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Nickel laterite approximately 40% of the remainder caning deposits. ores are the source of the world's nickel with from sulphide ore Although laterite ores are near the surface and cheap to mine they require significantly more energy to treat than sulphide ores. The escalation of oil prices comiencing in 1973 meant that nickel laterite refineries using oil as an energy source were placed at distinct disadvantage relative to sulphide refineries or those with coal derived energy. The Queensland Nickel refinery commenced a construction programme; in 1980 to allow ore drying and power generation to be converted from oil to coal. Since late 1981 ore drying has been undertaken using heated air from two moving grate spreader grate stokers. The changeover from oil to coal drying proceeded without process disruptions. This paper discusses the plant changes required to allow the receipt of coal and the operating performance obtained from the coal fired air heaters.

Jan 1, 1987

The title of my address today is "Oil and Gas Valuations - A Simplistic View of Some Critical Issues". Alternatively I could have called this address "Pitfalls for investors' and corporates in accessing Independent Experts Reports" 'as in this brief 12 minute talk I will briefly comment on some common misconceptions with regard to the valuation of exploration areas and production interests, and comment on how the draft release guidelines address these issues.

Jan 1, 1989

In the consideration of coal resources in this country one of the most neglected aspects and perhaps one of the most important is that of the geologic controls on coal formation. The composition, properties, thickness and distribution of the coal are all determined by geological factors. The extent and amounts of coal to be found in the South Auckland area have great economic significance, and are in the main considered here. Upheaval of the New Zealand geosyncline during the Rangitata Orogeny produced a system of parallel, north-south trending basement ridges and basins in the South Auckland area. A subtropical climate and relative tectonic stability allowed deep weathering of these mesozoic greywackes in the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. Such weathering, markedly reduced the landscape relief, and provided vast supplied of very fine detritus for later sedimentation as the Waikato Coal Measures. This coal measure phase marked the beginnings of Tertiary  sedimentation in this region and represented a change from a sub-aerial weathering regime to a fresh water swamp environment.

Jan 1, 1976

Natural leaching of minerals has been recorded for some two millenia but surprisingly only in recent years has enough been known of the process for any serious design to be made. Copper has been recovered from natural mine waters since about the 17th century but again little progress was made in de- sign procedures until recently. Natural or dump leaching was started as a recovery process late in the 19th century and in the years up to the classic study of Taylor and Whelan in 1943 a series of impirical optimis- ations made it a valuable process for treating low grade or waste material. The biological nature of Sulphide leaching was proven by Colmer and Hinkle in 1947 and since then a large mass of data has accumulated on the microbiology, biochemistry, and response of ores to this form of attack. In spite of this knowledge and the vast amount of pract- ical experience available there are few recorded attempts to present methods of calculation or design procedures that can be used for setting up a leaching process. A framework is given here on which such procedures can be based and indications given of the inherent advantages and limitations of the process,

Jan 1, 1969

My paper presents a discussion of the legislative and departmental requirements in connection with the acquisition of exploration rights for minerals (other than petroleum and coal) in the Independant State of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Queensland and he practical problems associated with land entry and land ownership associated therewith. In general there are many similarities in the methodology and philosophy behind the legislation in each country and the contractual requirements established thereby between the exploration company (the explorer) and the government and the mines department or equivalent in each place. There are also a number of differences. I have prepared the paper on the basis that my audience will largely consist of -experienced explorers and the paper is intended to act as a brief refresher and a guide to the philosophy and the practicalities behind the legislation and practices in ground entry in each case. I will deal in turn with New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and then Queensland.

Jan 1, 1987

The Australian mining industry can expect to be working internationally competitive high quality coal mines during the twenty-first century. Cost efficient mining methods such as high productivity longwall units with heavy reliance on remote control will be standard and worked by well paid and intensively trained operators. Major changes in mine ventilation engineering can be expected in the use of computers and mine telemetry, the understanding of the mine environment and the frequency of mine disasters, the utilization of mine air contaminants for profitable purposes and the provision of a pleasant and comfortable work environment. New approaches to mine ventilation such as air recirculation will have been considered. There will be an increased need for highly trained ventilation engineers. With the present pace of technological change, quite revolutionary new approaches to mining and ventilation can be expected by the end of the twenty-first century.

Jan 1, 1988

The process and control technologies incorporated into the coal preparation plant at Newlands were to be used for the first time in Australia. The commissioning organisation and procedures were set up on the basis that commissioning personnel, while being competent, would be unfamiliar with the equipment. In addition the commissioning process would have to be completed quickly. The organisation coped with all of these problems and more.

Jan 1, 1986

Plenary Address Zinc is a trace element in all igneous rocks and its background geological occurrence roughly follows iron but at much lower concentration. Living matter reflects this abundance and zinc is an essential trace element for complex life forms. Thus, environmental issues include zinc deficiency in soils and/or water - and thus in local diets - and zinc toxicity evident in natural or modified ecosystems. Increased knowledge of the role of zinc in plant and animal metabolism emphasises the need to manage, within guidelines based on naturally occurring abundances, the concentrations of zinc in water, spils and in the food chain. Although recognition of the natural variability of zinc concentration provides some basis against which environmental protection standards might be set, the measure of environmental `pollution' is more commonly taken as the degree of change to natural, background levels, attributed to the particular land or water use activity. Environmental constraints on mining, processing and usages of zinc may have less to do with actual

Jan 1, 1993

Relationships between lead blast furnace performance and the composition and size distribution of sinter were determined from analysis of lead blast furnace operating data. Sintering plant practice was subsequently modified and substantially improved furnace performance resulted.

