, Bluefield, W. Va. FARAGHER, PAUL VANCE, Research Fellow on Light Metals, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Jan 6, 1919

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN,.Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W.. E. C. EUSTIS. Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ. Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting n September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON. S. SHEDD. Puget Sound Meets second Saturday of each month SIMON H. ASH, Chairman. I. F. LAUCKS, Vice-Chairman. CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Secretary-Treasurer, 425 Lyon Bldg., Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT

Jan 5, 1917

By Emby Kaye

It is the purpose of this paper to outline briefly some of the considerations that enter into the economics of so-called recycling, the generic designation of the relatively recently developed process by which a condensate† is separated from gas-distillate gas at high pressure and the residual gas returned to the reservoir. This subject necessarily embraces not only a discussion of factors that should be considered in projecting a recycling operation, such as estimating reserves, investment and operating costs, but also a comparison of condensate with other types of petroleum. The place of condensate in its relation to the total supply of crude oil is pointed out as well as certain logical methods of product disposal. The cost of drilling wells and lease maintenance is not pertinent to this discussion because income and revenue are in this paper confined to that retained by the plant or plant operator for supplying processing facilities for the gas. Before the development of recycling a great many gas-distillate gas fields in Louisiana and Texas provided no income to their owners. When gas was sold from these reservoirs it was accompanied by irretrievable losses of condensate in the formation. The understanding of the func- tion of retrograde condensation resulted in the introduction of a new commercial petroleum recovery process for these hitherto unexploited fields and now permits the conditioning of this type of wet gas field for the sale of dry gas therefrom without waste. Some Economic Factors The study of a gas-distillate field for possible exploitation necessarily involves the critical appraisal of a number of elements, chief of which will be discussed here: (I) estimate of distillate in place, (2) estimate of distillate that can be brought to the surface, (3) available market, (4) costs. The considerations affecting the estimating of distillate reserves in place are in the main subject to the same errors as are involved in determining dry gas reserves. Determinable data including acreage, sand thickness, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, porosity and connate water provide the basis for calculating the volume of gas in place. Ample allowance must be made for connate water, which may occupy from 20 to 35 per cent of the pore space of the sand. The factor of supercom-pressibility is to a considerable extent nullified by the reservoir temperature. It has been considered well advised to allow this factor to serve as a cushion. With the gas reserves calculated, it remains only to assay the distillate content of the gas. Those familiar with the handling of "wet" gas at high pressure readily appreci-ate the variables in sampling gas from

Jan 1, 1942

By Emby Kaye

It is the purpose of this paper to outline briefly some of the considerations that enter into the economics of so-called recycling, the generic designation of the relatively recently developed process by which a condensate† is separated from gas-distillate gas at high pressure and the residual gas returned to the reservoir. This subject necessarily embraces not only a discussion of factors that should be considered in projecting a recycling operation, such as estimating reserves, investment and operating costs, but also a comparison of condensate with other types of petroleum. The place of condensate in its relation to the total supply of crude oil is pointed out as well as certain logical methods of product disposal. The cost of drilling wells and lease maintenance is not pertinent to this discussion because income and revenue are in this paper confined to that retained by the plant or plant operator for supplying processing facilities for the gas. Before the development of recycling a great many gas-distillate gas fields in Louisiana and Texas provided no income to their owners. When gas was sold from these reservoirs it was accompanied by irretrievable losses of condensate in the formation. The understanding of the func- tion of retrograde condensation resulted in the introduction of a new commercial petroleum recovery process for these hitherto unexploited fields and now permits the conditioning of this type of wet gas field for the sale of dry gas therefrom without waste. Some Economic Factors The study of a gas-distillate field for possible exploitation necessarily involves the critical appraisal of a number of elements, chief of which will be discussed here: (I) estimate of distillate in place, (2) estimate of distillate that can be brought to the surface, (3) available market, (4) costs. The considerations affecting the estimating of distillate reserves in place are in the main subject to the same errors as are involved in determining dry gas reserves. Determinable data including acreage, sand thickness, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, porosity and connate water provide the basis for calculating the volume of gas in place. Ample allowance must be made for connate water, which may occupy from 20 to 35 per cent of the pore space of the sand. The factor of supercom-pressibility is to a considerable extent nullified by the reservoir temperature. It has been considered well advised to allow this factor to serve as a cushion. With the gas reserves calculated, it remains only to assay the distillate content of the gas. Those familiar with the handling of "wet" gas at high pressure readily appreci-ate the variables in sampling gas from

