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By C. K. Leith

IN telling the story of Canada's minerals many interesting and spectacular details will be passed over to permit pointing out some of the significant inter- national aspects. No country now has enough of all minerals for its own use. The problems of satisfaction of both national and world demands under these conditions have become international in scope, and history supplies no obvious solutions. The minerals of Canada are coming to play a prominent part in such problems. Production and Reserves In the last decade Canada has rapidly advanced in mineral production. In 1928 the total value of mineral products from Canadian sources reached 273 millions of dollars. Canada ranks first in production of nickel, first in asbestos, second in cobalt, third in gold and silver, fourth in lead and copper, and sixth in zinc.

Jan 1, 1929

By J. D. Hunt, D. T. J. Hurle

A uariety of eutectic structures are formed in faceted/nonfaceted eutectics. The various structures are explained in terms of the absence or presence of small facets in the liquid groove. Regular structures are produced when, for purely geometric reasons facels cannot form. The presence of a facet in the liquid groove leads to the formation of an irregular or a cell-like complex regular structure, due to the relative immobility of the groove. A classification of eutectics was proposed by Hunt and jackson, based on the presence or absence of facets on the primary phases (the absence of facets may be predicted from the dimensionless entropy of melting2). Eutectics were divided into three groups: 1) eutectics in which both phases grow in a nonfaceted manner; 2) eutectics in which one phase grows faceted, the other nonfaceted; 3) eutectics in which both phases grow faceted. It was suggested that regular1 rodlike or lamellar structures1 should be formed in the first group, that irregular or complex regular structures1 should be formed in the' second, and that irregular structures1 should be formed in the third. Recently it has been shown that the structural classification is incomplete. Regular rodlike structures (InSb-NiSb eutectic3), or broken lamellar structure (Bi-Zn eutectic, Fig. 8), are formed in alloys of the second group when the faceted phase has a large volume fraction. Hunt and jackson' argued that regular structures could form in faceted/nonfaceted systems, but that such structures would be unstable in the presence of microfacets on the lamella of the faceting phase, because the growth rate at a point on such a facet would depend on the kinetic undercooling at the point of nu-cleation on the facet, and not on the local kinetic undercooling. In these circumstances it would not be possible to consistently balance the compositional and kinetic undercooling over a lamellar structure and thus obtain a stable isothermal interface. In this paper we discuss in detail the origin of the various structures formed in faceted/nonfaceted systems, pointing out that the most important factor promoting the formation of a regular structure is the absence of a facet in the liquid groove. 1) FACET FORMATION IN SINGLE-PHASE MATERIALS Facets form when there is an energy barrier for the addition of a new solid layer on an existing solid. When a barrier is present,2 growth proceeds by the lateral movement of steps across a crystallographic plane. The rate-controlling stage of the process occurs when the step is first formed. Hulme and Mullin6 have shown that faceting in single-phase materials can only occur when both interface curvatures are convex with respect to the solid and when the surface is tangential to the facet plane. When even one of the curvatures is concave a facet does not form because new layers of solid from adjacent regions can always feed the facet plane, Fig. 1. Growth under these conditions is then as easy as elsewhere. Similar considerations will apply to eutectic growth; consequently the shape of the faceted phase is extremely important. 2) LAMELLAR SPACING CHANGES IN EUTECTICS Jackson and Hunt7 have shown that the interface undercooling AT of a growing lamellar interface (neglecting kinetic undercooling) is related to the lamellar spacing, A, and growth velocity, v, by an expression of the form: where m, Ql, and nL are constants of the system given in Ref. 7. Eq. [I] is plotted for fixed v in Fig. 2. Jackson and Hunt postulate that a regular eutectic grows near, but to the right of the minimum in the AT vs A curve. They argue that the spacing cannot be to the left of the minimum because the interface is then unstable to fluctuations in A. It cannot grow too far to the right, because when the spacing becomes too wide an isothermal interface can no longer be maintained over the large-volume-fraction phase.7 It is argued that during any change in growth rate the lamellar spacing remains in the permitted range by the movement of lamellar faults. When the spacing is too wide, the fault, shown in Fig. 3, moves to the left; when the spacing is too narrow it moves to the right. The faults, however, have to be formed. heir formation has been shown to occur when local regions deviate considerably from the spacing defined by the lamellar When the spacing is locally too narrow (it passes to the left of the minimum, Fig. 2), pinching off of the narrow phase occurs. When the spacing is locally too wide, the interface on the large volume-fraction phase can no longer be maintained as an iso-

