Search Documents

PLANS for the World's Engineering Congress in Japan are rapidly taking shape. The Congress itself will be held in Tokyo in the week beginning Oct. 30, and will be followed by a second week of short excursions to points of interest, and this, in turn, by a two weeks' excursion through the Inland Sea and to Manchuria. Aside from the time each may desire to spend in Japan, from 30 to 42 days, according to route, must be allowed for travel from New York to Tokyo and return, with correspondingly' shorter time from intermediate points. The American Express Co., which has been appointed official travel agents by the American committee, has fur-nished the following estimates:

Jan 8, 1928

W. McA. JOHNSON.-My idea is simply that a very large excess of coal is ordinarily used as the reducing Material in a zinc charge.. By fine-grinding you increase the surface, and by adding some agent like sawdust or small pieces of wood, or cotton stalks, the charge is made porous., However, the fineness of the ore and of the coal makes the charge, a very poor conductor of heat, and therefore it has to be briquetted. 0. C. RALSTON, Niagara -Falls, N. I'.-The present large, tonnage of flotation concentrate handled by the zinc smelters is often a considerable embarrassment -to them. Nearly all of them complain of the great amount of flue-dust formed during the roasting of this material. This would suggest that it is necessary to briquette, or otherwise agglomerate flotation concentrate before it is .placed in the roasting furnace, although Mr. Johnson's particular proposal merely involves briquetting after

Jan 4, 1918

By Randolph H. Schnitzel

MARINGER and schwopel have investigated the internal friction of high-purity molybdenum. After light tensile deformation, they observed internal-friction peaks at about 230° to 290°C, 310" to 370°C, and 820° to 870°C, which they have attributed to the interstitials carbon and nitrogen, and to stress relaxation across grain boundaries, respectively. The electron-beam melting technique has been successfully applied to refractory metals including molybdenum. By this technique single crystals and higher-purity levels than those of commercial molybdenum are readily obtained. Since electron-beam processed molybdenum possesses such desirable qualities, it seems reasonable to determine: u) if internal-friction peaks do exist in these single crystals, and b) if so, whether or not these peaks can possibly be attributed to the motion of specific interstitials. The molybdenum crystal used in this investigation received four melting passes in the electron-beam furnace. This crystal was about 11 in. long and had an orientation 4 deg from the [loo]. The process of making wire consisted of grinding the crystal rod to a diameter of 0.040 in. and then electropolishing to a final diameter of 0.030 in. Since Maringer and schwopel have indicated that the peak at 230" to 290°C may be due to the presence of carbon, the wire was cut into two equal lengths and one length was carburized prior to the internal-friction measurements. The critical condition necessary for the controlled addition of carbon proved to be a difficult problem. Therefore, a simpler nonequilibrium method was used. This consisted of carburizing at 2000°C in graphite powder to obtain a case, annealing at higher temperatures in vacuum to partially dissolve carbon into the molybdenum, and then removing the remaining case by dissolving it elec-trolytically. After this treatment, metallographic examination of a small section of the specimen revealed carbides in the matrix. Vacuum fusion and carbon analyses for both the virgin (as melted) and carburized specimens are given in Table I. Internal-friction measurements of these specimens were conducted in an apparatus of conventional

Jan 1, 1964

SALT LAKE CITY MEETING The One Hundred and Eighth Meeting of the Institute, for the presentation and discussion of technical papers, will be held at Salt Lake City, Utah, August 10 to 14, 1914. ALL PAPERS TO BE PRESENTED AT THIS MEETING MUST BE IN THE HANDS OF THE SECRETARY ON OR BEFORE MAY 31, 1914.

Jan 3, 1914

By H. B. Charmbury, D. R. Mitchell

Recovery of fine coal from solids reporting to wash water has become increasingly important. These solids range from about 28 mesh to 0 and constitute 3 to 7 pct by weight of the feed tonnage to a coal preparation plant. In the past they were usually wasted to streams, but present clean stream legislation makes it necessary to remove them from the wash water and, if economically possible, recover the associated coal as a saleable product. Where these solids are not wasted to streams or to slime ponds they are recovered by thickeners and filters. Since filter cake is often high in ash or sulfur, or both, it is not readily marketed or used. Common practice is to mix it with other plant products, generally slack or cleaned run-of-mine. Uniform blending is difficult, not only because the impurity is usually high, but also because during certain operating periods it is possible to get a concentration of this filter cake in a railroad or barge.

