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Senator Smoot recently introduced his bill providing for the leasing of oil and coal lands. This bill provides only for the leasing of these lands from the Government and advocates government ownership of all government coal and oil lands. Under the provision of the bill as now proposed, 50 per cent. of all money received under the measure is to be paid to the state in which the land is located. The money must be used, however, for the construction and maintenance of roads and for schools. The last leasing bill was defeated when it was about to become law largely because of the fact that it allowed the sale of coal lands.

Jan 9, 1919

By C. Richard Tinsley

Mineral economists debate whether to call the deep-ocean nodules "manganese nodules," "nickel nodules," "polymetallic nodules," or even "ferro-manganese nodules." It is nickel and copper that are generally regarded as the main targets in the nodules. Processing considerations are thought to virtually dictate that Deepsea Ventures will produce high-purity manganese metal (at least if it follows a hydrogen chloride leach), whereas other groups have been focusing on the selective extraction of copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and molybdenum, while rejecting manganese to tails. Solvent extraction appears to be the primary multimetal extraction technique (except for manganese). These processing considerations indicate that metal production f, or Deepsea Ventures is essentially a co- product system (manganese recovery is necessary to recycle chloride ions) while the other groups can more easily approach the metals as selective co-products (e.g. recovering nickel and copper, and rejecting cobalt). Some zinc may be produced as a co-product, as it may have to be removed in the solvent extraction process.

Jan 4, 1975

By Walter Riethmeier, Arthur J. Lynch

The future of plant design in mineral processing and extractive metallurgy is discussed in relation to present trends and the future need to build plants that will treat larger tonnages and lower grades of ore. The future equipment and plant design of crushing, grinding, screening, classification, flotation, magnetic concentration, gravity concentration, hydrometallurgy, thickening, filtration, tailings disposal, health, safety, environment, and materials of construction are discussed. Future plants are expected to follow upon present evolutionary trends. The impact of escalation, energy costs, and increased regulation of the industry is foreseen as a major influence on plant design.

Jan 1, 1978

By John J. Reed

The mines of southeast Missouri's Lead Belt have been in operation since 1864, almost 100 years. During this period about 10 pct of the total ore available has been left in place as pillars, and this now represents the best ore reserve left to the older mines. St. Joseph Lead Co. has been investigating various plans of pillar recovery for several years. The example to be described is only one possible approach under a specific set of conditions. Conditions vary greatly in the different areas within the Lead Belt, and the same approach would be entirely in- adequate in certain other areas, but there are important sections where this system is clearly applicable.

Jan 7, 1959

By S. F. Shaw

THE principles involved in lifting oil in wells flowing naturally are identical with those underlying the flowing of wells by means of the air-gas lift, and information of a dependable nature obtained in the study of the air-lift can be applied to wells with natural flow. A well flowing naturally is one in which the lifting is done by means of the gas-lift, for which the gas is supplied entirely by the formation from which the oil is derived. In air-gas lift operations, there is insufficient gas supplied by the formation to lift the oil to the surface in an efficient manner, therefore additional gas for this purpose must be furnished from an outside source. There may, at times, be conditions obtaining in natural flowing wells different from those in wells flowed by gas-lift, but these differences do not at all conflict with the main principles of gas-lift work. One such condition is met with in wells in which the gas supplied by the formation is in considerable excess of that required to lift the oil to surface; this excess may be so great as to reduce the quantity of oil that can be lifted through the particular diameter of casing or tubing that has been lowered into the well. This same condition can be brought about, however, by supplying a large excess of gas from an outside source to an artificial gas-lift well, and a study of the effects obtained from injecting a large excess into the well can be applied directly to handling wells flowing naturally which have a large excess of gas supplied by the underground reservoir.

Jan 1, 1929

By William P. Blake

As the storage of water for agricultural and mining purposes in the arid regions of the West is now receiving much attention by the people and their representatives, some facts coucerning the greatest pioneer enterprise for the purpose should appear on our records. I refer to the dam and reservoir at Walnut Grove, in Yavapai county, Arizona Territory, which was finished in the winter of 1887, and is known as the Walnut Grove Dam, It is not my intention at this time to give a full description of