Jan 1, 1969

By V. N. Krivobor

The study and use of low-carbon manganese steels have been curiously neglected in the general history of developments in alloy steels. Hadfield1 made an extensive study of manganese-iron-carbon alloys about 1886, which culminated in the wide application and use of Hadfield austenitic manganese steel. His alloys were nearly all high in carbon, as compared with the steels discussed in this paper, and he found a marked tendency toward brittleness in the alloys of medium and low manganese content, that is, below 7 per cent. manganese. As a result, there has been a widespread prejudice against the use of manganese steels containing between 1.0 to 3.5 per cent. manganese with comparatively low carbon. Steels of this composition have never been studied adequately in comparison with other alloy steels, and have had litttle use in practice. In a very recent paper by Sir Robert Hadfield2 the following statement appears: 6L... manganese-iron alloys with little or no carbon do not seem to offer any practical employment; they only become valuable in the presence of quite high percentages of carbon, 0.90 to 1.50 percent." The results of the present investigation are so contrary to the findings of Hadfield that the writers feel fully justified in presenting the preliminary report incorporated in this paper. Previous Investigations As early as 1886 the Terre Noire CO.3 in France produced alloys containing up to 2.5 per cent. of manganese, using ordinary low-grade

Jan 1, 1927

By J. M. W. Mackenzie

A microelectrophoresis technique has been used to measure the zeta potential of quartz over a range of pH and ferric iron concentration. The results have been discussed in terms of the adsorption of ferric cations and ferric hydroxide to the quartz surface. Possible relationships between the experimental results and the flotation of quartz have been examined. The adsorption of multivalent cations at the surface of quartz has been studied by many investigators who have used a variety of experimental techniques ranging from streaming potential 1 to radiometric2 measurements. Two possible mechanisms of cation activation of quartz have emerged from the results of these investigations viz: the adsorption of the cation to the negatively charged quartz surface, followed by adsorption of the collector anion to the adsorbed cation site, or: formation of a cation-collector complex which is then adsorbed to the quartz surface. In many natural and industrial systems one of the most prevalent activating species for quartz is ferric iron, this is especially so in the acid-circuit, anionic flotation of iron ore. The adsorption of ferric iron to the quartz surface is complicated by the ability of ferric iron to form complexes with anions, a phenomena which is of minor importance in one of the most widely studied quartz activation processes, ca ++ activation.* *The pK value for [ca(oH)+]/ [ca2+] [oh-] is 1.46 indicating that the influence of Ca (OH)+ ions will be minor in all but strongly alkaline solutions. In order to obtain a better understanding of quartz activation by ferric iron the zeta potential of quartz in the presence of ferric iron has been measured over a range of pH and ferric iron concentration. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Materials: Selected samples of "rock clystal" quartz from New England, N.S.W., were ground in a pebble mill, washed for three hours in boiling concentrated hydrochloric acid, washed in hot chromic acid and then washed repeatedly with distilled water until the washing water gave no trace of chloride ion.

