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[Queensland :-(Continued.) petrography of the Mount Morgan mine, LV, 263. Queensland tin mine and mill, Santa Barbara, Guanajuato, Mex., XXXVI, 227. Quenner disintegrator, XLI, 801; XLII, 15011. Quenstedt, F.: petroleum deposits, Suabia, XLVIII, 14881. Queretaro, Mex., silver mines, XXXIX, 360. Quicksilver: mining and reduction, LI, 110. Oceanic mine, Cambria, Cal., LI, 110. Quicksilver and iron decompose silver sulphide, XL, 872. Quicksilver deposits: China, -XL111, 49. Pacific slope, XXXVI, 1311.. Siberia, Vhdivostok district, XLIV, 16001.]

Jan 1, 1918

By B. Silliman

The regions of New Mexico referred to are in Socorro, Grant, and Dona Ana counties, and a portion of Lincoln County, embracing in the aggregate a very large area, of most of which our knowledge is as yet very fragmentary and superficial. It is only very recently that large portions of this region have been accessible. It has been full of danger from hostile bands of wandering Apaches, whose murderous raids have slain many adventurous miners and seriously prevented developments. But this evil has now been largely abated, and in many of the mining camp of this region there is no longer any danger from this cause. SOCORRO MINES. About three and a half miles back of the old Mexican town of Socorro, on the Rio Grande, chief town of the County of Socorro, are two or more large veins of heavy spar, cutting across the fat* of Socorro Mountain in a northeast and southwest direction, and dip ping at an angle of about forty degrees into the body of the mountain. These veins are in rhyolite, and, so far as could be seen in openings on the Torrence Mine, which I examined, are without any clay parting or selvage. The average thickness of the Torrence rein may be about five feet, the thickness varying from pne or two feet to thirteen feet. Upon the cleavage planes of the heavy spar occurs, in visible patches, of a waxy Iustre and gray color, silver chloride, which gives value to the vein, from a few ounces up to one hundred and twenty ounces to the ton, averaging about forty ounces, as I

Jan 1, 1882

By S. LeFevre

THE solution of the housing and sanitation problem in mining communities, keeping in view both economic and humanitarian aspects, demands the best thought of the management of such enterprises. Upon the solution depend the health and comfort of the employee and his family, and as a consequence his contentment and efficiency. The following description covers briefly the methods installed for Witherbee, Sherman & Co. The operation of the system has been for about two years under the direct supervision of T. A. Hammond, Land Agent, and I am indebted to him for a compilation of the results.

Jan 2, 1915

By W. R. Atkins

The Negaunee mine is at the east end of the Marquette Range, in the city of Negaunee, on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Iron ore was first discovered on this property in 1883 by diamond drilling. A shaft was sunk soon afterward. and the mine has been worked continuously ever since. The total shipments from 1887 to Jan. I, 1945, were 20,417,587 long tons. The mine was taken over by the present operators, The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., in 1903. During the past four years, 1941 to 1944 inclusive, the property has produced an average of nearly a million tons a year, and has employed more than 400 men. Geology The ore body at the Negaunee mine lies in a large syncline dipping about 15° to the west, the ore coming to ledge at the east end of the trough. The ore occurs in the Negaunee formation of the middle Huronian age, which consists of ferruginous cherts and slates through which intrusions of diorite have occurred. Although these intrusions of diorite have an important bearing on the formation of ore on the range, they are not important in this ore body. Some faulting has taken place along the diorite intrusions, or dikes as they are called locally, and also other faults are known to exist across the formation. These faults do not complicate either mining or development of the ore body. The footwall consists of jasper underlain with Siamo slate; the hanging wall is jasper and ferruginous chert. Fig. I shows a typical cross section of the ore body. The ore body is quite regular, about 120 ft. thick in the middle of the syncline and thinning out toward both sides of the fold. Its width ranges from 400 to 800 ft., the average being about 600 ft. The footwall is uniform in dip and strike, but irregular lenses of ore often extend 50 to 75 ft. up into the overlying jasper capping. Method of Mining Ore in the Negaunee mine has been mined by top slicing almost exclusively since 1903 This method of mining has been employed because it is especially adapted to the size and shape of the Negaunee ore body, and to the soft, sticky nature of the ore as well as the generally soft, broken jasper capping. Development The ore body has been developed from six different levels with intervals varying between loo and 125 ft. On the average, the dip causes a horizontal offset of 350 ft. per level, and under these circumstances it has been necessary to carry on considerable development in rock to make available the ore lying along the north and east footwalls. This is not as disadvantageous as might be supposed, because of reduced pressure and the accompanying saving in maintenance costs. The development of the

