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By S. E. Maddigan

MANY experimental and theoretical investigations have been made on the processes involved in annealing and recrystallization of metals. Most of these, however, have treated the time element as constant and heat-treatments used have been for relatively short times. Aside from the early work by Carpenter and Elam,1 the few that have investigated the effect of time on the processes have usually done so for fairly short time periods. During recent years the growing interest in long-time creep properties of metals and alloys under stress has made increasingly important a better knowledge of the recrystallization during prolonged heating. The recrystallization temperature of 70-30 brass given by Clark and White2 in 1932 was somewhat above 400°F. (204°C.) but under 500° (260°C.), whereas in our laboratory recrystallization has been observed in creep specimens at 204°C, the lowest temperature of Clark and White's range. Since the creep properties are quite different above and below the recrystallization temperature, erroneous conclusions can readily be drawn by the application of short-time recrystallization data to creep problems. It was thus considered of both practical and theoretical value to make long-time annealing studies near the minimum recrystallization temperature. In this way useful additions could be made to data on recrystallization temperatures and, since the reactions in this range are relatively slow, additional insight could be obtained into the factors involved in annealing. Several comprehensive reviews of recrystallization processes have been written,3-5 therefore only a brief review of the generally accepted facts will be given here.

Jan 1, 1940

By Herbert Kynor

BY THE term mechanical mining is meant that operation, or series of operations, that replace the hand methods of mining. The first undercutting machine to operate in anthracite was placed in the Butler mine of the Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dec. 23, 1910, by the Sullivan Machinery Co. The first Jackhamer used in the anthracite field was installed at the Wadesville colliery of the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. in Oct., 1912, by the Ingersoll-Rand Co. The first longwall conveyor was installed at the Dodge mines of the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Coal Co. in March, 1912. The first mechanical scraper equipment was installed in the Seneca mines of the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. in January, 1914. The amount of anthracite mechanically mined since the first mining machine was installed in 1910a is as follows: PENNA. COAL Co. D. L. & W., SCRANTON TEMPLE HUDSON YEAR AND HILL- TONS COAL Co., COAL CO., COAL CO., TOTAL. SIDE COAL TONS TONS TONS TONS AND IRON, TONS 1920 372,737b 367,000d 322,892 74,127 371,878 1,508,634 1919 950,786 no record 306,616 81,575 319,356 1,658,333c 1918 917,778 744,966 24,880 44,756 288,781 2,021,161 1917 757,940 838,800 5,050 57,279 164,180 1,823,249 1916 286,780 860,663 13,960 114,173 101,475 1,377,051 1915 428,819 592,169 8,253 1,029,241 1914 219,188 153,896 373,084 1913 171,505 171,505 1912 124,267 124,267 1911 40,319 40,319 1910 1,184 1,184 a. A slightly greater production than shown was obtained as the tonnage from individual operations is not shown. b. Decrease due to strike conditions in 1920. c. Does not include tonnage of D., L., & W. d. D., L., & W. decrease in 1920 due to having less mining machines in operation. There are about 150 undercutters in use in the anthracite region, 80 mechanical loaders, and 10 longwall conveyors.

Jan 9, 1921

It is not often that a mining district is discovered, opened up, exploited and developed into a rich producer within the space of three or four years. Not until the year 1903 was the existence of the rich cobalt-nickel arsenides and silver of Northern Ontario even suspected by the mining public. But it is worthy of record that Dr. W. G. Miller, the man who has done so much to develop sanely and honestly the mineral resources of Ontario, pointed out [ ] the possibilities of this region at least two years before the first discovery was made. . Dr. Miller, then Professor of Geology at the School of Mining, Kingston, Ont., referred in these words to the district: "It will be seen from what has been stated on preceding pages that the district examined contains as great a variety of rocks as probably any part of the Province of equal area . . . Although few discoveries of economic minerals have been made in this territory, it may reasonably be expected that deposits of value will be found when