Jan 1, 1967

By AIME AIME

WITH a brilliance undimmed by hard times, the annual dinner on Wednesday evening, Feb. 17, was a complete success. More than 600 members, friends and ladies gathered early and filled the anterooms of the grand ballroom of the Commodore Hotel, while the president's reception was in progress, and then at the sound of the gong and with the music of the orchestra, rising above the happy din of conversation thronged to their seats at the tables. Following the "potage Ambassadeur"-probably to eliminate a very real hazard-the usual toy balloons appeared and a gay and lively scene, punctuated by multitudinous explosions, ensued, as the hundreds, of variously colored spheres bounced yon and hither until their gaseous existence was ended on the glowing end of a cigar or cigarette. On the speakers' dais sat C. E. Beecher, Chairman Petroleum Division; J. Vipond Davies, representative of A. I. M. E. on the Alfred Noble Prize Committee; Corbin T. Eddy, Alfred Noble Prize recipient; A.' S. Tuttle, Vice-president American Society of Civil Engineers; W. C. Mendenhall, Director U. S. Geological Survey; George C. Bateman, representing the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; Paul D. Merica, Institute of Metals lecturer and Chairman James Douglas Medal Committee; Champion Herbert Mathewson, James Douglas Medalist; Robert E. Tally; retiring President; G. Temple Bridgman, toast-master; Scott Turner, incoming President; F. W. Bradley, William Lawrence Saunders Medalist; Fred Searls, Jr., Chairman William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal Committee; Arthur Notman, President Mining and Metallurgical Society of. America; Robert J. Grant, Director U. S. Mint; Landon F. Strobel, Chairman New York Section; Howard Scott, recipient of Robert W. Hunt Prize; George. B. Waterhouse, Chairman Robert W. Hunt Prize Committee; F. M. Becket, Chairman Iron and Steel Division; Ora E. Clark, recipient of the J. E. Johnson, Jr., Award; Richard Peters, Jr., Chairman J. E. Johnson, Jr., Award Committee; E. C. Bain, Howe Lecturer; Sam Tour, Chairman Institute of Metals Division; and H. Foster Bain, Chairman. Charles F. 'Band Foundation Committee. ' Each was heartily applauded when introduced by Mr. Bridgman, as was Mrs. Tally, who also made a bow. The toastmaster made graceful reference in introducing Mr. Strobel, to the large part the latter had taken in planning the meeting.

Jan 1, 1932

By F. O. Garrabrant

Power is furnished to the Climax Molybdenum Co. by the Public Service Co. of Colorado over two 100,000-volt lines to a bank of three 3333-kva. transformers 100/13.8 kv. These transformers are so designed that with the addition of forced cooling their capacity may be increased 331/3 Per cent at 12,000-ft. altitude. Under present conditions, these transformers are operated at 140 per cent of their rating with forced air cooling. On the secondary side of this bank there is a 15-kv., 1200-amp. Westinghouse oil circuit breaker provided with automatic reclosing relays allowing three successive short circuits before lockout. From this breaker 13.8-kv. power is transmitted to a central switching station (Fig. I) where all circuits radiate to the different operations of the property. Each circuit is protected by a 23-kv., 600-amp. oil circuit breaker with by-pass and isolating disconnecting switches.

Jan 1, 1947

By Richard Hamburger

Calculating machines permit the use of the more rapid cotangent and semigraphic solutions of plane triangulation. The results of these methods are as accurate as those of other methods. Simple adjustment of the net, and ease of calculation encourage more complete field work. Errors in field work or in computation are easily localized.

Jan 1, 1950

By John C. Branner

Five of the geologic horizons that yield oil in other parts of the world are represented in Brazil; namely, the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Thus far, the first two have shown no evidences of being oil bearing within Brazilian territory. Not enough exploring has been done to permit trustworthy comparisons of the relative importance of the Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary as oil-bearing horizons in this country. The most important, indeed almost the only, information available relates to the locations of the areas and to the structural features of the several horizons. The theories regarding the physical conditions under which these rocks were laid down, however, I regard of the utmost importance. Permian Rocks of Permian age cover an enormous area in Brazil, extending from Rio Grande do Sul to Maranhao on the north, and to Matto Grosso on the west. These Permian rocks in many places are known to include oil-bearing shales and in some locations contain small veins of gilsonite. The geologic map of Brazil shows that the Permian area is widely distributed, but there is considerable doubt about the origin of some of the rocks. Some of the lower Permian beds in southern Brazil contain marine fossils, but in Minas no fossils have as yet been found in them, and in Bahia, at only one locality have a few Permian plants been found. Indications of oil have been found in the states of Sa0 Paulo, Parana, and elsewhere farther south, but wells drilled in the Permian of SaO Paulo near the Morro do Bofete did not find oil. One well has been started, by the Brazilian Government, in the Permian of Parana near Marechal Mallet, close to latitude 26" south, but thus far oil has not been found.

