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By Edwin Ludlow

ONE of the most unusual features in connection with the strike of the union coal miners in the bituminous fields, now in its sixth week, is that the public interest seems to have completely died out. There is nothing on the front page and very little on any other page of the daily newspapers in connection with the strike. The United Mine Workers' officials must be rather disappointed to find that the only way in which they are being featured in the papers at present is in the reports of the trial for treason that is going on in Charlestown, West Va., against the local leaders of that organization for their responsibility in connection with the attack of the miners' army last summer against the non-union mines of Logan and Mingo Counties. Recent reports state that there are 13,000 cars of coal standing on the sidings at union mines for which no billing has yet been found. The output of the non-union mines has been gradually increasing but has never reached the maximum that they are capable of producing, owing to their inability to obtain enough orders to make it possible to run full operating time. The, present output is estimated at, 4,500,000 tons a week. It is possible, with a full car supply and full demand, to bring this output up to approximately 6,000,000 tons per week, and it is very doubtful whether, at this season of the year when probably there is less consumption of coal than, at any other season, the requirements of the country are greater than the 6,000,000 tons which the non-union mines are capable of producing. It would appear, therefore, that there is no immediate prospect of any settlement of the bituminous strike, and there is certainly no reason why the operators of the union mines should show any anxiety to begin operations as long as they have unbilled coal standing on their sidings.

Jan 6, 1922

By Winthrop P. Haynes

The symposium on production for the year 1943 contains few papers on the foreign situation. It has always been the policy of officers in charge of the symposium to refrain from publishing information that might possibly injure national or private interests. At the close of the war we hope again to publish full and accurate records of production abroad. A noteworthy feature of the reports on Texas this year is the map on page 469, which shows the districts covered by the statistics. Excerpts from Circular to Authors In order to facilitate interpretation of the data in this chapter, we print the following excerpts from the Circular to Authors. The field is the unit in this tabulation. In cases of fields extending across State boundaries, such as Rodessa, it is suggested that each State author treat the section of the field in his State as a unit, and by a footnote indicate that the field extends into an adjacent State. Each place in the table may represent one of three possibilities; either the proper entry is determinable and can be supplied by the author, or an approximate figure can be supplied which is the author's best guess and should be entered followed by an x, or it does not apply to the particular field and the space is left blank. Contributions of great value may be made by the author in many cases where entries are not subject to precise determina-tion. In such cases the author should use his good judgment and make the best entry possible under the circumstances. The entry of a zero is a positive declaration, and it is an important declaration where it is in order. It is thought that the nearest whole numbers are suficiently accurate for our purposes except as to percentage of sulphur in oil. If an author desires to report any other figures to tenths, he may do so. The quantity of gas produced should include, where possible, gas sold or otherwise marketed, and gas blown into the air, burned as flares or otherwise wasted. Segregation of these figures would be interesting if the authors can make such segregation. In any event, the figures should represent as nearly as possible the total quantity of gas removed from the reservoir. Under the columns on ''Depth," the average depth to the top of the productive zones and to the bottom of the productive wells, when subtracted, should give the approximate thickness of the productive zone. For fields where this is not true because of unusually high dip or for some other reasons, it is suggested that the authors indicate in their text the approximate average thickness of the productive zone. The net thickness of the producing formation should be the thickness of the producing zone, less the estimated amount to cover the portions of the zone that do not yield oil, such as dense shales, etc. It is recognized that for some fields the authors can only make rough guesses; in such cases, they should enter their best estimate followed by an x. Average production per acre-foot need not be reported as it can be calculated by those interested from the figures given. In classifying wells as to producing methods, enter all wells that are not "flowing" in the column headed "Artificial Lift." If possible, add footnotes to indicate whether the lift is "pumping," "gas lift" or "air lift."

Jan 1, 1944

By EVERETTE DE GOLYER

USE of geophysical methods in the search for new pools and as an aid in the development of known pools and prospects reached a new all-time peak for the oil industry in 1933. The outlook for 1934 is for work to continue at an even greater rate. The area of greatest activity, as in previous years, was in the Gulf coastal plain of Texas and Louisiana, particularly through a belt of territory some 20 to 30 miles wide parallel to the coast line and some 80 miles inland from it-the so-called "Jackson play" or "Conroe trend." This area was surveyed in an attempt to find additional pools of a type similar to Conroe, a pool not discovered directly as a result of geophysical surveys but one which was indicated by refraction surveys before it was drilled and one which was accurately outlined as to structure by reflection surveys shortly after the completion of the first few wells. Surveys were made over this belt, extending from Texas, across Louisiana and into Mississippi and Alabama, chiefly by the reflection method and torsion balance, and to some extent by pendulum and magnetic methods.