Jan 1, 1949

FOR the benefit of those of our members who may be asked what they know about Mr. Hoover's connec-tion with the Kaiping coal mines in China and who will naturally wish to appear thoroughly well informed on the subject, we reprint below an authoritative state-ment, recently made to the Japan Advertiser, by Tang Shao-yi, former premier of China, now retired to his country home at Tang Chia. "Information has reached me at my retreat that persons in America and China insinuate that Herbert Hoover acted dishonorably in dealings involving the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company a quarter of a century ago. I be-lieve myself the only Chinese living who was closely iden-tified with that company during Mr. Hoover's connection. My uncle founded the company and my family always has been a large shareholder and, therefore, I possess direct knowledge of its history. "I am actuated in this statement by a sense of justice and also gratitude for Mr. Hoover's acts in rescuing my family during the Boxer uprising. Mr. Hoover's record in China is clean and honorable, highly creditable and in many ways remarkable. Legal action brought in London in 1905 occurred after Mr. Hoover left the company. There were not any charges against Mr. Hoover and he was not a de-fendant in the lawsuit, but an important witness whose testimony helped the Chinese shareholders to save their property.

Jan 5, 1928

By Bruce T. Stanley

The concepts of ore reserve estimation at the Henderson mine are reviewed presenting a geostatistical approach and procedure as applied. Specific problems encountered are recapped and explained as to the nature and resolution thereof. The methodology and results are shown, along with an approximation of computer usage and capacities needed. The scope of the paper is to set forth an example of actual application, usage, and benefits realized from such a procedure. Local Conditions The Henderson molybdenite deposit is located in central Colorado about 69 kilometers west of Denver. The geology consists of a classic subvolcanic ryolite porphyry sequence with quartz-molybdenite mineralization occurring in an extensively fractured granite stock complex. Being assymetric and bilobate in section, the orebody measures approximately 300 meters thick and 600 meters by 1200 meters in plan. The orebody is sampled by means of underground drill holes which create an east-west fan pattern spaced roughly 60 meters apart in the north-south direction. Approximately 27,000 meters of drill hole assayed on 3.04-meter intervals were available for analysis. Recovery on the core is about 95 to 100 percent, thereby affording us with reliable data all prepared to the same standards.

Jan 1, 1977

IN discussing the art of the goldsmith, it is apparent that it is an art requiring skill. He who wishes to be acclaimed a good master therein must be a good universal master in several arts, for the different kinds of work that come to his hands to be done are infinite. Those who work in gold and silver must outdistance all other craftsmen in learning and achievement to the same degree that their materials outdistance other metals in nobility. Therefore, it is necessary first of all to be a good designer, because design is the key that opens the doors not only to the goldsmith's craft but to all others. Then it is necessary that he understand melting and that he know well how to work with a hammer and how to use flat gravers and burins in engraving, as well as files and chisels. He must also possess certain secrets that are needful to the art, which in truth are parts of alchemy, such as softening gold when it is brittle and raw, coloring it when it has little color, soldering, enameling, working in niello, blanching, gilding, and an infinite number of things which must all be known in detail. But above all he who wishes to do this art well must be very patient in working, must know how to mould and how to proceed with the melt and with the file, hammer, chisel, or other implements for bringing his gold or silver work to the final state which he plans. He must also have good judgment in gems and know well how to recognize every [134v] good or defective quality they possess, and to distinguish the false gem from the true, either when set or when unmounted, as there is need; also how to value them both in buying or selling and in satisfying others who seek his appraisal. He should also be experienced not only in the technique of melting but also in the methods of assaying, parting, refining, cementing, and the like, and still many others. But if I wished to tell you of every part