Jan 1, 1923

By John C. Branner

Five of the geologic horizons that yield oil in other parts of the world are represented in Brazil; namely, the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Thus far, the first two have shown no evidences of being oil bearing within Brazilian territory. Not enough exploring has been done to permit trustworthy comparisons of the relative importance of the Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary as oil-bearing horizons in this country. The most important, indeed almost the only, information available relates to the locations of the areas and to the structural features of the several horizons. The theories regarding the physical conditions under which these rocks were laid down, however, I regard of the utmost importance. Permian Rocks of Permian age cover an enormous area in Brazil, extending from Rio Grande do Sul to Maranhao on the north, and to Matto Grosso on the west. These Permian rocks in many places are known to include oil-bearing shales and in some locations contain small veins of gilsonite. The geologic map of Brazil shows that the Permian area is widely distributed, but there is considerable doubt about the origin of some of the rocks. Some of the lower Permian beds in southern Brazil contain marine fossils, but in Minas no fossils have as yet been found in them, and in Bahia, at only one locality have a few Permian plants been found. Indications of oil have been found in the states of Sa0 Paulo, Parana, and elsewhere farther south, but wells drilled in the Permian of SaO Paulo near the Morro do Bofete did not find oil. One well has been started, by the Brazilian Government, in the Permian of Parana near Marechal Mallet, close to latitude 26" south, but thus far oil has not been found.

Jan 1, 1923

Uranium was the prima donna of 1978, and the exploration pace was fast and furious in traditional uranium producing areas such as the Powder River Basin, Grants mineral belt, San Juan Basin, and Uravan mineral belt. Adding fuel to the fire were several significant discoveries: The Date Creek Basin of western Arizona, the McDermitt caldera of northern Nevada, and Tallahassee Creek in Colorado's intermontane basin. Advances in solution mining haw resulted in deeper drilling on the Texas Coastal Plain, and the price of uranium has encouraged widespread exploration in frontier areas and non-sandstone environments.

Jan 5, 1979

By John Branner

FIVE of the geologic horizons that yield oil in other parts of the world are represented in Brazil; namely, the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Thus far, the first two have shown no, evidences of being oil bearing within Brazilian territory. Not enough exploring has been done to permit trustworthy comparisons of the relative importance of the Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary as oil-bearing horizons in this country. The most important, indeed almost the only, information available relates to the locations of the areas and to the structural features of the several horizons. The theories regarding the physical conditions under which these rocks were laid down, however, I regard of the utmost importance. PERMIAN Rocks of Permian age cover an enormous area in Brazil, extending from Rio Grande do Sul to Maranhão on the north, and to Matto Grosso on the west. These Permian rocks in many places are known to include oil-bearing shales and in some locations contain small veins of gilsonite. The geologic map of Brazil shows that the Permian area is widely distributed, but there is considerable doubt about 'the origin of some of the rocks:. Some of the lower Permian beds in southern Brazil contain marine fossils, but in Minas no fossils have as yet been found in them, and in Bahia, at only one locality have a few Permian plants been found. Indications of oil have been found in the states of São-Paulo, Paraná, and elsewhere farther south, but wells drilled in the Permian of São Paulo near the Morro do Bofete did not find oil. One well has been started, by the Brazilian government, in the Permian of Paraná near Marechal Mallet, close to latitude 26° south, but thus far oil has not been found.

Jan 6, 1922

By J. E. Harris

The metallic elements, beryllium, calcium, cerium, lithium, manganese, titanium, vanadium and zirconium are used in metallurgical practice in relatively small percentages for the purpose of improving the physical properties of various alloys. No important uses for any of these elements have thus far been developed either in the pure form or in alloys of which they constitute the major constituent.