Jan 1, 1889

By Enrique Touceda

As in the case of steel and the non-ferrous alloys in general, the use of the microscope in connection with the manufacture of malleable cast iron has proved of inestimable value to the industry. Had its use not been invoked, many facts either would not be known at all or, if suspected, would be confined to the realms of conjecture. No fairer statement could be made than that the start of real progress in the industry was coincident with the application of metallography to the product, though the full significance of this statement can hardly be appreciated except by those who not only are conversant with conditions as they existed at the time referred to, but are familiar with the character of works' practice at the present time.. A few years ago, about the only test made to ascertain the physical properties of the product, except in the case of certain plants, was the bending of a casting to destruction, not only with the object of discovering whether or not the metal was ductile, but for the purpose of inspecting the fracture. The characteristics of the fracture, if correctly interpreted, were known to be of value in locating the trouble in castings that were inferior. In general, it was found that if a casting of medium or heavy section would bend through a wide angle before failure took place, the fracture in the majority of cases would have a black velvety appearance; while if it was held at different angles to the direction of the rays of light, it would show a change of color and an iridescent sheen. But an inferior air-furnace heat or anneal might yield castings which, if thin and consequently largely decarburized, could be bent double on themselves and still not possess the fracture described. If, on the other hand, a casting broke short, its fracture might have one of a great many different color and structural peculiarities. Depending on the cause of the trouble, such castings might have any of the fracture characteristics, of which the following is but a partial list.

Jan 1, 1922

By Enrique Touceda

As in the case of steel and the non-ferrous alloys in general, the use of the microscope in connection with the manufacture of malleable cast iron has proved of inestimable value to the industry. Had its use not been invoked, many facts either would not be known at all or, if suspected, would be confined to the realms of conjecture. No fairer statement could be made than that the start of real progress in the industry was coincident with the application of metallography to the product, though the full significance of this statement can hardly be appreciated except by those who not only are conversant with conditions as they existed at the time referred to, but are familiar with the character of works' practice at the present time.. A few years ago, about the only test made to ascertain the physical properties of the product, except in the case of certain plants, was the bending of a casting to destruction, not only with the object of discovering whether or not the metal was ductile, but for the purpose of inspecting the fracture. The characteristics of the fracture, if correctly interpreted, were known to be of value in locating the trouble in castings that were inferior. In general, it was found that if a casting of medium or heavy section would bend through a wide angle before failure took place, the fracture in the majority of cases would have a black velvety appearance; while if it was held at different angles to the direction of the rays of light, it would show a change of color and an iridescent sheen. But an inferior air-furnace heat or anneal might yield castings which, if thin and consequently largely decarburized, could be bent double on themselves and still not possess the fracture described. If, on the other hand, a casting broke short, its fracture might have one of a great many different color and structural peculiarities. Depending on the cause of the trouble, such castings might have any of the fracture characteristics, of which the following is but a partial list.

Jan 1, 1922

By A. Kavetsky, W. J. Whiten

Data from ball mills with a wide range of diameters are analyzed using detailed mathematical/ numerical models. Analysis shows the relative power inefficiency of large ball mills is due to their inefficient breakage of coarse particles. The models developed can be used to scale-up mill behavior. The behavior of large mills at Bougainville and Pinto Valley is compared. It is concluded that the mills are equally inefficient at grinding coarse particles. Differences in coarseness of total mill feed are shown to account for the fact that Pinto Valley mills achieved design throughput whereas Bougainville mills did not.

Jan 1, 1985

By S. Forgeron, W. Shaw, E. L. Zodrow

Trend-surface equations are proposed for volumetric coal estimation in collieries of Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia. The statistical technique was first tried on Harbour coal in #20 Colliery investigating resulting residuals for abnormalities. The trend model is accepted as probably being correct as a result of that investigation. Indeed, higher degree polynomial trend- surfaces account for over 80% of the total map variability; these are encouraging statistical results, backed-up by geological knowledge about the coal seam, suggesting that the trend model has economic significance for an off-shore colliery developed to exploit the Harbour coal several kilometers east of #20 Colliery. Specifically, the need for additional offshore drill holes for the new colliery (excepting quality assessment holes) should be considered in light of a developed estimating model for the new colliery. The trend model also finds application in coalfields structurally more complex than Sydney Coalfield.

Jan 1, 1983

By Carle Hayward

AT THE February, 1916, meeting of the Institute, a paper presented by Hayward and Raymond gave the results of a study on the effect of time in tempering medium-carbon steel, when the following conclusions were reached: It is not fair to consider the question settled when only three specimens were used for each treatment, but the results obtained indicate that for reheating quenched medium-carbon steel to temperatures below 500° it is only necessary to heat it through. Longer heating has little or no effect on the tensile strength, ductility, or hardness. At temperatures above 500°, increasing the time of treatment causes a slight falling off in hardness and tensile strength with a corresponding increase in ductility. In the discussion of the paper these conclusions were attacked and evidence presented that seemed to throw doubt on their accuracy. The authors, however, showed that this evidence was based on high-carbon or alloy steels and no facts regarding medium-carbon steel were presented. During this study the heat treatment was carried out in a small electric resistance furnace. It held nine specimens, but when these were placed in the furnace the temperature was lowered to such an extent that 30 to 40 min. were required to reach the desired heat. The authors pointed to this as a weak point in the investigation and it seemed wise to supplement the research by work on similar steel but using a different method of heating. This has been done and the results are given in the present paper. The Rhode Island Tool Co. cooperated by furnishing the steel and turning the tensile specimens.