Jan 1, 1942

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. R. L. AGASSIZ, Chairman. JAMES G. CARLETON, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology. Cambridge, Mass. W. E. C. EUSTIS, G. A. PACKARD. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON, S. SHEDD. Puget Sound Meets second Saturday of each month SIMON H. ASH, Chairman. I. F. LAUCKS, Vice-Chairman. CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Secretary-Treasurer, 425 Lyon Bldg., Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT

Jan 6, 1917

By Edgar C. Bain

Of the important phenomenon of the hardening of steel, Professor Sauveurl says: It would seem as if the methods used to date for the elucidation of this complex problem have yielded all they are capable of yielding and that further straining of these methods will only serve to confuse the issue, the point having been reached when this juggling, no matter how skilfully done, with allotropy, solid solutions, and strains is causing weariness without advancing the solution of the problem. The tendency of late has been to abandon the safer road of experimental facts and to enter the maze of excessive speculations, in which there is great danger of some becoming hopelessly lost. The conclusion seems warranted that new avenues of approach must be found if we are to obtain a correct answer to this apparent enigma. With some degree of fitness we may say this of other problems. It seems likely that one of the new avenues of approach to many metallo-graphic problems is the study of crystal structure, or more accurately, the atomic arrangement, by means of the x-ray spectrometer. The crystal structure of some materials has been carefully worked out by the mineralogist, but his methods are, in general, unsuited to commercial metals and a method that yields even better information is at hand as the result of work on the diffraction of x-rays by Laue and the Braggs2 and later by HullI3 St. John, and others. It should be understood that the contour of free crystals, which is the subject of measurements by the crystallographer, is the result of the atomic structure and, in general, bears a simple and obvious relation to it. The use of the x-ray spectrometer4 has been described frequently, so the procedure will not be given here.

Jan 1, 1923

By Edgar C. Bain

Of the important phenomenon of the hardening of steel, Professor Sauveurl says: It would seem as if the methods used to date for the elucidation of this complex problem have yielded all they are capable of yielding and that further straining of these methods will only serve to confuse the issue, the point having been reached when this juggling, no matter how skilfully done, with allotropy, solid solutions, and strains is causing weariness without advancing the solution of the problem. The tendency of late has been to abandon the safer road of experimental facts and to enter the maze of excessive speculations, in which there is great danger of some becoming hopelessly lost. The conclusion seems warranted that new avenues of approach must be found if we are to obtain a correct answer to this apparent enigma. With some degree of fitness we may say this of other problems. It seems likely that one of the new avenues of approach to many metallo-graphic problems is the study of crystal structure, or more accurately, the atomic arrangement, by means of the x-ray spectrometer. The crystal structure of some materials has been carefully worked out by the mineralogist, but his methods are, in general, unsuited to commercial metals and a method that yields even better information is at hand as the result of work on the diffraction of x-rays by Laue and the Braggs2 and later by HullI3 St. John, and others. It should be understood that the contour of free crystals, which is the subject of measurements by the crystallographer, is the result of the atomic structure and, in general, bears a simple and obvious relation to it. The use of the x-ray spectrometer4 has been described frequently, so the procedure will not be given here.

Jan 1, 1923

By I. P. Pardee

In our mixture at Musconetcong Iron Works we have an exceedingly hard, dense, magnetic ore, which contains some iron pyrites. The sulphur runs from 0.5 to 1.5 per cent. To prepare this ore better for the furnace, and with a view of making a softer iron, we tried roasting the ore in a Gjers kiln. When it worked well, the improvement in the iron was very perceptible ; but the ore was continually sintering and forming scaffolds across the bosh of the kiln.