Jan 1, 1907

By G. E. Anderson

The Asientos-Tepezala district is in the north of the State of Aguasca-lientes, about 30 miles north of the city of Aguascalientes, the capital. The district is reached by a standard-gage railway on the west side through the junction, Rincon de Romos, which is on the main line of the National Railways of Mexico from El Paso to Aguscalientes. The terminal is Tepezala. On the east side a narrow gage connects Asientos with the junction, San Gil, on the main line, Asientos to San Luis Potosi. Tepezala on the west side of the Asientos hills is about 2 miles from Asientos on the east side. The area between the two mining centers is separated by a low subdued divide which forms the central part of the hills. The district is in a group of isolated hills surrounded by characteristic bolsón plains. The hills rise above the surrounding plains about 6500 to 10,000 ft.; the highest peak is Alta Mira. The two mining districts lie somewhat upon the flanks of the hills at about the same elevation, 7200 ft. The district is an old one and has been known since early in the 17th Century when the mines were worked by the Franciscan Monks. Their mining operations, which were limited to the oxidized ore above the water level, consisted chiefly in extracting silver from the Santa Francisca vein. To judge from the old workings and the remains of surface plant, the operations were on a large scale. By modern mining operations since about 1900, the various mines of the district have been one of the principal sourees of ore for the smelter located at Aguascalientes. Topography The topographic features of the Asientos hills are largely controlled by the character of the underlying rocks. During the Tertiary period, the entire group of hills was probably covered by extrusive volcanic material in the form of cones and lava flows. The central part of these have since been carried away by erosion, so that remnants have been left along the borders of the hills. These remnants form rather conspicuous peaks,

Jan 1, 1927

By H. Ries

Introduction BODIES of pyritic ore in schistose rocks have long been known in different parts of the world. The several occurrences resemble each other in being usually of more or less lenticular shape, inclosed in walls of schist or gneiss, and carrying pyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite in varying proportions, as the chief ore minerals. The deposits differ, however, in that sometimes one, sometimes another, of the three sulphides mentioned may predominate. The orebodies in general are more or less closely conformable with the schistosity of the wall rocks, although in cases this may not hold true. The boundaries may or may not be sharp, but in general are fairly distinct. The lenses vary in size, may occur singly, or in groups; in the latter case they may be in line, overlapping, or occasionally parallel. Pinching and swelling of individual lenses is not uncommon. The genesis of these pyritic bodies has provoked much discussion, and they have been variously classed as sedimentary, igneous intrusions, hydrothermal replacements or impregnations, etc. Indeed, in some cases different geologists have most positively assigned widely diverse origins to the same deposit, as in the case of Rio Tinto 1 and Rammelsberg.2 It is true that in the light of modern criteria, we have been able in a few cases to decipher clearly the process of origin and so there seems no doubt now regarding the genesis of the deposits at Rio Tinto, Spain;3 Rammelsberg, Germany ;4 Ducktown, Tenn.;5 southwestern Virginia;6

Jan 8, 1917

By Charles T. Van Winkle

Until the advent of the porphyry coppers and the introduction of flotation which soon followed, crushing and grinding for many years proceeded along somewhat stereotyped lines, without important alteration in type of machinery. For the finer crushing and grinding, stamps, rolls, and various patterns of Huntington and Chilean mills were in general use. Ball-mills were in use abroad, but owing to their small capacity and the high cost of screens and steel, they never obtained much footing in the United States. Tube-mills were first introduced into the crushing departments of cyanide plants when it was found that for crushing finer than 30-mesh other types of crushing machinery were not efficient. In order to crush with one pass, these mills were made 18 to 22 ft. (5.5 to 6.7 m.) in length. Pebbles were used as a grinding medium and the mills were lined with either silex blocks or fragments of quartz or flint pebbles set in cement. While the cylindrical tube pebble-mill had been used to some extent in small installations of concentration mills, the first instance of its use on a large scale was at the concentrating plant of the Miami Copper Co., where 8-ft. by 22-in. (2.5-m. by 55.9-cm.) Hardinge mills were tried out against Chileans. The results of these experiments led to the gradual replacement of the Chilean by the Hardinge mill. Robert Franke published an article' describing the work done, comparing the two types of mills. At the same time, according to Franke, a test was run using a 6-ft. (1.8-m.) Hardinge ball-mill as a substitute for rolls for intermediate crushing on 1/2-in. material. According to Franke, this mill was soon discarded, since it was found that to obtain the desired product the mill must be limited in capacity. The Miami Copper Co. made no test with other types of ball- or pebble-mills. Following this example, others installed the conical type; and when the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. decided to build a concentrator, it adopted the conical mill. As the requirements for mills would be very large, it purchased manufacturing rights in the State of Arizona from the