Jan 1, 1922

By William P. Blake

In southern Arizona and in Mexico the word caliche is in general use to denote a calcareous formation of considerable thickness and volume found a few inches, or a few feet, beneath the surface-soil, upon the broad, dry, gravelly plains and mesas. , In western South America the same name is applied to the beds of crude soda-niter (Chili saltpeter). While these deposits of South America and of Arizona are totally different in composition, and have nothing in common, except that both occur in

Jan 1, 1902

The fate of generations yet unborn lies in man's hands. Shall it be prosperity, a high standard of living, and the development of spiritual values; or ruin, misery, and a reversion to jungle law? World affairs move in high gear, at high tension, in many directions. Each nation fears the other fellow- races, crosses the white line on curves, skids, takes its half in the center; and the devil take the hindmost. For one, the United States is on the horns of dilemma; it must insure a flow of raw materials of industry and world-wide markets in order that the American people may maintain high standards of living, but the commitments of the United States cannot be fulfilled without trimming present standards of comfort and convenience back to the level of perhaps a quarter of a century ago. A way must be found to retreat without anarchy at home as well as abroad. Everything is relative and all things change, and change is the essence of civilization. It is now clear that man has not kept pace with changes of all kinds, some of them overnight, during the past 50 years. Conventionality has led to stagnation; man now seeks learning of all kinds at an accelerated pace, but men should not be educated beyond their native intelligence for they must be able to apply their education. There must be a resolute action now on 10 great challenges in regard to conservation of human and ma-

Jan 1, 1950

By Ernest Wiltsee

The Half-Moon mine, situated three miles west of the town of Pioche, exhibits geological features which are peculiar and interesting. The general formation in the vicinity of Pioche consists of a quartzite, usually covered with an overlying limestone containing strata of shale. In the camp itself, where the original mines are situated, the quartzite has been denuded, and the principal veins outcrop in this formation; to the west, the quartzite is again covered with limestone, containing thin strata of shale.

Jan 1, 1893

By Richard Moldenke

The author discusses some economic conditions which have made the career of the cast-iron pipe industry in the United States a checkered one. He next describes the two new developements in the manufacture of cast-iron pipe-both along the lines of centrifugal casting. The advantages and disadvantages of both processes are presented in some detail. Finally, statistics on the production of pipe in the United States at the present time are given, as well as the plants-and their capacities-so far as these are situated in the South. No SINGLE branch of the foundry industry has been brought to a production basis of huge tonnage, low manufacturing cost, and producing material of a remarkably high quality, as has the making of cast-iron pipe. The pipe shop is an excellent illustration of the fact that repetition work in specialties leads to mechanical equipment and manipulation that lower production costs to an. astonishing degree. Hence cast-iron pipe, in dull times, has been sold at a few dollars a ton over the selling price of the pig iron used. On the other hand, these same pipe, shops make fittings .of many varieties, and in much smaller quantities, where the cost is high, and when pipe may be sold, say, at $50 a ton, the fittings on the same shipment will be sold for nearly double that price. The history of pipe-making, in the United States, is a checkered one the mortality of plants is high and, from the nature of the industry, plants must be large to live. In spite of the fact that the best processes must be used to turn out this rather strict specification material, pipe is easy to make and a pipe plant is more of a tonnage mill than the really high-class specialty foundry it should be. Every time, therefore, that the demand for pipe is strong new shops spring up, only to close when the demand has ceased, but the financial damage to the more permanent plants has been done. Both the South and the North have had abundant experiences of this kind, and when recently a northern Public Service Corporation gave its order to France, the pipe plants thus adversely affected were content to have this occur rather than see-a plant started to supply the surplus demand.

Jan 9, 1924

By I. N. Knap

Discussion of the paper of HOWARD R. HUGHES, presented at the Now York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 99, March, 1915, pp. 629 to 635. I. N. KNAPP, Ardmore, Pa.-The claims made in the paper for the Sharp & Hughes cone bit are modest. I have used it with satisfactory results. It is a wonder for eating through hard, brittle rock; it will drill through iron pyrites that the fish-tail bit cannot enter. Soft ground is apt to contain concretions that are much harder than the containing ground. ?We have at times in drilling with a fish-tail bit thought the hole was partly in such hard material and partly in soft, thus making a difficult place to drill past in the ordinary way. By changing to a Sharp & Hughes cone bit such obstructions were easily overcome. This cone bit has greatly widened the range of work that may now be profitably accomplished by the hydraulic rotary method of drilling. It is not, however, adapted to drill soft or sticky ground, the old fish-tail bit being better for such purposes. The fish-tail bit usually scrapes its way through the material drilled, but not always. I believe at times it cuts and chips in soft friable rock. That is, the bit seems to bite into the rock, and when sufficient torsion is put on the drill stem it breaks its hold and jumps around and chips the rock from the bottom of the hole, like a stone cutter's chisel, and then takes another hold. This condition occurs only in friable material when the bit is sharp and the feed properly controlled. The Sharp & Hughes cone bit is a most valuable -tool for the rotary driller.