Jan 1, 1887

By Paul J. Sirkegian

A detail of the guide rollers is shown on Fig. I; and Fig. 2 shows a photograph of a guide roller that has been in service for several months on the haul-back cable. The former practice of supporting and guiding the haul-back cable on slusher hoists at Kimberly was accomplished by using the conventional type of snatch-block pulley, but it was found that an excessive amount of cable whipping and unreasonable wear on both rope and pulley resulted from this type of cable support. The guide, which is wholly made in the Corporation's shops, consists of two vertical and one horizontal roll assembled in a frame that is lagged to the cap timber in a slusher drift. In some slusher drifts more than one guide-roller assembly is used, depending upon the length of the drift. The installations usually are placed at 30-ft. intervals. We have found by actual experience that these rollers have increased the life of the haul-back cable approximately 200 per cent, as compared with the usage of the conventional sheave-block pulley. Cable Care The underground rigging crew and the slusher operators are trained in rope splicing. No cable clamps or knots are permitted on slusher cables and all cable "eyes" are spliced. The standard practice has been to use preformed cables of ?-in. diameter for haulage and ½-in. diameter for the haul back. The preformed cables have proved to be important factors for safety in use and speed in making splices. No external lubrication is used on the cables. It has been found that dry ropes have about 400 per cent longer life than those that were lubricated under these operating conditions. An accurate record is kept of all cable life and the tonnage moved by the slushers in each working place, and if the rope wear is excessive in any particular working place, an investigation is made to determine the reason. Wire-rope Sling for Snatch-block Anchor The rope sling is shown by Figs. 3 and 4. These slings support the snatch-block pulley for the haul-back rope. The standard practice at Kimberly is to use a roller-bearing snatch-block pulley 10 in. in diameter. The snatch-block housings are equipped with a clevis attachment in preference to swivel hooks, as it has been found that the more rigid clevis keeps the cable in better alignment. The snatch blocks are hung from the cable sling, which is wrapped around the posts of the drift sets as shown on Fig. 3. This method of anchoring the pulley provides better anchorage and flexibility than those of the rigid or spring-mounted types. When the slusher-drift headings are being advanced, the snatch blocks are hung from a "gin" pole ahead of the last set of timbers' An employee is assigned on each production shift to take care of the lubrication of all slusher hoists that are being used and he is provided with tools for minor repairs.

Jan 1, 1946

By Vaughn Moyer

A method for incorporating well drawdown effect into reservoir calculations is presented in detail, together with examples of its use for widely divergent conditions that could be normally encountered in oil reservoir sands. Tentative conclusions as to the effect such factors as permeability, producing interval, well spacing, or well damage caused by completion or repair practice could have upon economic ultimate recovery are reached. It is carefully pointed out that the conclusions reached are subject to limitations indicated in the text, and placed upon all calculations made in the paper. Introduction Papers have been presentedl-3 in which theoretical depletion histories for reservoirs under equilibrium conditions and no appreciable well-bore drawdown pressure are determined. However, except for a limited number of cases, appreciable drawdown Pressures in a well bore exist, and Pressure and saturation gradients consequently vary throughout a reservoir. This Paper is an attempt to incorporate well-pressure drawdown into reservoir history, and to analyze certain factors, such as those involving recovery, well spacing, and productivity index, from the standpoint of permeability and drainage radius. BY incorporation of drawdown into reservoir history, it is believed that theoretical considerations will more closely approxi- mate actual reservoir behavior experienced in an oil field. For purposes of simplification, a solution gas-drive type field1 without primary gas cap, has been selected. Basic Data and Assumptions Details of equilibrium saturation conditions for no drawdown production for various pressures in a reservoir are deter-minable by methods described by several are permitting the construction of a curve of oil saturation vs Pressure for any selected combination of initial interstitial water and hydrocarbon saturation (Fig I). This curve is then a description of equilibrium saturation conditions at any given pressure in a reservoir. Developing the above, details of saturation and flow permeability may thus be determined for any increment or portion of a well drainage area or reservoir. In this manner the effect of pressure differential (drawdown) may be incorporated into reservoir and well drainage considerations. It is pointed out that this method thus makes use of no-drawdown equilibrium production data, superimposing a draw-hwn effect upon them. It also assumes that net flow conditions in any considered increment of reservoir are not materially altered by the entrance of fluids from other increments into them, but approach equilibrium for the existing pressure and saturation (i.e., each increment behaves in more or less independent fashion, dependent largely upon the equilibrium considerations mentioned above)