Jan 1, 1918

By Leroy A. Palmer

All the domestic production of magnesite during 1925 came from two states, California and Washington. Of a total of 120,660 tons of crude ore, 64,600 tons, or 54 per cent., were produced in California.' Of this quantity California produced about 99 per cent. of the caustic calcined, but only 10 per cent. of the dead-burned. The largest producer was C. S. Maltby, of San Francisco, who operated the Red Mountain mine, in Santa Clara County, and the Sampson mine, in San Benito County, under lease. These two mines have been studied by the author, and offer interesting comparisons as to mining and treatment methods and final products. Geology The general geology of the magnesite deposits of California has been described by Hess,2 Bain3 and others4 and although a detailed discussion is not necessary here, a brief summary will assist in understanding mining conditions. California magnesite, when comparatively pure, is usually a white, fine-grained rock, with a conchoidal fracture, occurring in veins and lense-like masses in serpentine. The veins vary considerably in width, and usually occur in a series of more or less parallel veins intersected by other series or systems of veins, probably following original or secondary fissures in the enclosing serpentine. The most generally accepted theory of origin is that the magnesite was formed by the action of surface waters charged with CO2 percolating downward through fissures and changing the magnesium silicates of the serpentine into magnesium carbonate.

Jan 1, 1927

By M. A. Mahtab, T. M. Yegulalp

This paper presents the development and application of an approach for clustering fracture orientation data. Data are projected on the surface of the unit upper hemisphere and the clustering approach is applied in three steps: (1) randomness test and identification of dense clusters, (2) estimation of cluster statistics, using Bingham distribution, and (3) rejection of extremal data based on Chauvenet's criterion.

Jan 1, 1982

By T. M. Geffen, R. E. Gladfelter

Lipson1 has recently presented a technical note wherein theoretical considerations were used to demonstrate. that the adsorption us saturation relation for a linear absorption method is not necessarily a single valued function of saturation.1 It was concluded that the absorption us saturation relationship is subject to the same hysteretic effect as is the flow behavior between the drainage and imbibition systems. It is the purpose of this note to show, by experimental results, that for the manner in which fluids are distributed in porous materials during fluid flow, the relative X-ray absorption us saturation relationship is single-valued regardless of the saturation history. The design of the apparatus used to measure relative X-ray absorption of cores undergoing fluid flow tests is similar to that described by Morgan, McDowell and Doty. A few modifications have been incorporated in the design to increase sensitivity and simplicity of measurement. The sensitivity is such that for usual types of cores a recording pen movement of approximately 12 linear in. is occasioned between the recording of the core dry and when it is completely full of an absorbing liquid, a solution of approximately five per cent by volume of iodo-benzene in a close-cut hydrocarbon fraction, or a solution of 50,000 ppm sodium iodide in water. Two types of experiments were conducted, one in which the liquid was inside the core, and the other with the liquid outside the core. Tests with the liquid inside the core were run to cover the saturation range encountered in both the drainage (gas drive) and imbibition (liquid flood) flow systems. It is pointed out that the same core was used, but the tests were conducted at different times with the recording mechanism balanced at a different position. Therefore, the absolute values of relative X-ray intensity at any saturation are not the same in each test. In the second type of test the same core was used, but this time its pore space cmtained only gas, and various thicknesses of oil contained in plastic cells were placed in front of the dry core. As before. the relative X-ray ah- sorption was measured and compared to the quantity of oil in front of the core. The arrangement of the fluids with respect to the path of X-rays in these two types of tests represent fluid distributions of a wider difference than can be expected between that established in a core just due to imbibition and drainage saturation flow histories. Thus any deviation from a straight line relationship of the log of the relative X-ray intensity us saturation calibration should be readily apparent. Results of the laboratory tests are given in Fig. 1. A schematic diagram showing the position of the fluids with respect to the path of the X-ray beam is given for the two cases investigated. In the case where the oil existed outside the core (Case B), the log of the X-ray intensity (log, I/I,) is related directly to the cell thickness (amount of oil in X-ray beam path). This correlation is in full agreement with X-ray theory. In the case where the oil or water existed inside the core (Case A) which covers both drainage and imbibition types of flow processes, again the relationship between absorption and saturation (amount of oil in X-ray beam path