Jan 1, 1942

IN my opinion antimony* is a composition made by Nature to create a metallic mineral that is overflowing with an undue proportion of hot and dry material and with its moisture poorly mixed, with an effect wholly contrary to the composition of metals. Therefore, it comes to be, like quicksilver, a mineral deformity and monstrosity among metals. Or it might be a material that is about to reach metallic perfection, but is hindered from doing so by being mined too soon. I am persuaded to this opinion by seeing in it so many parts similar to those of metals, considering first its clear and brilliant color and its great weight and then the regulus† that it leaves at the bottom of the vessel on melting. Obviously it has in it much earthiness, as is attested by the odor of its sulphurous burning, its imperfect blending, its defective mixture, its difficult fusion, and finally the character of its regulus, for although this is very white and almost more shining than silver, it is much more brittle than glass. [28] The practical philosophers make great use of it in their alchemistic work in order, they say, to make an oil that they believe gives the color of gold to fixed silver. For this reason many of them hold it in high repute, especially the kind that has long thin fibers like a bundle of bristles. And they say that they can obtain greater results with it than with sulphur. I believe this, however, in case it is aided by sulphur, since it is nearer the metallic species than sulphur is. This I know for a certainty because I have seen them extract from it a bloody liquor in the form of an oil. The alchemist who made that which I saw told me that it had not only the

Jan 1, 1942

By H. C. Rogers

It has been shown previously'- 3 that when a mild steel or iron is charged with hydrogen, the normally observed yield point is eliminated or considerably

Jan 1, 1960

By C. E. Beecher

The application of gas or air under pressure to obtain more oil from a sand which has been practically exhausted by ordinary production methods has been practiced to a limited extent for many years. Until recently such methods were confined to the Eastern fields, principally those of Ohio and West Virginia, where in many cases the production obtained after applying pressure for a few years was nearly equal to the total production prior to that time which had been obtained by the usual production methods. As early as 1917, J. 0. LewisL called attention to this method of increasing the recovery of oil and cited the phenomenal results obtained by H. E. Smith, I. L. Dunn and 0. C. Dunn, who pioneered the application of air or gas pressure recovery methods. With this information available it would appear that other oil-producing sections of the country have been extremely slow to realize the advantages of repressuring. However, after a few successful projects in the Mid-Continent area, the oil producers appreciated t' e value of this method for obtaining further and profitable production from their practically exhausted leases and are now making extensive use of it. In general, it has been the practice to apply pressure to the sands when production has declined to a small yield per well. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the advantages which may be expected from returning gas under pressure to the oil sands during the early stages of development, before the rock pressure has been dissipated and the gas exhausted, and to stimulate discussion of this subject on which comparatively little actual field data are available. The Function of Gas Gas associated with or dissolved in the oil is the source of energy causing movement of the oil to the well. When this energy is dissipated production ceases. The exception to this general statement is found in fields where hydrostatic water pressure may supply energy after the gas