Jan 1, 1934

By Fred D. DeVaney

MINNESOTA taconites are extremely hard, and fine grinding is required to produce an acceptable concentrate. To reduce grinding costs, waste material is rejected by magnetic separators as soon as it is liberated. Cyclones are now used in all Minnesota taconite plants to close the grinding circuits. Erie Mining Co. installed its first grinding section at Aurora, Minn., in 1948-a 9 ½ x12-ft. mill and a fine grinding section consisting of a 10 ½ x12-ft ball mill in closed circuit with a duplex 60-in. spiral classifier. Concentrates from the magnetic cobbers treating the rod mill discharge passed directly into the classifier; the ball mill discharge was also treated in magnetic separators and the concentrate from these machines also went to the spiral classifier. Both concentrates passed through ac demagnetizing coils. It is axiomatic that for proper classification the material in suspension must be well dispersed, and it follows that magnetic concentrate must be almost completely depolarized if classification is to be successful.

Jan 8, 1957

By C. P. Lawhon, J. P. Simpson, W. M. Evans

Data obtained under controlled test conditions using a microbit drilling machine showed that oil emulsified in water muds may either increase or decrease the drilling rate, depending upon drilling conditions. A low-viscosity oil such as diesel fuel can give drilling rates in limestone almost equal to that of water. Data obtained for water emulsified in oil muds showed little decrease in the drilling rate in water-saturated cores as the water percentage of the mud was increased above the 5- to 10-percent range. Changes in drilling rate were found to be dependent upon the oil or water concentration of the mud and upon the type of formation drilled. Changes in static filtration on paper (API filtrate) did not correlate with filtration while the mud was circulated across rock. INTRODUCTION Oil additions to water muds have been reported to increase drilling rates, provide hole stability and improve filtration control. Eckel' showed that water-base emulsion muds used in the West Texas area increased drilling rate with increasing oil concentration up to 15 percent oil by volume, but drilling rate decreased at a concentration of 20 percent by volume. Based on laboratory tests using water muds to drill shale, Cunningham and Goins' reported that drilling rates increased and tendency for the bit to ballup decreased with the addition of oil. Percentage increase in drilling rate varied with the particular formation. They showed oil additions to improve drilling rates ap proximately 75 percent in Vicksburg shale and as much as 150 percent in Miocene shale. Each investigation showed an optimum oil content for the particular formation. Most data that indicated improved filtration control due to oil additions were based on static API Eltrates through paper rather than dynamic filtration through permeable rocks. Some types of dynamic test give a better representation of filtration down-hole while drilling and might be more likely to show some correlation with drilling rate. Static filtration would be important, of course, in relation to hole stability and formation damage. This laboratory's drilling tests, conducted on water-raturated Berea sandstone, indicated that improvements in drilling rate were not evident with increasing oil concentration in water-base muds. Investigation also showed similarity between oil-emulsion (water-in-oil) muds and water-emulsion (oil-in-water) muds while drilling these formations. In Lueders limestone high concentration of water-in-oil muds and high concentration of oil-in-water muds provided the same relative drilling rates. In Berea sandstone there was a large reduction in relative drilling rate with both the oil and water muds that contained low percentages of emulsified fluid. Dynamic filtration rates of water muds on rock did not always decrease with increasing oil percentages even though the static API filtration rates on paper did decrease. Data observed in laboratory drilling of limestone and sandstone indicate that improvements in field drilling operations when water- or oil-emulsion muds are wed may not be the result of increased drilling rates but of improved hole conditions. In some cases, actual drilling rates might be slower but improved hole conditions will result in less total time on the hole. DEFINITIONS Mud pressure—Pressure of drilling fluid as measured after leaving the drilling chamber. This is considered as the approximate mud pressure just past the bit and at the face of the formation. Terrastatic pressure—Pressure representing weight of overburden. Formation pressure—Pressure of formation fluid as measured at outlet of drilling chamber. This is considered as approximate pressure of fluid in the pores of the formation. Differential pressure—Difference between the mud pressure and formation pressure. Relative drilling rate, percent—Drilling rate with experimental fluid divided by drilling rate with water times 100 equals percent. LABORATORY EQUiPMENT AND TESTING PROCEDURES The drilling equipment has been described in previous publications The microbit drill is a closed system (capacity, approximately 7 gal) that can be pressurized to 15.000 psi and heated to 500F. Main components are a drilling chamber, filter-heater, rotary-drive and variable-speed cir-

Rum Jungle -deep in the unlovely Australian bush - is the scene of one of the world's most promising uranium finds.