Jan 1, 1952

By W. L. Saunders

It is now generally admitted by experts that at least so far as rapid progress is concerned the Alpine system of tunnel-driving is superior to any other. This is perhaps natural in view of the record of experience in driving tunnels through the Alps. These great mountain-chains cannot be treated in the ordinary way by shaft-sinking and driving headings, thus multiplying the points of attack. The work must be done from the ends only, hence speed in driving is of the utmost importance ; and, as necessity is the mother of invention, the concentration of effort to make progress has resulted in an organization and in mechanical appliances that have produced results so much in excess of the usual practice, even in America, that a discussion of the subject in detail should be of much value to the engineer and contractor. The first Alpine tunnel mas the Mont Cenis, length 7.5 miles, driven with a progress that averaged about 7.75 ft. per day. Next came the Saint Gothard, 9.5 niiles long, 18 ft. per day; Arlberg, 6.5 miles long, 27.25 ft. per day; Simplon, 12.25 miles long, 36 ft. per day. The figures represent progress when driving from two headings, so that by dividing them in two we get the daily single-heading progress. The latest of the Alpine tunnels is the Loetschberg, now being driven. In this work the world's record has been beaten by a single day's record in one heading of 36 ft. and by an average daily record in one heading of 29.5 feet. The Alpine range forms a natural barrier between a large section of northern and southern Europe. This range extends from the southeast of Prance to the frontier of Hungary, betveen Italy and the plains of sonthern Germany. The contour