Jan 1, 1929

By C. R. Forbes, J. C. Barton

Many different shapes of drill bits are in use with hammer drills, but little definite information is available whereby to judge which one of these shapes is the best. The following investigation was undertaken in order to determine what effect, if any, the shape of the cutting edge has on the cutting speed and wearing qualities of drill bits. The bits tested were those in common use, namely, the 4-point or cross bit, the 6-point bit, the Z bit and the "Carr" bit. The rock in which the tests were made was the red granite from southeast Missouri. It is a coarse crystalline granite containing an unusually large amount of quartz and is extremely hard, and on account of its uniform texture is admirably adapted to this work. While tests in other rocks might show somewhat different results, nevertheless it is the opinion of the authors that the relative cutting quality inherent in the shape of the bits would be the same in all rocks. Other qualities, such as mudding freely, freedom from fitchering, etc., might make one bit more desirable than another in softer rocks. Description" of Bits Tested 'I'he 4-point bits were the usual shaped bits commonly made on the Leyner sharpener, with 14' taper on the wings and a 90" angle between cutting edges. Some tests were run at 85 Ib. pressure with a 4-point bit made with a 50 taper on the wings; this bit was formed with the Carr bit dies. The 6-point bits were the usual shaped bits made on the Leyner sharpener. The Carr bits were made with a 5º taper and an angle of 100" between cutting edges.

Jan 1, 1918

By Jerrold Marcus

The peninsula is roughly 700 miles long and 180 miles wide. The southern portion is the American-sponsored Republic of Korea and the northern half is the Soviet-promulgated People's Democratic Republic of Korea. The area of South Korea is almost 40,000 sq miles, about the size of the state of Maine, and contains a population estimated at 22.5 million. Prior to annexation by Japan in 1910, the Korean economy was based on a system of self-sufficient farming units, but with Japanese occupation it was geared to Japanese economy. Emphasis was placed on supplying raw materials for Japanese industry and food surpluses to help feed Japan, and on providing a connecting link with Manchuria, traditionally a major raw material source for Japan. Small metal refineries, ore processing, and semi-finished goods manufacturing units grew into existence in the northern part of Korea, where much of the electric power is generated. Under Japanese domination, the south remained essentially agricultural. Food productivity was increased, although manufacture of elementary consumer goods was stimulated for Japanese markets.

Apr 1, 1956

By William P. Blake

IntroductioN.............989 The Blake stone- Breaker Prize.......989 Great Labor-Saving Inventions.. 990 I. Biographical NoticE OF the Inventor......990 II. Former Methods of Breaking Stone......992 Ragging and Spalling......... 992 Cornish Rolls..........993 III. Construction of the Blake Stone-Breaker.. .. 993 The Lever.Pattern.........994 The Eccentric Pattern.........997 The Challenge Pattern......... 999 The Monarch Pattern.........1001 The Multiple-Jaw Pattern........1001 Movable Dies for Jaws......... 1004 Cheek.Plates,..........1007 IV. The Capacity OF Blake Breakers......1007 Position and Feeding of Breakers...... 1008 V. Gyratory Jaw Crushers.........1010 The Gates Rock- and Ore-Crusher......1010 The Comet Crusher.........1010 VI. Some Unusual Forms OF the Breaker......1010 The Smith Hydraulic Pattern.......1012 The Forster Crusher.........1012 The Stafford Crusher.........1013 The Gates Crusher.........1013 The Dodge Pattern.........1013 The Rawson Crusher.........1014 The Duplex Breaker.........1015 Booth's Modification of Wedge-Block......1015 Marsden's Eccentric Pattern.......1017 The Lancaster Machine........ 1017 VII. Combined Crushing and Grinding Impracticable,. . 1018 The Hanscomb Machine ...1019 Howland's Crusher and Pulverizer..1020 The Oliver Crusher and Pulverizer..1021