Jan 5, 1953

By G. L. Jr. Spencer

THERE is no question as to the importance of the part played by the retort in modern zinc smelting. A satisfactory retort should have properties that will result in resistance to slagging action and fire cracks, and have no tendency, or at least, only a small tendency, to soften and bend under furnace heat. The life and cost of a retort also are extremely important factors. The trend in zinc smelting during the past few years has been toward longer retorts and higher charge density. This is caused by the fact that the diameter is limited to 9 or 10 in. because of heat penetration difficulties in larger sizes. Consequently, increasing the length of the retort and density of charge offers the only practical means of increasing the amount of zinc produced per retort. The stiffness of a retort perhaps is the most important factor, as slag accumulates in the bottom of a retort which has sagged and very quickly cuts through, often ruining the retorts below. The development of the high-silica retort is a result of the demands made by the trend toward heavy charges.

Jan 1, 1931

By S. Y. Ezz

The quality and extent of fluidization of fine iron ore beds with gases were investigated. Factors affecting the rate of reduction with H, and the sintering of the partially reduced material were studied. Trials to retard sintering by covering the particles' surface with nonsintering materials were successful. THE gaseous reduction of iron ores is a gas-solid reaction. Hence the fluidization technique seems ideally suited to it. However, a serious drawback

Jan 1, 1961

By AIME AIME

JOHN HUNTER NEAD, chief metallurgist of the Inland Steel Co., Chairman of the Iron and Steel Division for 1939, a native of Missouri and graduate of the University of Michigan, first taught chemistry after graduating from college and then decided to follow the field of his college specialization and be a metallurgist. In succession he was associated with the H. H. Franklin Co., Syracuse, N. Y., the Watertown Arsenal, the Racine Steel Castings Co., and the Minneapolis Steel and Machinery Co. During the World War he held a commission as Captain in the Ordnance Department and served both overseas and on the technical staff in Washington. Returning to civilian life, Hunter Nead was research metallurgist and then chief metallurgist of the American Rolling Mill Co. from 1919 until 1931, when he went to his present position with Inland.

Jan 1, 1939

By Winthrop P. Haynes

The symposium on production for the year 1943 contains few papers on the foreign situation. It has always been the policy of officers in charge of the symposium to refrain from publishing information that might possibly injure national or private interests. At the close of the war we hope again to publish full and accurate records of production abroad. A noteworthy feature of the reports on Texas this year is the map on page 469, which shows the districts covered by the statistics. Excerpts from Circular to Authors In order to facilitate interpretation of the data in this chapter, we print the following excerpts from the Circular to Authors. The field is the unit in this tabulation. In cases of fields extending across State boundaries, such as Rodessa, it is suggested that each State author treat the section of the field in his State as a unit, and by a footnote indicate that the field extends into an adjacent State. Each place in the table may represent one of three possibilities; either the proper entry is determinable and can be supplied by the author, or an approximate figure can be supplied which is the author's best guess and should be entered followed by an x, or it does not apply to the particular field and the space is left blank. Contributions of great value may be made by the author in many cases where entries are not subject to precise determina-tion. In such cases the author should use his good judgment and make the best entry possible under the circumstances. The entry of a zero is a positive declaration, and it is an important declaration where it is in order. It is thought that the nearest whole numbers are suficiently accurate for our purposes except as to percentage of sulphur in oil. If an author desires to report any other figures to tenths, he may do so. The quantity of gas produced should include, where possible, gas sold or otherwise marketed, and gas blown into the air, burned as flares or otherwise wasted. Segregation of these figures would be interesting if the authors can make such segregation. In any event, the figures should represent as nearly as possible the total quantity of gas removed from the reservoir. Under the columns on ''Depth," the average depth to the top of the productive zones and to the bottom of the productive wells, when subtracted, should give the approximate thickness of the productive zone. For fields where this is not true because of unusually high dip or for some other reasons, it is suggested that the authors indicate in their text the approximate average thickness of the productive zone. The net thickness of the producing formation should be the thickness of the producing zone, less the estimated amount to cover the portions of the zone that do not yield oil, such as dense shales, etc. It is recognized that for some fields the authors can only make rough guesses; in such cases, they should enter their best estimate followed by an x. Average production per acre-foot need not be reported as it can be calculated by those interested from the figures given. In classifying wells as to producing methods, enter all wells that are not "flowing" in the column headed "Artificial Lift." If possible, add footnotes to indicate whether the lift is "pumping," "gas lift" or "air lift."