Jan 1, 1912

By Emmanuel P. Papadakis

Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been made to study the preferred orientation in cube-textured copper. Methods applicable to thin specimens were employed since the specimens were necessarily of sheet material. The measured velocities in various directions in the sheet differed from the corresponding values in single-crystal copper by 1 to 6 pet. The distribution of the deviations indicated that the align-ment of the (001) planes with the rolling plane was better than the alignment of the [100]and [010] directions with the rolling and transverse directions. Ultrasonic pole figures (velocity us orientation) are shown to be useful in the study of preferred orientation. THIS paper describes one set of experiments in a continuing study of preferred orientation in worked metals. This study has been undertaken to investigate the fundamental properties of metals when used as propagation media for ultrasonic waves. Many such materials are of current or potential use in ultrasonic delay lines. Fundamental studies on ultrasonic propagation parameters such as velocity, attenuation, and diffraction (beam spreading) are of importance in the design of delay lines, in the development of nondestructive testing methods, and in the study of materials themselves. Preferred orientation in worked poly-crystalline metals influences all three above-mentioned parameters, and hence is of particular importance. When polycrystalline metals are subjected to mechanical working, they develop textures dependent upon their crystal structure and the symmetry of the working operation.' The texture consists in the alignment of the crystallographic axes of the grains in preferred directions with respect to the symmetry axes of the working operation. Since the grains are elastically anisotropic, the elastic moduli of worked metals are anisotropic. Hence the velocities of elastic waves in worked metals depend on the directions of propagation and polarization. The worked metal may be thought of as taking on the elastic symmetry of a single crystal: so it possesses the same number of independent elastic moduli as the crystal class it simulates. In general, a worked metal does not adopt the crystalline symmetry of its own grains. For instance, most rolled sheet becomes effectively orthorhombic while all bar stock and wire develop hexagonal symmetry. However, certain metals with cubic crystal structure develop a cube texture upon rolling and annealing.= Nearly perfect alignment of [100]-type directions with the rolling direction, transverse direction, and rolling-plane norma1 can be achieved in certain fcc metals and alloys. These cube-textured rolled metals provide an excellent opportunity to test preferred orientation by means of elastic waves, since a worked metal with 100 pct cube texture would have elastic moduli identical to the moduli of its constituent metal. It is the purpose of this paper to present the results of an investigation upon cube-textured copper. Ultrasonic waves were used. The methods of measurement and the experimental results on the effective moduli will be given. The ultrasonic measurements will be shown to complement X-ray pole figures for the determination of preferred orientation in worked metals. EXPERIMENT To study cube - textured material, it was necessary to use thin-sheet material since a severe reduction in gage (95 to 99 pct) is necessary to produce cube texture. Special ultrasonic methods were needed to investigate the thin material at megacycle frequencies. A) Materials. The cube-textured material tested was a copper alloy containing 1 pct Zn. Specimens already measured for Young's modulus4 by Alers were kindly supplied by him. The specimens were slabs 3.00 by 0.25 in. cut from sheet 0.047 in. thick. The orientations of the long axes of the specimens with respect to the rolling direction were taken in 15-deg steps from 0 to 90 deg. B) Measurements. Two distinct experiments were performed to measure the phase velocity in these specimens. One measured the shear wave velocity for propagation in the 0.25-in. direction and polarization in the 3.00-in. direction. The other measured the velocity of both shear and longitudinal waves propagating in the thickness direction in the sheet. 1) Plate-Mode Measurements. The velocity of the zeroth-order shear mode5 was measured in the 0.25-in. direction in each strip. The specimens were ground thinner over half their length to assure that the first-order shear mode would be cut off below 6 Mc per sec, leaving the zeroth-order nondispersive shear mode as the only propagating mode. Piezoelectric ceramic transducers of 5 Mc per sec resonant frequency poled in their long direction were solder-bonded to the edges of the thin part of the slabs as in Fig. 1 after these edges had been made flat and parallel by fine grinding. These transducers produced waves polarized in the 3.00-in. direction and propa-

Jan 1, 1967

By L. C. McCabe

THIS paper is a progress report on a study, of the distribution of the banded ingredients (Figs. 1 and 2) in- Illinois screenings and the method of determining their distribution. Proximate analyses and screen tests1 have been reported and a further report on the washability characteristics of the screenings is in preparation. The microscopic study of the screen-ings is not yet far enough advanced to permit a conclusive report on the effect of mining, screening and washing on the distribution of the banded ingredients in the coals of Illinois. However, considerable fundamental data-have been collected as a background for the screenings investigation and for a proposed study of fuels composed of known quantities of vitrain, clarain and fusain, the three common banded ingredients of Illinois coals. These fundamental data and the preliminary information now available from the microscopic study of screenings are broadly indicative of the reaction of the coals to the physical processes affecting them in mining and preparation. Proximate analyses of samples of vitrain, clarain, and fusain from several Illinois mines have been published 2, but those given in Table 1 serve to show the differences that are apparent in proximate analyses. The vitrain samples are consistently low in ash, and the unit-coal value is uniformly lower than in clarain. The average .fuel ratio (F.C./V.M.) of the vitrain samples in the table is 1.57-whereas the clarain average is 1.42. The fusain analyses vary considerably in ash and moisture. In the two samples from this mine the moisture values range from 8.99 to 22.80 and the ash from 4.86 to 16.91 per cent. Fusain has higher fixed carbon than either vitrain or clarain but the percentage is erratic from sample to sample.