Jan 2, 1959

For the benefit of those of our members who are considerable holders of securities, but owing to their isolated situations are not in close touch with the metropolitan market and current quotations, we are publishing two very interesting graphs, showing the course of the bond and stock markets in New York over a long period. These graphs are furnished through the courtesy of the financial department of the New York Tribune.

Jan 7, 1919

Organization Place Date 1915 American Institute of Architects Washington, D. C. April American Iron and Steel Institute New York, N. Y. May American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City. N. J. June 25-28 New York Electrical Society New York, N. Y. June National Association of Stationary Engineers Cincinnati, 0. Sept. 9-13 National Exposition of Chemical Industries New York, N. Y. Sept. 23-28 American Chemical Society Cleveland, 0. Sept. National Petroleum Association Atlantic City, N. J. Sept.

Jan 3, 1918

By John M. Rayburn

When plans were made for the new mine of the Allegheny-Pittsburgh Coal Co., Springdale, Pa., it was decided to operate on the room and pillar system, but not to have any extensive room development, the pillar work being done altogether on the retreat. On each room heading five rooms were to he driven advancing, while five pillars were being removed, so timed as to form a continuous pillar line, with all approaching

Jan 1, 1930

By Phyllis A. Lyday

Jan 1, 1985

By A. Andreas, E.H. Wells

The oil and gas industry of New Mexico recorded notable progress ill 1935. More wells were brought in than in any previous year, and important new discoveries were made. The total number of completions was 340, of which 260 were oil wells, 8 were gas wells and 72 were dry holes. The total oil production was 20,228,947 bbl., an appreciable increase over the 1934 production of 16,636,804 barrels. Many of the wells completed in southeastern New Mexico were acidized. This treatment proved highly effective in increasing the capacity of the wells, the resulting potentials usually being two to ten times as large as before acid treatment. In the Lea County fields in which proration was entirely on an acreage basis, the tendency of many of the operators was to complete their wells according to best conservation practice rather than to obtain the largest possible potential. Much remedial work was done in the Hobbs, Cooper, Jal and Eunice fields, and with excellent results. At many of the wells high gas-oil ratios were greatly reduced and encroaching waters shut off by setting packers. Several companies carried on pretentious geophysical campaigns in the southeastern part of the state. The location of the Amerada discovery well in the Monument field was based on geophysical surveys. The New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, established by the 1935 Legislature and consisting of the Governor, the Commissioner of Public Lands and the State Geologist, began to function in May. Production in the state thereafter was based on orders issued by the Commission. Proration in the Hobbs field, which had been provided for since July, 1930, by successive proration agreements signed by all operators in the field and approved by the State Geologist, was continued by the Commission by giving approval to the current proration agreement,. A plan of proration for the other Lea County fields that had been in offect since early ill 1934 was adopted. 111 September, 1935, the Commission approved a. proration agreement for the Artesia-Jackson-Maljarnar area in Eddy and Lea counties that had been agreed upon by

Jan 1, 1936

By C. W. Schulties, W. J. Mallio, L. J. Petrovic, J. A. L. Campbell

Roof control comprises about 35% of direct and indirect underground mining costs. In addition, difficulties in estimating roof control costs for new areas lead to the greatest uncertainties when negotiating coal contracts. And obviously, coal cannot be mined if the roof can't be held. Accordingly, there are strong incentives to attack this problem on as many fronts as possible. One successful geological modeling technique for predicting future roof conditions was recently applied at Peabody Coal's Simco mine No. 5, located in Coshocton, Ohio. Benefits derived from it included: - A better identification of areas where poor safety conditions may be encountered. - Improved roof control cost estimates for contract negotiations. - Estimates of time-duration while mining in bad roof areas. - Labor and materials cost predictions in an existing mine. - Productivity increases through prior knowledge of areas to avoid.