Jan 1, 1948

By Vaughn Moyer

A method for incorporating well drawdown effect into reservoir calculations is presented in detail, together with examples of its use for widely divergent conditions that could be normally encountered in oil reservoir sands. Tentative conclusions as to the effect such factors as permeability, producing interval, well spacing, or well damage caused by completion or repair practice could have upon economic ultimate recovery are reached. It is carefully pointed out that the conclusions reached are subject to limitations indicated in the text, and placed upon all calculations made in the paper. Introduction Papers have been presentedl-3 in which theoretical depletion histories for reservoirs under equilibrium conditions and no appreciable well-bore drawdown pressure are determined. However, except for a limited number of cases, appreciable drawdown Pressures in a well bore exist, and Pressure and saturation gradients consequently vary throughout a reservoir. This Paper is an attempt to incorporate well-pressure drawdown into reservoir history, and to analyze certain factors, such as those involving recovery, well spacing, and productivity index, from the standpoint of permeability and drainage radius. BY incorporation of drawdown into reservoir history, it is believed that theoretical considerations will more closely approxi- mate actual reservoir behavior experienced in an oil field. For purposes of simplification, a solution gas-drive type field1 without primary gas cap, has been selected. Basic Data and Assumptions Details of equilibrium saturation conditions for no drawdown production for various pressures in a reservoir are deter-minable by methods described by several are permitting the construction of a curve of oil saturation vs Pressure for any selected combination of initial interstitial water and hydrocarbon saturation (Fig I). This curve is then a description of equilibrium saturation conditions at any given pressure in a reservoir. Developing the above, details of saturation and flow permeability may thus be determined for any increment or portion of a well drainage area or reservoir. In this manner the effect of pressure differential (drawdown) may be incorporated into reservoir and well drainage considerations. It is pointed out that this method thus makes use of no-drawdown equilibrium production data, superimposing a draw-hwn effect upon them. It also assumes that net flow conditions in any considered increment of reservoir are not materially altered by the entrance of fluids from other increments into them, but approach equilibrium for the existing pressure and saturation (i.e., each increment behaves in more or less independent fashion, dependent largely upon the equilibrium considerations mentioned above)

Jan 1, 1948

DAVID WHITE,* Washington, D. C.-This paper is very timely since the Philippine Islands are presumably open to the enterprise of the American driller, whereas much of the territory in that part of the world is closed to us. The United States has ambitious plans for the operation of a great merchant marine, which is to be oil burning in the main, and it takes but a glance at the world map to see the strategic advantage of oil supplies in the Philippines for such marine operations. It is a little difficult to understand why more attention has not been given to the Philippines, in spite of the difficulties attending development in these islands. A number of American oil companies are, I believe, at the present moment taking an interest in the possibilities of the Philippines. Important factors in the formulation of opinion regarding the importance of the oil deposits of the Philippines, as brought out by Mr. Pratt,1 are the point of view and the breadth of experience of the examining geologist. The average oil geologist, whose experience has been mainly in the Appalachian region, the Mid-continent, or Louisiana, or possibly even in California, on seeing the narrowness of the basins, the closeness of the folding, and the presence of igneous rocks here and there, would be likely to draw unfavorable conclusions as to the possibilities of the Philippine Islands. Geologists visiting that region should be familiar with the geological conditions of oil occurrence in Japan, Formosa, the East Indies, or in the Baku district, and their conclusions should be formulated with the knowledge and understanding of the occurrence of oil in those regions rather than in the United States.