Jan 1, 1936

By Nicholas J. Grant, William H. Ferguson, Bill C. Giessen

Ta-lr alloys have been examined over the complete range of compositions using metallographic and X-ray techniques. The terminal solid-solubility limits, solidus temperatures, and intermediate phases were determined. There are four inter-mediate phases: o, tetragonal, analogous to a (Fe-Cr); 0,. orthorhombic; az, tetragonal; and a TaZr,, cubic, AuCu, structure. Of these, o and a, melt peritecticaLly, a, decomposes peritectoidally, and a TaIrs has a congruent melting point. Three peri-tectic and one eutectic reactions occur. 1 HE Ta-Ir phase diagram has not been treated in the literature. Intermetallic phases and terminal solid solubilities have been described and estimated.'-4 The previous findings have been confirmed in this work. A complete diagram with additional phases and solidus curves is presented. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Starting materials were tantalum powder of 99.8 pct purity, supplied by the National Research Corp., Cambridge, Mass., and iridium powder of 99.9 pct purity, supplied by the Bishop Co., Malvern, Pa. Both powders were -200 mesh. Table I lists the analyses as given by the suppliers. A standard procedure was employed in making the alloy buttons, which was described in detail in Refs. 5 and 6, and which included repeated arc-melting of powder compacts and determination of the composition by the weight-balance method. This is especially justifiable due to the similar vapor pressures of tantalum and iridium. In the critical parts of the diagram, a spacing of 1/2 at. pct was used, based on premelted master alloy material. The observed structures and X-ray spectra were consistent with the composition sequence of the alloys. Table II lists the final alloy atomic percentages with the calculated percent error of composition. Cross sections representative in grain size and composition were selected for the study, as described in Ref. 5. Based on prior experience, no contamination from the tungsten electrode was considered. Temperature measurements were obtained using a Leeds and Northrup optical pyrometer and have been described extensively in Refs. 5 and 6. All heat treatments were made in the high-vacuum tantalum tube furnace mentioned in Ref. 5. Samples annealed in tantalum containers cooled from 1800" to 1000"~ in 5 sec; those annealed in ceramic crucibles cooled over the same range in 15 to 30 sec. The thermal treatments are listed in Table 111. All specimens were homogenized at 1735°C for 24 hr. Tantalum-rich compositions were treated in tantalum buckets. Iridium-rich compositions were annealed in tantalum buckets below the eutectic temperature of 1950°C; up to 2200°C, tungsten-lined tantalum baskets were used; and above 2200°C thoria crucibles were used. It was found that refractory oxides (in early stages of the investigation alumina crucibles were used up to 1800°C and thoria crucibles were used to 2400"~) give off minute amounts of oxygen and thereby influence the microstructure considerably, or react directly with the alloys.

Jan 1, 1963

By W. L. Finlay

Size effects in quenching steel are particularly prominent and well recognized because of the existence of a critical cooling rate separating nuclea-tion and growth transformations, as exemplified by the formation of pearl-ite, from the shear type of transformation characterizing the martensite reaction. The absence of a similar, sharply demarcating cooling rate is characteristic of precipitation hardening systems and size effects in these are correspondingly less prominent. This paper is concerned with a size effect in high-purity, precipitation-hardenable alloys which appears not to have been recognized previously. This effect is believed to result from the thermal fluctuations which inevitably occur in quenching a specimen of finite size into a cooling liquid rather than from the existence of a critical cooling rate. QUENCHING "ANOMALIES" The precipitation hardening literature contains many references to so-called anomalous quenching and aging results. By "anomalous", investigators usually meant that their alloys did not consistently harden on aging after quenching according to some anticipated pnttern: not infrequently virtually no age hardening occurred with compositions known to be precipitation-hardenable. Perhaps the most prominent series of anomalies was reported over a 15-year period by Gayler and coworkers on aluminum-copper.l,2,3,4 Working with silver-rich copper alloy, Cohen5 secured some very interesting Rockwell F hardness changes of from 1-5 Rockwell points between the first peak and valley. Fink and Smith borrowed one of Cohen's specimens and, following his heat treatment and quenching practice to the letter, secured6 very different results in which only one peak was obtained and in which the hardness level at the aging lime of Cohen's first peak was 20 Rockwell F points higher. Fink and Van Horn7 encountered serious deviations in age-hardening high purity aluminum-zinc alloys. They stated that "the discrepancies were larger than might be expected from possible experimental errors in the Brinell readings." Geisler, Barrett and Mehl8 likewise encountered anomalous hardening results in aluminum-silver alloys, securing quite different age-hardening curves from two identical specimens. They stated that "the treatments of these samples had been the same, so that the different behaviors could be attributed only to accidental variations in the quenching practice."