Jan 10, 1975

Eckley B. Coxe, Drifton, Pa.: Anthracite coal differs from other fuels in its greater solidity. It does not burn like coke or wood, or like bituminous and coking coals, which become more or less spongy when heated, so that combustion can take place to some

Jan 1, 1892

By A. Wahab Khair, Nagendra P. Reddy

This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of rock reinforcement on underground coal mine entries using analytical technique. A two dimensional finite element analysis has been carried out to see the difference in the 4-entry stability with and without rock reinforcement. A total of eight models with different thicknesses of the immediate roof layer, different material properties, and different anchorage horizons of the bolts were considered in the analysis to see how the safety factors of these entries can be improved.

Jan 1, 1983

By William C. Peters

The pre-production interval, beginning with the recognition of an orebody's best potential and ending with significant production, contains time-dependent conditions well appreciated by miners but not always understood or appreciated by the landowners, investors, and legislators with whom a miner must deal. The expression persists, even outside of Western fiction, that someone has "found a mine." From a slightly more knowledgeable position, the question is asked "How long does it take to make a mine?" and an all-encompassing answer is expected. By scanning the discovery and development history of hundreds of mines and rejecting those which involve rehabilitation or expansion of older mines, some generalizations can be attempted. It should be kept in mind that while physical conditions involving the geology of the orebody and the geographic surroundings do not change markedly with time, technologic and economic conditions do change from year to year. The new methods, facilities, markets, land tenure, and politics form a pattern in which today's mines are made and which do sometimes modify the pre-production interval.

Jan 8, 1966

By E. V. Foran

Among the many newer disclosures that have accompanied the petroleum industry's progressively deeper exploratory drilling is the increased frequency with which the operators are encountering reservoirs of which the products at the time of discovery exist wholly or predominantly in the gas phase. The popular term "distillate pool" is most often used within the industry when referring to this type of reservoir, and in this paper the term is used in that sense. These pools have been observed in many different surroundings. In some places the entire reservoir is filled with the wet gas containing its water-white condensible products in the gas phase but apparently with no dark oil or other hydrocarbon liquids in the reservoir. The 8200-ft. horizon in the Big Lake field in West Texas is a good example of this type. At other places the wet, or distillate-bearing, gas may form a large gas cap directly overlying and in contact with an extensive reserve of dark oil. Oklahoma City, Kettleman Hills, the 8500-ft. horizon in the Big Lake field, and many others are examples of this type. There are also many places in which the wet distillate-bearing gas fills nearly the entire reservoir space, while the dark oil occupies only a narrow, bandlike zone, which marks the boundary of the reservoir along its lowest productive contour. The heavier components of these deep pool gases are generally water white in color, a large portion of which are condensible in a conventional oil and gas separator, when operated under pressures of the order of 400 to 800 Ib. per sq. in. Although the water-white products recovered in the separator sometimes have end points of 650" F. and higher on standard Engler distillation, they occur only in the gas phase in the reservoir. It is entirely possible that even some small amounts of dark colored reservoir components may occur in the gas phase when the temperature is 300" F. and pressures exceed 6000 Ib. per sq. in. Close approaches to these conditions have been encountered in the deepest producing wells. The condensible content of the deep reservoir gases of the many pools that have been tested or produced to date shows a wide variation in both condensible content, per 1000 cu. ft. of gas, and physical character.

Jan 1, 1939

By E. V. Foran

Among the many newer disclosures that have accompanied the petroleum industry's progressively deeper exploratory drilling is the increased frequency with which the operators are encountering reservoirs of which the products at the time of discovery exist wholly or predominantly in the gas phase. The popular term "distillate pool" is most often used within the industry when referring to this type of reservoir, and in this paper the term is used in that sense. These pools have been observed in many different surroundings. In some places the entire reservoir is filled with the wet gas containing its water-white condensible products in the gas phase but apparently with no dark oil or other hydrocarbon liquids in the reservoir. The 8200-ft. horizon in the Big Lake field in West Texas is a good example of this type. At other places the wet, or distillate-bearing, gas may form a large gas cap directly overlying and in contact with an extensive reserve of dark oil. Oklahoma City, Kettleman Hills, the 8500-ft. horizon in the Big Lake field, and many others are examples of this type. There are also many places in which the wet distillate-bearing gas fills nearly the entire reservoir space, while the dark oil occupies only a narrow, bandlike zone, which marks the boundary of the reservoir along its lowest productive contour. The heavier components of these deep pool gases are generally water white in color, a large portion of which are condensible in a conventional oil and gas separator, when operated under pressures of the order of 400 to 800 Ib. per sq. in. Although the water-white products recovered in the separator sometimes have end points of 650" F. and higher on standard Engler distillation, they occur only in the gas phase in the reservoir. It is entirely possible that even some small amounts of dark colored reservoir components may occur in the gas phase when the temperature is 300" F. and pressures exceed 6000 Ib. per sq. in. Close approaches to these conditions have been encountered in the deepest producing wells. The condensible content of the deep reservoir gases of the many pools that have been tested or produced to date shows a wide variation in both condensible content, per 1000 cu. ft. of gas, and physical character.