Jan 1, 1935

By Jan Visman, S. J. Aresco

INTRODUCTION The accurate sampling of coal, as with most minerals, is a difficult task. Coal is a heterogeneous material made up of different types of coal and varying amounts of mineral matter. The product as mined may contain all the layers of coal and impurities found in the seam as well as portions of the stratas above and below the coal seam. The preparation plant is the device to size, crush, and/or remove impurities so the coal may be shipped as a salable product. Sampling may be needed at many stages in the preparation process. Although this chapter is primarily concerned with sampling in connection with preparation processes, the principles apply to all coal sampling. The main reasons for sampling in connection with coal preparation are: 1) To determine the washability characteristics of the raw coal by means of float and sink tests. These may be used for the design of a preparation plant, prediction of results to be obtained, or monitoring raw coal delivered to the plant. 2) To check the performance of various operating units in the plant, either by float. and sink tests or chemical analyses. 3) To determine the analytical characteristics of the products produced, such as moisture, ash, Btu, sulfur, etc. HISTORY The earliest accepted methods of sampling coal in the United States were given in US Bureau of Mines (USBM) publications by J. A. Holmes,l G. S. Pope,2 and A. C. Fieldner.3 The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) more or less adopted the methods proposed by USBM in their Standard D-21-1916 and it remained a standard for many years. Briefly, this standard called for a 500 lb (227 kg) sample for coals less than 94 in. (19 mm) in size and a 1000 lb (454 kg) sample for all coals over 94 in. (19 mm) in size. No mention was made of increments, but there was an instruction that the sample should spread over the coal

Jan 1, 1979

By V. F. Parry, J. B. Goodman

The low-rank coals containing 10 to 50 pet natural bed moisture represent over half of the tonnage reserve of the available solid fuels of the United States, but only about 2 pet of United States coal production is derived from these fuels. Increased utilization of these large reserves will result if the bed moisture can be removed at the mine in high-speed low-cost processes. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental study of the factors affecting high-speed drying of coal dusts. The time required to heat particles of coal is proportional to the square of their diameter, and it is calculated that the probable time in minutes is equal to 6D2. In other words, a 11 a in. coal particle should be heated to drying temperature in 1.5 to 2.0 sec. Likewise, 1/8 in. particles should be heated in about 6 sec. The net heat required to dry subbituminous coal and lignite varies from 240 to 375 Btu per pound, depending upon the moisture removed, and this heat can be obtained from 42 to 61 cu ft of hot gases at 600°F.

Jan 1, 1949

By D. Grosse

At the beginning of the 1960's, the Hannoversche Portland-Cementfabrik A. G. needed to open a new quarry. The land on which this quarry was to be developed was completely flat and separated from the existing quarry by a navigable canal. The area had been exploration-drilled previously, so that enough reliable data on the chemical properties of the deposit were available. From the geologic point of view, the deposit under a very moist surface belongs to the Turon (Upper Chalk) formation, soft on the surface and medium to very hard farther down. Between the 15% sloping banks of chalk (with a calcium carbonate content of 75 to 90% and running from west to east), there are numerous beds, up to 3 m deep, which are rich in alumina and iron oxide but contain only 50 to 60% CaCO3. In the old quarry-worked conventionally by deep-hole drilling, a 2-cu-m shovel, and 900-mm track with 6-cu-m dump cars-an adequate and modern crushing plant was available. The plant crushed the moist material (11 to 13% H2O content) down to 0 to 50 mm. INSTALLATION OF ORIGINAL MOBILE CRUSHER It was decided to employ a mobile crushing unit in the new quarry; the moist and soft ground did not permit the use of heavy trucks for transporting the material, and a road network would have entailed a large investment. The use of a rail system was eliminated from the beginning, since the ground would be very uneven after the quarry was developed. At that time only one prototype of a crawler-mounted mobile crushing unit existed. This unit was operating in a nearby works as a primary crusher. A similar, slightly improved machine (Fig. 1) was purchased