Jan 1, 1903

By J. R. Low, M. B. Reynolds, L. O. Sullivan

The effect of neutron bombardment upon the stability of type 347 austenitic stainless steel has been investigated by a magnetic technique. The relation of the ferrite content of a stainless steel to its magnetic properties is given, and an apparatus suitable for the measurement of the ferromagnetic saturation induction of small specimens is described. Results of measurements on irradiated specimens are tabulated. Exposure to a neutron flux was found to cause a slight increase in the ferrite content of type 347 stainless steel, the change increasing with increasing length of exposure and with increasing initial ferrite content. The similarity of the effect of irradiation to the effect of annealing is pointed out. Possible effect of irradiation upon density of austenitic stainless steel is discussed. COMMERCIAL austenitic stainless steels are alloys of iron, chromium, and nickel, plus small quantities of other elements. Although these alloys are normally used in the austenitic condition, this state is thermodynamically metastable at ordinary temperatures and transformation to a more stable state takes place under favorable conditions. In the austenitic state, these stainless steels have the face-centered-cubic crystal structure characteristic of y iron, but the stable state at room temperature is a mixture of austenite and body-centered-cubic ferrite. The transformation from the pure austenitic condition may be brought about by cold working the alloy at a temperature below that at which the aus- tenite becomes thermodynamically unstable (about 400°C), the completeness of transformation increasing with increasing severity of cold work and decreasing temperature. The behavior of the austenitic stainless steels under ordinary conditions of use is rather well known. However, use of these alloys in a nuclear reactor introduces a new variable: the effect of neutron bombardment upon the transformation from the austenitic to the ferritic state. It was with this in mind that a study of the radiation stability of austenitic type 347 stainless steel was undertaken. Magnetic Technique for Ferrite Determination Commercial austenitic stainless steels such as type 347 undergo little transformation under normal conditions of fabrication and use. In view of this fact, it seemed likely that neutron irradiation would change the ferrite content of the alloy but little. The method chosen for measurement of the effect of neutron irradiation was thus limited to one which would be quite sensitive to small changes in the ferrite content of the alloy. Of the properties of the stainless steel which can be measured, the magnetic characteristics are most sensitive to the quantity of ferrite present.

Jan 1, 1956

By Joseph D. Weeks

The primary problems of civilization are material ones; their answers are writ in fire. When these problems in their higher aspects have pressed for solution, it has been out of the burning bush that the Divine voice has spoken, or in the cloud and smoke that the Divine finger has traced the rules by which these problems shall be solved. It is with the material problems, however, that we, as engineers, have to deal.

Jan 1, 1896

By E. P. Pfleider, W. D. Lacabanne

Rotary percussive drilling, vibro-drilling, vibro-rotation drilling, rotary pulsating drilling-all names that mean the same thing-are gradually appearing in mining literature. What is rotary percussive drilling? It is a combined system superimposing a rapid percussive impact on a continuous rotary action in an attempt to utilize the most desirable features of both methods. At present single and multiple carriage-mounted rotary percussion units are being used in the European coal mining regions. One well engineered unit is the Hausherr "Albo" rotary percussive drill, utilizing two alternately operating percussion pistons, and another is the multiple-unit, jumbo-mounted Salzgitter machine. Niisse & Grafer also manufacture rotary percussion drills.

Sep 1, 1955

By J. W. Gwinn

THE underground haulage system in the lead-silver mine of the-Bunker Hill & Sullivan Co., situated at Kellogg, Idaho, is the most extensive in the Coeur d'Alène district, comprising about 35,000 ft. of tunnels, drifts, and cross-cuts where locomotive haulage is in use. The main working adit, known as the Kellogg tunnel, or No. 9 level, is approximately 10,000 ft. in length from the portal to the main working shaft and extends beyond that about 4,500 ft. in each of two directions. On this level all the ore from the Bunker Hill & Sullivan, the Sierra Nevada Consolidated, and the Caledonia Mining Co. an average of 44,600 tons per month-is hauled to the mills, located a short distance from the portal. Electric haulage by the trolley-type locomotive is used on this level throughout. Below this level, at intervals of 200 ft. vertically, are five other working levels (Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14); and the total haulage distance on these, where electric locomotives are used, is approximately 16,000 ft. No. 13 level has but recently been opened up and is not working-to capacity; while the main cross-cut on No. 14 has just been started, and has no need of power haulage. Of the four levels equipped with electric haulage, Nos. 11, 12, and 13 have storage-battery locomotives, and No. 10 still retains the trolley type by reason of the small and decreasing tonnage produced.

