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By Shunsuke Yagi

A surface alloying technique was investigated using alternating pulsed electrolysis in an aqueous solution containing a single metal component for the formation of an Fe-Cr layer on an iron substrate. In the process, the iron substrate was dissolved during each anodic polarization of the pulsed electrolysis, providing iron ions in the vicinity of the substrate, while the Fe-Cr alloy was electrodeposited during subsequent cathodic polarizations. A bright, flat, and crack-free Fe-Cr layer with a composition gradient was obtained using a solution containing a trivalent chromium component and a complex forming agent together with some supporting or buffering salts.

Jan 1, 2006

By Hernando Valdivia

La compañía minera Antamina tiene doce años de operación, los cuales han significado un esfuerzo para la concentración y separación de minerales de cobre, zinc, molibdeno y plomo-bismuto. Sin embargo, es necesario elaborar un plan de minado donde se resuevan problemas como: leyes de cabeza de alta variabilidad, transición y alteración litológica, brechamientos mineralizados y no-mineralizados, cuerpos intrusivos de baja ley, zonas de enriquecimiento y oxidación, entre otros. En este sentido, el presente texto describe una alternativa al procesamiento de minerales oxidados de cobre que responda al plan de producción 2013 en la compañia minera Antamina. Así, la alternativa de utilización de stockpiles con mineral de baja ley de cobre se presenta como una de las más viables donde se obtuvo resultados metalúrgicos favorables, los cuales permiten reemplazar la fracción de mineral Usupallares con el uso de stockpiles muy antiguos. Así también se realiza blending de minerales de Usupallares en proporción de 25% y 50% con minerales transicionales tipo cobre bajo molibdeno, de altos contenidos de bismuto, para mejorar la flotabilidad de este.

Sep 21, 2013

By Marino Carrión P

Ante la crisis ecónomica que afecta al sector minero, este ha previsto expandir su producción y reducir los costos operativos que le competen. En esta perspectiva, la Compañía minera Atacocha busca ampliar su rango de producción a partir de la elaboración de un proyecto racional del ore-body Santa Bárbara. El proyecto consiste en explotar el cuerpo mineralizado por encima del nivel 400. Sin embargo, las condiciones para la mineralización son insuficientes. En este sentido, el presente texto presenta una alternativa de explotación mecanizada donde el cuerpo mineralizado tolere los niveles altos de temperatura a través de un nuevo block que se aplique en la profundización del ore-body y puede minimizar los costos operativos que esto conlleva.

Apr 1, 1991

By Fernando Pajuelo Rincón

El presente trabajo describe la explotación del cuerpo mineralizado Barnabé en Huarón, donde es interceptado por una veta a través del uso de un equipo LHD neumático y del vehículo LHD -EH. No obstante, es válido mencionar algunas variantes aplicados al método del minado a partir de la estructura de la veta Rey, a fin de alcanzar una explotación selectiva y aumentar el valor de la tonelada del mineral. En ese sentido, las variantes aplicadas al método se dan en base a la flexibilidad del equipo de limpieza, reduciendo los costos de minado en los tajeos Barnabé y Rey.

Aug 26, 1988

By Álvaro Ordóñez Núñez

El presente texto describe la forma de realizar la extracción y recuperación de cobre y zinc a través del empleo del hipoclorito como agente oxidante y del amoniaco como agente acomplejante de los cationes metálicos. Entre las ventajas de su utilización respecto a la lixiviación tenemos: que las soluciones obtenidas son más limpias y los interferentes como el hierro, manganeso y aluminio se precipitan como óxidos hidratados en este medio, facilitando los procesos posteriores de recuperación de metales. Asímismo, se evita la etapa de extracción por solventes, obteniéndose de ese modo un precipitado metálico o de electrodeposición directa desde las soluciones de lixiviación final. En ese sentido, la extracción y recuperación a partir de minerales complejos con altos contenidos de carbonatos mezclados íntimamente con sulfuros secundarios en condiciones normales es la alternativa técnica económica viable.

Dec 1, 2012

By Roberto Maldonado

El presente texto señala el proyecto de profundización en la mina Animón considerando sus características como: geología e hidrogeología, parámetros geomecánicos, niveles de producción, costos de capital y operación, eficiencia del sistema, flexibilidad para cambios en las operaciones, reservas de mineral y consistencia con el sistema de explotación. De forma que a través del conocimiento de estas y de las herramientas gráficas tridimensionales, se pueda analizar las diferentes alternativas, incluyendo condiciones que debe cumplir el proyecto de profundización, el cual abarca también los servicios auxiliares y ventilación.