Jan 1, 1950

Report of President The important fact of the year 1916 is that on July 25 contracts were executed by which the American Society of Civil Engineers because an additional Founder Society and arranged to make its permanent home in our building. The contracts provide for the construction of three additional stories to the building, the American Society to pay the cost tip to $250,000, this being considered equivalent to what each other Founder Society had contributed, the American Society to participate in the original Carnegie gift and have an equal share in the property with each other Founder society. The construction of the addition to the building is under way, $62,525.04 having been expended thereon in 1916. It has been found that, clue to war conditions and the advanced price of materials, the cost of the addition will be $300,000. The founder societies have been requested to assume the extra $50,000, one quarter each. This work is in charge of a Building Committee consisting of H. H. Barnes, Jr., Chairman, E. G. Spilsbury, Charles Warren Hunt and Charles F. Rand. At the request of the Founder Societies, important alterations were made in the lecture halls on the fifth floor of the building to make the same suitable for social functions of the societies. The cost, $6,642.08, was advanced by the United Engineering Society but is to be paid eventually by the Founders. The Library of the civil Engineers is being merged with the Library of the United Engineering. Society and the other founder societies. At the present time the membership of the four founder societies is 29,000 and of associate societies 23,000, so that a total of 52,000 engineers now have their headquarters in our building. The value of the real estate now owned by this Society is $1,647,171.16. This sum will be increased at the end of 1917 by the amount of the cost of the addition to the building.

Jan 3, 1917

By John Suman

DURING the past few years the taking of cores in drilling with rotary equipment has been perfected to a remarkable degree in the Gulf Coast fields of Texas and Louisiana. Taking of cores is becoming quite a common thing, especially in the newer fields, and drillers are becoming expert in this work. The writer has seen cores 5 to 8 ft. long taken with great ease in wells as deep as 4500 ft. Coring is doing much to remove the prejudice which so many petroleum engineers seem to have against .the use of rotary drilling equipment for exploratory work. Some operators .are now claiming that when used with a reasonable amount of coring the rotary system is even more satis-factory than cable tools for exploring in certain territory. A case has recently been pointed out in the South Electra field of North Texas, where producing oil sands, passed over by cable-tool drillers, are being brought in with rotary equipment. It seems that in this particular territory the sands are rather thin. Cable-tool drilling was carried on for the most part in a wet hole and the red mud encountered in drilling caved into the hole very badly, so that the cuttings showed mostly red mud and the driller, thinking that the sand did not amount to anything, carried his water string through the sand. The later .operators, drilling into the sand with rotary equipment and coring it, found that it was well worth testing.

Jan 10, 1922

By E. G. Schempp, W. A. Morgan

The influence of modifications in the molybdenum, vanadium and, to a limited degree, carbon and boron content to a basic composition of 5 pct Cr, 0.75 pct Mo, 1 pct V hot-work tool steel composition, was studied in respect to hardenability, grpain- coarsening temperature, and tempering charactevistics. Tensile, impact, and fatigue pvoperties were studied for the most promising compositions. An alloy with a typical composition of 0.43 pct C, 4.97 pct CI-, 0.33 pct Si, 2.25 pct Mo, and 1.00 pct V uas found to offer the most favorable combination of properties in respect to high-strength applicntions when tempered at 1100°F. MANY 5 pct Cr high-strength steels are at present being manufactured in North America which fit well into the classification of the AISI-SAE system. Much interest has been shown in these materials as ultra-high-strength steels for use at elevated temperatures. The limiting temperature of use lies at the point where the steels begin to soften rapidly. Although a great deal of information has been made available in the past two years on the properties of selected alloys in this series, little information exists on the effect of systematically varying the ccntent of one or more elements in the 5 pct Cr-base alloy. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the effect of variations of the carbon, molybdenum, vanadium, and, to a limited extent, the silicon, manganese, boron, and niobium content of a 5 pct Cr steel to the AISI H-13 base analysis. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE All experimental heats were melted in a 50-lb. induction furnace. The melting stock consisted of