Jan 1, 1944

By Robert E. Delavault, Harry V. Warren

IN the worldwide search of buried orebodies and for entirely new areas of mineralization, geo-chemistry is taking on an increasingly important role. Indeed, geochemistry itself is splitting into various specialties-hydrogeochemistry, pedogeo-chemistry, and biogeochemistry. This article primarily relates to developments in these fields in British Columbia, but many of the remarks are applicable to the whole continent.

Jan 10, 1953

By Leon Merker

Flame fusion growth of strontium titanate crystals was undertaken to obtain large transparent crystals on which physical data could be gathered. The fact that strontium titanate is a cubic crystal and probably has a high index of refraction indicated that it might be useful in optics. No large boules* of strontium titanate had been synthesized previously, and none have been found as natural occurrences. The flame fusion process, invented by Verneuil in 1904, was first applied to grow large crystals of ruby and has since been used extensively to grow crystals of corundum and spinel on a commercial scale. Only during the past nine years has this technique been applied to the growth of large single crystals of other high melting compounds such as rutile, mullite and ferrites.

Jul 1, 1955

By M. R. Moharam

The well-known formulae of screening efficiency and circulating load calculations in closed crushing circuits were exploited to achieve graphical estimation of these parameters. Three basic charts were proposed and constructed. The first one is for the regular closed circuits where the new feed goes to the crusher. The second is for the reverse closed circuits in which the new feed reported to the screen is free of screen undersize particles. The third chart controls the reverse circuits when they are receiving new incoming feeds containing undersize material. Compound circuits were also reanalyzed and a concept of equivalent simple circuit was introduced to enable graphical manipulation of these complex circuits with the help of the aforementioned charts

Jan 1, 1982

By Timothy E. LaTour, Robert Kerrich

Microstructures and mineral chemistry of amphiboles and plagioclases from two spatially related mylonite zones at the Grenville front are significantly different, suggesting different physical conditions (including temperature) for the formation of the two zones. Oxygen isotopes indicate multiple episodes of fluid-rock interaction, consistent with previously determined mylonitization temperatures and postulated tectonic evolution of the area.

Jan 1, 1982

By Arthur V. Abbott

During the past four years I have had occasion to make quite extensive use of steel castings in the manufacture of testing-machines and large scales for Messrs. Fairbanks & Co. The failure of some of these' castings at stresses much below those which were claimed for them by the makers, induced me to institute a series of experiments to determine the actual constructive value of the steel castings now to be obtained in this country. The art of steel-casting is rapidly improving, almost every issue of the scientific press bringing accounts of some new development; consequently, the results of the following experiments are only exponents of the value of steel castings as at present made. In order to make the examination as thorough as possible, ten sets of patterns were made and forwarded to as many different firms in the country who advertised to make steel castings. The first part of the accompanying table gives a list of these manufactures, together with the price per pound. The order accompanying the patterns simply requested the manufacturer to supply two castings from each pattern of his ordinary product of steel. These castings were sent to me and paid for in the usual manner, so that it is probable that the samples fairly represent the quality of the average of steel castings, and are free from the suspicion of being "special runs." Two patterns were sent to each maker, one being a straight

Jan 1, 1886

By Thomas M. Drown

ZING is, as is well known, very brittle at a temperature of about 210' C. (410' F.), and may then be readily pulverized in a mortar. By sifting it may be obtained of uniform grain. I have been accustomed to prepare products passing through 40, 60, and 80-mesh sieves, and also by bolting through a fine handkerchief. The principal analytical uses to which I have hitherto applied this material are to the reduction of iron directly from the ore by heating it with the pulverized zinc, and the reduction of ferric to ferrous compounds in solution. In the first case the pulverized ore, 0.5 gram or less, is intimately mixed with about ten times its weight of the pulverized zinc (the finer the zinc the better), in a porcelain crucible, and this mixture is covered with about the same amount of zinc. The crncible is then heated at the top of the flame of a Bunsen bhrner, at a dull red heat, for about ten minutes. The crucible should not be covered. When cool, the crucible, with its contents, is placed in a flask treated with hot dilute sulphuric acid, and brought quickly to a boil. The zinc and reduced iron are dissolved in a few minutes and the flask is then tightly corked and allowed to cool. When cool, the iron is directly titrated by potassium permanganate.