Jan 1, 1971

Roller seed screens were installed at The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (B.H.P.) Whyalla pellet plant to replace vibrating screens on the green ball circuits. The installation of roller screens was justified by improving the sizing of the green balls. This improved sizing increased the yield of fired pellets produced from green balls thus decreasing the fuel consumption. The fired pellet sizing was improved also. This paper discusses the configuration of the roller screens installed at Whyalla, quality of green balls produced, advantages of roller screens compared with vibrating screens and future development of roller Screens.

Jan 1, 1984

Optimisation of capital in the development process is critical to the profitability of any new mining venture. The process of optimisation should apply to all aspects, that is the financing, management, revenue, reporting and, of course, the development of the project. Unfortunately, too much emphasis has been placed on the optimisation of the financing or reporting aspects and too little on the project itself. This paper addresses the latter.

Jan 1, 1991

By Barns K. E, Munro P. D, Brindley S. K

Ernest Henry Mining Pty Ltd started production in August 1997. The Ernest Henry orebody consists of two distinct parts, a complex supergene ore zone overlying a primary ore zone. The economic copper minerals in the supergene ore are chalcocite

Jan 1, 1998

The recommendations of a recent American report on "Better contracting for Underground Construction" are considered in relation to Contracting practices on major Australian projects by representatives Of the "classical trilogy" - the Owner, Engineer and Contractor.

Jan 1, 1976

A new classification of subduction related (epithermal- / mesother-mal) gold mineralisation styles based on the tectonic framework they occur in, has been found helpful in practice. It offers a ratio-nalisation of exploration efforts during all stages of work.Methodology on the ground during first pass- and follow up explo-ration which has been found effective for the various mineralisa-tion styles is being briefly outlined.

Jan 1, 1990

By McManus D

Situations where in-pit bench stripping methods are favourable are introduced. Examples from Peak Downs Mine are used as a guide to the range of methods available.A number of geological and geotechnical conditions adverse to successful in-pit bench stripping are described. In all cases bench, floor, and/or final lowwall instability can develop and compromise the economics of extraction.

Jan 1, 1992

By Longworth C. R

This paper descrioes a case history of a coal mine which developed un'tahle roof conditions due to mass sliding of the overburden strata on a claystone band within the coal seam. The sliding is believed to have been initiated by stress relief associated with the removal of overburden alongside the entry portal of the underground workings. Once in motion, the roof block was kept moving by bulking due to roof collapse in the normal underground goafing operations. Control measures in the form of an earth and rockfill buttress against the entry portal and a sequential mining plan to create goaf areas alongside the entry portal have been initiated to attempt to limit movement. The operation has been continually monitored and a gradually decreasing pattern of movement is being re, orded.

Jan 1, 1981

Comalco Aluminium Limited uses a computer system for cost, supply and maintenance reporting and control at its bauxite mine in Weipa, North Queensland. The system collects data on a daily basis at a high level of detail on both cost and maintenance history. This allows useful reporting to all levels of management from the shop floor to the General Manager. The most successful aspect of the system is that the information is available in all workshops on visual display units. This allows the real spenders of the Company's money, Foremen and Tradesmen, to make well informed decisions. The system has also decreased the time taken to find parts and information which gives the Foremana greater opportunity to do his real job of supervision and quality control.

Jan 1, 1983

By Nolan D. P, Balales M

Over the last two years work has been undertaken within the Pasminco Metals - BHAS Zinc Plant to improve the efficiency and maintain the production capacity of the operation. The work has centred upon the installation of suitable process instrumentation to improve process control and the development of new unit operations to maintain control of the circuit water and sulphate balance. A key aspect of the new process instrumentation has been the development of an on-line analyser to monitor the total antimony concentration during zinc dust purification. As a result of changes made to the Zinc Plant in order to contain all effluent within the circuit, a problem developed with control of both the water and sulphate balance of the circuit. A new neutralisation plant to treat all cell house waste water so that it can be contained within the circuit has been developed and installed. In addition changes have been made to the existing circuit to control deliberately the circuit sulphate concentration by precipitation of sodium and potassium jarosite.

Jan 1, 1993

During the 22 years that Isa Mine has been formally involved in accident prevention, it has succeeded in reducing its lost time injury frequency rate by 70 per cent. At present its performance compares very favourably with that of other heavy industries and in particular that of other underground metalliferous mines. When reductions such as this are recorded, people want to know how it is achieved. No doubt it is assumed that if an organisation can maintain a consistent performance in accident reduction, it must have developed a panacea for the prevention of industrial injuries. This assumption would not be in accordance with the facts in the case of Isa Mine which has achieved its record through plain hard work and plenty of it.

Jan 1, 1975

Green policies have gained momentum since the 1972 Stockholm Environment Conference. The environmental movement has influenced political initiatives both in New Zealand and abroad. Governments and international institutions have addressed local, regional and global environmental issues with varying degrees of success. New Zealand so far has not supported the United Nations' call for sustainable development in a,consistent manner.New institutions and new rules for resource management mean there are opportunities to look after the land in different and more ecologically sensitive ways than has happened in the past.The increasing influence of regional councils in resource management planning will have important implications for mining and mineral exploration. These trends are discussed and possible future events outlined.

Jan 1, 1990