Jan 1, 1962

By D. A. J. Swinkels

The problem of determining oxygen levels in liquid steel to aid in deoxidation control has received general attention for a number of years. Work in this direction started at the B.H.P. Central Research Laboratories early in 1967 with an evaluation of sampling techniques followed by vacuum fusion analysis to determine the oxygen content of the samples (1). It was found that these techniques had a number of drawbacks if they were to be used for deoxidation control. The method of analysis was rather too slow to allow effective control and measured total oxygen level rather than dissolved oxygen. Furthermore, the results were found to be very variable due to slag entrainment in the samples. Attention therefore turned to the galvanic cell method using a solid oxygen ion conductive electrolyte such as cubic stabilised zirconia. The ionic conductivity properties of electrolytes such as (ZrO2) 85 (CaO).15 had been studied by a number of investigators and had already been applied to the measurement of oxygen activity in gases, in lower melting metals such as copper, lead, tin, silver, alkali metals and indeed the first studies in steel had been made (2,3). Since then the results of a number of studies in the development of an expendable oxygen probe for steel have been reported (4-9).

Jan 1, 1972

By Samuel B. Christy

At the last meeting of the Institute, several contributions were made to the subject of miners' aid funds. Such matters will always form important factors in the administration of large industrial enterprises. From the frequently remote and isolated position of mining properties, it is a subject that often forces itself upon the attention of the mining engineer. Local conditions are usually so variable that no single method can be found equally well adapted to all localities. At the same time, a study of different types is often suggestive and valuable, and it is with this in view that these notes are presented. The Miners' Fund of New Almaden is a remarkably successful example of what may be done for miners by a wise and at the same time firm management, by simply directing their own efforts and without incurring any great expense to the stockholders,—a practical consideration not without importance in most cases. The quicksilver mines of New Almaden are situated at a distance

Jan 1, 1885

By E. C. Carris

THE particular field of application of machines utilizing air cur¬rents as the primary separating medium is in the cleaning of the fine sizes of bituminous coal. Approximately 12,000,000 tons of bituminous coal were cleaned by air machines during 1940. They have not found any application for cleaning anthracite. Since the development and introduction of the first successful com¬mercial pneumatic oscillating machine for cleaning bituminous coal in 1916, by the Sutton, Steele and Steele Co., Dallas, Texas, and the Ameri¬can Coal Cleaning Corporation, formerly of Welch, W. Va., four other successful pneumatic coal-cleaning machines have been developed and introduced to the American coal-mining industry: 1. Peale Davis: "Pneumo-Gravity" machine, 1924. 2. Arms "Concentrator," oscillating table, 1924. 3. Heyl and Patterson oscillating table, 199.7. 4. "Stump Air-Flow," pulsating air jig, 19391. Out of these five developments only the Sutton, Steele and Steele, or American Oscillating, and the Stump Air-Flow Jig remain on the market. They are the predominating pneumatic coal-cleaning machines in use in the United States. HISTORY OF AMERICAN TYPE SEPARATOR The first successful American machine, the CJ table (Fig. 1) was developed by the Sutton, Steele and Steele Co. The SJ table was the first standard model designed specifically for the cleaning of coal. It was installed in the original Crane Creek plant, owned and operated by the American Coal Co. at McComas, West Virginia. This plant was designed by The Roberts and Schaefer Co., Chicago, Ill., working in cooperation with the American Coal Cleaning Corpora¬tion, which had taken over the patent rights and sale of the pneumatic separators. Eight machines were installed in this plant. They were known as the type SJ. They were 60 by 84 in., the short dimension being the width of

Jan 1, 1943