Jan 1, 1969

By A. W. Fahrenwald

FLOTATION practice in Idaho is now about 13 years old. The advance has been steady during these 13 years. The operators have been alert to take advantage of the newest developments and they have themselves made a constant effort to improve their work. The metallurgical improvements are due to the development of (1) better equipment, (2) better reagents, and (3) better understanding and control of the process. During the eight years the writer has been in this district, there has been continuous experimentation by several companies to improve the ore dressing by flotation methods. Gravity concentration has fought hard to hold its place, and although it is true that gravity processes have been improved during this period, nevertheless, in several of the important mills of the district the few tables that managed to hang on have finally given way. On the straight-lead ores, tables and jigs are still used; and, due to better classification, their hold on this job has been strengthened. ORES OF THE DISTRICT The ores of the district are of two general classes: (1) clean lead ores, such as those from the Bunker Hill and Hecla mines, and (2) complex lead-zinc ores. The general impression prevails that the clean lead ores, class 1, are simple and that it is easy to obtain high recoveries and good grade products. This, in a way, is a false impression; there is quite a high percentage of locked middling in these ores at 100 and 150-mesh sizes. Improved classification preparatory to table treatment of this type of ore has made it possible to segregate effectively a high-grade middling which is further comminuted and floated. The complex lead-zinc ores of the district, of which the ore from the Morning mine of the Federal Mining & Smelting Co. is a typical example, always have presented a difficult problem. It always has been comparatively easy to make a clean lead concentrate, but it never has been possible to concentrate sphalerite with a-specific gravity of 4.10 from siderite of gravity 3.88. Also, a large percentage of the galena and sphalerite of this class of ore refuses to separate out until the crushing has been carried

Jan 1, 1928

By Ernest A. Hersam

IN every commercial establishment,' it is customary and necessary to take inventory, periodically, and to account for profits and detect losses, to achieve productiveness and enhance efficiency. So, too, in the ordered life of every individual, there is the need of periodic introspection. The exercise of the Sabbath for rational thought, the utilization of pause, or rest, from the technique of daily occupation, orient the efforts. These are the constructive opportunities by which we grow always better than we were. Thus, also, there' is need of a periodic analysis of the organizations to which we belong and toward which we con- tribute. So we find' reason for the fitness of our loyalty. There seems to be no half-ground for the engineer. Whatever presumes to bear his name demands either the crushing pressure of his heel or the supporting pressure of his hand.

Jan 1, 1929

By H. LIVINGSTONE LMAN

A GOOD DEAL of information concerning flotation has come out during the patent litigation of recent years, and the legal situation has cleared considerably, to the satisfaction of Minerals Separation, Limited. Hence, Mr. H. Livingstone Sulman, one of the originators of the successful process of that company, felt at liberty to explain, on Thursday, Nov. 20, his experience and his views in a "Contribution to the Study of Flotation," before the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. He did not give technical details. He dealt with the physical problems, so simple, as he remarked, that he had wanted 96 pages to express his views. He presented much data, partly new and based on observations of his own, bearing upon the very complex flotation phenomena in an instructive wav and made frequent references to the valuable researches especially of Prof. Edwin Edser and Mr. Emil Hatschek.

Jan 1, 1920

By C. P. Melloy

INTRODUCTION Ventilation practice at Isa Mine has been evolving since underground mining began in 1931. Much fundamental work has been conducted and reported regarding the primary ventilation system [Mathews K.E. et a1 (1967) and Brown J.R., Fisher T.H., Gibson K.L. (1979) 1. However, ventilation networks for subsystems such as open stopes, have evolved with experience. This paper outlines current ventilation practice for open stoping. Mount Isa Mine The mine is located in semi-arid North-West Queensland, Australia, and currently produces 20 000 tonnes of copper ore and 10 000 tonnes of silver-lead-zinc ore daily in each five day working week. Mining extends over a north-south strike length of 3.5 km with a maximum width across dip approaching 1 km, and is to a depth of 960 m (Figure 1). At present approximately 90% of the mine's copper production is from the 1100 Orebody, which contains ore reserves of 121 million tonnes of 3.2% copper. Open stoping is currently the mining method employed, and is used for primary stoping and pillar recovery adjacent to cement fill walls. The development of stoping methods in the 1100 Orebody has been documented by Kirkby R.W., Blair J.R., and Hutton R.C. (19781, Hornsby B. and Sullivan B.J. (1978), and Alexander E.G. and Fabjanczyk M.W (1981). As many as thirteen open stopes may be producing concurrently in the Orebody (Figure 2). The multiple silver-lead-zinc orebodies containing reserves of 54 million tonnes of 150 g/t silver, 6.4% lead and 6.5% zinc, are mined by open stoping, and cut and fill techniques. These methods have been documented by Goddard I.A. and Bridges M.C. (1977 1, and Goddard I. A. (1981 1. Only the ventilation of the 1100 Orebody open stopes will be discussed. However, the same ventilation philosophy is employed in open stope design in the lead orebodies.

Jan 1, 1981