Jan 2, 1915

By Guy Jordan

HIGH-IRON cements have a number of advantages over cements carrying little or no iron. The presence of iron in, Portland cement aids in the manufacture of the cement and also imparts certain advantageous physical properties to the finished product. In manufacture, the presence of iron lowers the fuel consumption, increases the ease of proper burning, and lessens the destructive action of the charge on the kiln refractories. In the finished cement the presence of iron reduces the expansion and contraction, adds strength, adds increased resistance to freezing and thawing, and increases the resistance of the cement to sea or sulphate waters. During the past few years the construction of numerous dams through-out the Southeast by the Tennessee Valley Authority has stimulated the production of high-iron cements. At present a great number of specifica-tions call for an iron cement, and the industry is supplying this demand with a Portland cement carrying approximately 5 per cent iron oxide. Several manufacturers are now making practically all of their cement of this type and a number of others manufacture it as a special cement over short periods to meet demands from the Tennessee Valley Authority and other buyers. The recent increase in the use of iron in Portland cement has created a market for iron products that previously was nonexistent. The chief sources of supply for the cement manufacturers at present are iron sand, iron sinter and slag, and ocher. The Copperhill mining district, Ten-nessee, supplies both iron sinter and slag for use in cement. The Carters-ville district supplies iron sand, ocher, and some iron resulting from the magnetic separation of iron from barite. The advantages of these products vary according to the chemical properties of the raw materials and the methods of handling used by the different manufacturers. Where the iron is to be handled by conveying belts and in hopper cars, the iron

Jan 1, 1939

By Byron E. Eldred

Generally speaking, the practical study of combustion has been made mainly from the stand-point of the steam engineer. This narrow view-point has left open a large field for scientific research on the application of combustion in other arts, where the conditions of heat-utilization are widely different from those presented in the steam-generator. The great economic importance of the boiler and the ease of measuring its performance, together with the comparative uniformity of conditions in the steam-generator, is, probably, quite largely responsible for the practical neglect of the study of the use of fuels in other arts save only on the basis of their thermal value. yet these other arts show quite plainly that a thermal-value basis alone is not sufficient. For example, in burning lime, under ordinary conditions of firing, a cord of wood will do as much work as a ton of coal, though the latter affords more than twice the number of heat-units. Similar results are evidenced in burning brick, in the roasting of certain ores, in reheating billets, and in many other, arts where heat is to be applied over extended areas to fragmental masses of more or less refractory materials. In these arts much is to be gained by a

Jan 1, 1911

By H. A. Wentworth

THE Huff electrostatic plant of the United States Smelting Company operated in conjunction with its wet concentrator at Midvale, Utah, was the second plant of substantial size installed using the Huff process, and the first plant to be put in operation on the so-called Western complex ores. In spite of the machinery being of early design and consequently embracing many of the mechanical weaknesses incident to a pioneer plant the mill has operated steadily and uniformly since the summer of 1909, about five years now, without any material change other than some re-arrangement of the machinery for better handling of the sizes. The ore, at present coming almost entirely. from the company's mines in Bingham, is of practically the same composition as that upon which the plant was first put in operation. The crude ore, consisting of the sulphides of copper, lead, zinc, and iron, and containing small amounts of gold and silver, is brought by train and delivered to the hoppers of the wet concentrator, where by jig and table treatment, there are produced a shipping lead concentrate, a tailing and a middling product, the latter being conveyed in push cars to the adjoining electrostatic mill. The crude ore delivered to the wet concentrator contains from 6 to 9.5 per cent. zinc. At times the plant is used also for the treatment of custom ores from the Bingham district and elsewhere, and at such times the results of the plant vary according to the material in use, but as by far the larger portion of the product is that from the company's own mines, the results given below are fairly indicative of the general work obtained. The accompanying diagram illustrates graphically the flow of the ore through the electrostatic mill. The middling coming from the wet mill containing from 15 to 18 per cent. moisture is hoisted while on the cars by an elevator, and delivered from the top of the elevator to a hopper over the drier. The drier first installed was of too low capacity to take care of the moisture present in the tonnage to which the mill was later

Jan 8, 1914