Jan 5, 1915

By Walter Miller

Advancement in engineering in the refining industry during 1933 might be likened to the jagged flame of a poor wick-test kerosene—a few outstanding high spots, but not broadly spectacular. Economic conditions were unsatisfactory for the first six or eight months, but the improvement in the latter part of the year had some immediate effect in stimulating new designing and building. The national legislative program involving the industry drew the attention of executives away from petroleum technology to some extent. The National Recovery Act, and its offspring, the Petroleum Code, demanded deep and continued study to put the machinery into smooth motion. From a purely technical engineering stand, therefore, the emergency measures might be considered a temporary brake on progress. The ultimate effect, if the whole industry can get back "out of the red," may well be a more than expected advance. Of course, petroleum technologists and engineers, including both those engaged within and those busy in designing and building for the industry, continued their efforts, and much of the results of their work will undoubtedly see the light of day under the improved economic conditions, which bid fair to stay with us. There was little improvement during 1933 in atmospheric distillation, sweetening processes, or furnace design, but experimentation during the year on these subjects may materialize into distinct advances. The trend toward compact distilling and fractionating equipment, especially in the Appalachian district, deserves noting. A number of refineries in that district replaced obsolete shell still units with up-to-date tube stills and efficient fractionating towers, both for the better separation of lubricating fractions from the crude and for improving the boiling range of the gasoline. A number of small skimming and topping plants in flush fields, such as East Texas, which felt the pinch of production control, were forced to shut down, but the stronger among them are consolidating their positions by installing cracking equipment and in some cases more modern crude-distillation units. Motor Fuel For the first time in many years a reviewer is able to point to at least a temporary cessation in the competitive race in the manufacturing

Jan 1, 1934

JOHN W. BELL (communication to the Secretary*).-I have to thank Mr. Merrill not only for his very kind remarks, but for the weight of his implied opinion that the work accomplished probably has an important practical aspect. I think there is a distinct although unuttered impression among engineers, that it will be time enough for them to begin to take an interest in the law of crushing when it emerges from the cloud of violent and even vituperative controversy that has hovered over it during the last 6 or 7 years. I have a very confident feeling that as the result of the work done by Mr. Gates, by me and by Messrs. Mitchell, Baily and Cockfield, who so loyally helped me to obtain the necessary data, at least the practical law of crushing has emerged; that it is ready and available for use by our fellow engineers, and that it will help them to unravel a number of the many practical problems they are con¬stantly confronted with. In regard to Mr. Gates' discussion, I would indeed like to believe that McGill could claim, as a minor achievement, the credit which Mr. Gates so generously bestows of having established the "law" of crushing. I think that more work would be required to establish this claim in the, strict sense of the word, as there is a fairly large gap between the coarse and fine crushing results. I am not worried about that gap, because the reason for it is quite clear to me; at the same time I-think it will be well to bridge it by a series of tests, and I am bound to admit that the testing machine is the most promising machine right at hand to work with, although whether the minute amounts of power required to crush small quantities of rock can be so accurately integrated as to insure high accuracy in the final result is still a question in my mind. If we had an Amsler-Laffon machine I would certainly try it. Mr. Gates' remarks about choke crushing are extremely interesting. He compels me to wonder, too. It is a new and probably a very important factor to be considered in this connection. I am in perfect accord with Mr. Gates about the desirability of the determination of crushing constants, because when this is accomplished the efficiencies (not relative mechanical, but real efficiencies) of different types of rock-crushing plants in any part of the world will then be comparable. For this reason it would, seem desirable that the American Institute Committee should not only consider ways and means for accom-

Jan 6, 1917

By H. A. Gardner, G. B. Heckel

The principal use of barium sulphate is as an inert paint pigment.

Jan 1, 1915

By John V. Beall

Our moment of truth is in the offing. When the SME Directory is published in this July issue of [8:] we will know how good or how bad our system is for this computerized Directory. At this writing we have not seen the printout. The SME Directory is designed for maximum utility by the membership but this, of necessity, makes the job complicated. In the alphabetical section, names are listed last name first, followed by codes indicating the class of membership, year of election and divisional interests of each Member. This information is followed by job title, company division, company name and address complete with zip code, or simply by the mailing address of the Member in cases where he either has no company or has not supplied the company information.

Jan 1, 1971