Jan 1, 1879

By Wm. Wallace Mein

IN March 1949 the Calaveras Cement Co. was sued by five landowners whose properties are located in the vicinity of the plant. These landowners-all of them cattle ranchers-sued for dust damages of $120,338 and for an injunction preventing the company from casting dust upon their properties in injurious quantities. The issue was split, the jury deciding the amount of damages and the court handling the injunction features. The action came to trial before a jury in April of that year and resulted in damages being awarded in the amount of $7,508. A month later the court issued its injunction requiring recovery of stack dust to an 87 pct minimum.

Jan 6, 1951

By E. W. Codington

The pebble-phosphates of Florida occur in a district roughly bounded on the north by the 28th parallel, on the east by an irregular line running a few miles east of Peace river and on the west by the Gulf of Mexico, and covering an area of about 4000 square miles. There seems to be no reason why the deposits should not extend farther south along the gulf coast. That section remains unprospected, transportation-facilities being non-existent. It is not intended in this paper to discuss the geology of these formations; but a word as to their probable origin will be perhaps the best method of giving a correct idea of their present position. Starting with a low, flat surface, with even less of superficial undulation than appears at present, an im-

Jan 1, 1896

By W. H. Adams

Inasmuch as] the mining of phosphate rock and its transportation has so general a bearing on the great industries of this continent, entering as well into the problem of our trade with foreign countries, it may be useful to place on record the following list of localities from which certain products of a like nature are received by us in a business way, or in which we are interested more or less either by ownership or by competition. As a ready means of comparison, the percentages of the mine products and the deteriorating constituents are given : Coprolite (Cambridge).—This material is obtained from the Upper Greensand formation in Cambridgeshire. The phosphate runs from 50 to 60 per cent., and averages 64 per cent. It contains much carbonate of calcium, but little iron, in the ferric condition. The superphosphates manufactured from the material are permanent and little liable to a revert." They contain from 28 to 35 per cent. of soluble phosphate. Coprolite (Buckingham).—From the same formation as the Cambridge variety, and very similar in composition.. It averages 60 per cent. phosphate. Coprolite (Suffolk).—These coprolites are not so valuable for the manufacture of superphosphate as the two previous varieties, as the iron they contain is in the ferric state, and liable to "revert" the soluble phosphate. The phosphate varies from 48 to 60 per cent., but averages 54 per cent. They are of Tertiary formation. Coprolite (Potton or Bedford).—The average amount of phosphate in these coprolites is about 50 per cent. In some cases they may, however, run up to 60 per cent., and in others may not exceed 45 per cent. They belong to the Lower Greensand formation. The ferric iron frequently is as high as 4 per cent., and the alumina as much. Russian phosphate comes from the chalk, and occurs in carious rounded masses. It contains from 28 to 35 per cent. of phosphate, but may run up to 69 or 70 per cent. Curacoa phosphate is also of very high class quality, giving 80

Jan 1, 1890

By Frank Firmstone

The indicator cards shown herewith were taken by the writer in June, 1877, from the water-pressure blowing engine of the Longdale Iron Co., at Lucy Selina Furnace, Longdale, Virginia. A description of' this engine with figures, and some indicator cards, was published by Washington Jones, Esq., Superintendent of the I. P. Morris Co.,* in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for May, 1877, to which those desiring a full account are referred, but for convenience the principal dimensions, etc., are given below. The machine consists of a pair of horizontal direct-acting blowing engines, connected at right angles to a common fly-wheel shaft. The blowing cylinders are 4 ft. diameter by 5 ft. stroke; the water cylinders were 18 in. diameter by 5 ft. stroke as built. Both water and blowing cylinders are double acting. The water valves are balanced piston valves, 18 in. diameter, moved directly by eccentrics on the fly-wheel- shaft. Great care was taken to have the areas of the ports and passages at least equal to the area of the working piston. The engine is set about 14 ft. above the tail-race, and the

Jan 1, 1879