Jan 1, 1939

Jan 1, 1957

By Walter M. Stephen

MODERN developments in alloy steels have been so rapid and diverse that engineering practice has scarcely had time to re-appraise all items of past experience wherein conclusions became axiomatic under conditions that no longer apply. A case in point is the wet screening of abrasive ores within the fine range still looked upon as belonging exclusively to classifiers. By virtue of the development of stainless steels (18 per cent Cr, 8 per cent Ni), it is no longer true that classifiers are more economical than screens in closed circuit with large-tonnage ball or rod mills at 65 or even 100 mesh, provided a selective overgrind of the higher-gravity constituents of the ore is not desired. Wet screening of ores is a highly corrosive as well as an abrasive operation, because of the inevitably high degree of oxygenation of the water. Screen cloth of ordinary or spring-steel wire almost at once becomes pitted arid covered with a film of corrosion products, which causes rust-blinding of fine-mesh screens and offers high frictional impedance to the flow of ore particles. On the other hand, the well-known properties of stainless steel enable it to maintain a bright surface, and so to eliminate blinding either by ore particles or by corrosion products. That a large-tonnage mill grinding hard ore to 65 mesh can be operated economically in closed circuit with screens instead of classifiers has recently been demonstrated at the Copper Cliff concentrator of the International Nickel Co.; in the test to be described, a 6 ½ by 12 ½ -ft. Marcy rod mill ground from 625 to 820 tons of ore per day to approximately 65 mesh, operating in closed circuit with three 4 by 5-ft. Hum-mer screens, without any classifier. Stainless-steel cloth gave an indicated life of several months. There was no difficulty with blinding, yet dilution and spray water could be controlled so that screen undersize averaged not less than 40 per cent solids. In contrast, ordinary carbon steel was pitted and blind with rust within 40 hours.

Jan 1, 1938

By T. Sterry Hunt

IT is now five years Since I called the attention of the Institute to the industrial importance of the coal and the iron ores of the Hocking Valley in Southeastern Ohio, and in a pamphlet on the region published Soon after, in 1874, endeavored to resume the principal facts then known respecting it, including the observations of the geological survey of Ohio, made and published up to the time by Professors Andrews and Wormley, together with an estimate of the probable future of the region, and its relations to the coal and iron markets of the country. Since that time the labors of the Geological Survey have included a further Study of the coal by Prof. Edward Orton, the results of which will be awaited with much interest. I may say from my knowledge of them, that while confirming the general conclusions of his predecessors, he has been enabled to add much to our knowledge as regards the correlation of the various members in different parts of the coal-field, and to Show more clearly the positions and the importance of the ore-beds in the Hocking Valley region. The only ore mined in that vicinity previous to 1874, was below what is called the Great Vein or No. VI coal, and to the west of what is known as the Hocking Valley coal-field, and although experiments in a few furnaces in the State had Shown that this coal could be used with advantage in iron-Smelting there was not a single blast furnace within the field. My observations at that time, however, impressed me with the abundance of iron ore, not only below but above this important coal Seam, and I then ventured to express the opinion that this region, from its cheap and easily mined Smelting-coal, its native ores and limestones, and its geographical position and relations to the great markets of the West, and to the supply of rich iron-ores from Lake Superior, was destined at no distant time to become a great metallurgical centre, where iron could be made more cheaply than at any other equally accessible point in the country. The object of the present communication is to report progress, and to State how far my observations made in the region last month have justified the predictions of 1874. The five years which have elapsed have been, as all know, most unfavorable to the iron trade, and especially to new enterprises in untried regions, yet they have not passed without important industrial developments in the Hocking Valley, where not less than thirteen blast furnaces have been erected

Jan 1, 1879

By E. H. Dix

Jan 1, 1940