Jan 8, 1920

"Coulter's Rainbow and Crooked Falls are situated about five miles below the City of Great Falls. Coulter's, the first of the series in the course of the river, is unimportant and has been submerged by the Rainbow dam. Next below Coulter's is the Rainbow Falls, 47 feet in height. Following Rainbow Falls is the Crooked Falls, 21 feet in height. The power developed at this point is such that the one clam, power house and tail-race utilize the power from all three of the above falls.The development at Rainbow was started October, 1908, and completed July, 1910. It has a total capacity of 21,000 k-w. in generators, and 36,000 h-p. in waterwheels, and operates at 105 foot head. The general scheme of development is typical of what may be called standard practice in the west for plants of medium head, and consists of a low diverting clam, a double pipe line feeding into a balancing reservoir near the plant, and individual pen-stocks supplying the turbines from this reservoir.The dam is a rock-filled crib structure 1,146 feet long and 29 feet high, the up-stream side of which slopes at such an angle that the stability of the clam is assured even under the greatest floods, the weight of the water acting to hold it down, so that the higher the flood the greater the stability. The down-stream side is also sloping and tapers off into a long apron so designed as to take care of any overflow which may occur without shock or commotion. The clam is founded on solid rock throughout its entire length."

Jan 1, 1913

By Henry M. Howe

What should be the chief aim of a metallurgical laboratory ? Before answering this, let us ask, What should be the chief aim of metallurgical instruction ? Taking a definite case, that of the iron blast-furnace, should we chiefly teach the methods of bosh- and tuyere-cooling, of storing and assembling materials, of removing the iron and cinder, of firing boilers and cleaning stoves ? Or should we aim chiefly to lay clear and bare the nature of the reactions which occur in the blast-furnace, the reason why changes in the rate of driving, in the blast-temperature, in the composition of the cinder, cause their known effects ? Shall we chiefly describe or explain ? Shall we teach chiefly the looks or the reasons ? Put thus, the question admits but one answer. Hours of labored description at a technical school give a less true and clear view of actual metallurgical operations than a brief visit to metallurgical works. If in my teaching 1 take the far more laborious course and lay so very great stress on explanation and so little on description that I seem to err on that laborious side and not to give description enough, the student will quickly make up for my lack of description in his first weeks in the works; he will there learn quickly and easily what I could have described only obscurely and with labor. Details of practice are learned easily and retentively in the works, but with difficulty and slowly at school. With the principles, and especially the chemical principles of metallurgy, the reverse is true. The works have little facility for teaching them; the school has every facility. The place then for explaining, for teaching principles, is the school. But,

Jan 1, 1900

By F. C. Miller

THE metallurgical fuel of Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico has been a very tardy member in the caravan of western industrial progress. The history of western coke has naturally been closely related to the development of the metallurgy of iron and steel and the precious metals, in the State of Colorado. It was at Leadville, with a population of 300 in 1877, that the Sentinel was published by Richard S. Allen. The Sentinel gave very full accounts of the various mineral discoveries at the new town of Leadville, which found their, way to the more widely circulated journals of the East, and attracted the attention of many people. At the close of 1878, a census showed a total of 5040 persons. The first smelter was established in 1877, at Malta, two miles from Leadville, by A. R. Meyer, but was not successful. It was succeeded by the Harrison Reduction Works, in 1878. The La Plata began with one furnace in June, 1878, and in 1879 had four furnaces in active operation. These furnaces used charcoal for fuel, and, because of hot tops, suffered a tremendous loss in lead and silver. This difficulty was overcome by the erection of 50 single-bank 10-ft. beehive ovens at Crested Butte, Colo., in 1880. The slack coal sent to these ovens was very pure, and yielded a coke carrying as little as 4.5 per cent. ash. Among the pioneers in the Leadville district were Grant, Eddy, James, Billings, Eiler, and Dickson. To these men the West owes the present expansion of its mining industry, and the erection of metallurgical processes for the treatment of precious metals.

Jan 8, 1918