Sep 12, 2005

By Michelle Lacerda Sales Marques

A busca de novas rotas de beneficiamento que possam maximizar a recuperação metalúrgica e mássica é uma constante na Vale. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três fases, onde foram estudadas quatro rotas de beneficiamento que buscaram reduzir a geração de ultrafinos e, assim, aumentar a recuperação mássica. Foram avaliadas rotas com pré-concentração do minério em concentração magnética (rota denominada PCM) e flotação (rota denominada MFMF), e uma rota onde a moagem mais grossa (P80 0,15mm) permite uma menor geração de ultrafinos (rota denominada MDMF). Esta última apresentou um CAPEX 6,5% menor quando comparado a rota PCM.

Aug 1, 2018

By Oswaldo Ortiz Sánchez

El presente trabajo describe la alternativa de uso del mortero de resina en la fijación de pernos de anclaje de las excavaciones mineras, consolidación y disipación de vibraciones en los cimientos de plataformas para la instalación de molinos, winches, tolvas, etc. Esta opción surge en respuesta al problema de reforzamiento con pernos de anclaje en ambientes con aguas corrosivas o en proceso de deformación acelerada en las excavaciones mineras, así como ante obstáculos de subsidencia de cimentación en plataformas, donde se encuentran instalados equipos de gran tonelaje, y que producen fuertes vibraciones durante su funcionamiento.

Jul 31, 2003

By Bruno Deves Flores, Alessandro Gums, Eduardo Osório, Matheus Teixeira Fraga, Anderson Azevedo Agra, Janaína Machado, Antônio Cezar Faria Vilela, Anderson Nicolodi

A utilização de carvão vegetal em substituição a outros materiais de origem fóssil na produção de coque é uma das alternativas para mitigar as emissões de CO2 na siderurgia. Contudo, a inserção de carvão vegetal na coqueificação apresenta fortes limitações, as quais estão principalmente associadas à sua elevada reatividade ao CO2. Assim, o presente estudo visou investigar alternativas para diminuir a reatividade do carvão vegetal. Para isso foram investigados os efeitos da temperatura de pirólise, desmineralização e impregnação por alcatrão. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento da temperatura de pirólise diminui a reatividade do carvão vegetal. Essa mesma tendência foi também observada ao se remover os componentes inorgânicos do carvão vegetal e ao se impregnar a sua estrutura com alcatrão. A associação dos tratamentos térmico, de desmineralização e impregnação com alcatrão resultou em reduções de reatividade na ordem de até 6 vezes a do material inicial.

Oct 1, 2019

It is proposed to consider a new access, mining and hoisting system for underground deposits, as an alternative to the commonly used decline or vertical shaft access. The proposed system offers fundamental improvements in gathering of exploration data, reduction of capital expenditure and significant savings in mine operating costs. The cost reductions are achieved through:superior orebody definition by Supersucker winzing on ore prior to the commencement of capital development; considerable reduction of capital development in waste; full capitalisation on all benefits of a raisebored excavation; introduction of rubber tyred skip and rubber tyred Mine Rapid Response Vehicle; introduction of simplified ore handling system and reduction of underground mobile diesel fleet; and introduction of minimum maintenance shaft concept. The system is applicable to deposits ranging from shallow, low dip angle, narrow vein, high-grade to bigger, massive type vertical mineralisations accessed from the surface, preferably from the bottom of an open pit; it is also suitable as a down dip extension of an existing underground mine. The system is highly conducive to mine automation and emerging trend aimed to increase the ratio of mined metal/mineral to mined waste. It offers substantial reduction in diesel exhaust gas emissions to the mine atmosphere.

Jan 1, 2000

By P. R. A. Andrews, G. Heinrlch, V. I. Lakshmanan

The paper describes a simplified method to chemically modify the surface of industrial mineral fillers. Four industrial mineral samples were taken from feedstock of commercial fine grinding operations. These samples were ground in bench scale ball mills and in the presence of various organic solvents. The ground products were measured for particle size distribution, surface area, surface chemistry by oil absorption and degree of organicJminera1 bonding. Where appropriate, the ground products were compared to commercially available surface modified, industrial mineral fillers.

Jan 1, 1990

By R. Lee Wooten, David R. Shields, Darren D. Clark

"Borehole permeability tests that measure flow or head changes in boreholes located within seepage barrier walls are commonly used to estimate the in situ permeabilities of those walls for quality control and assurance. The current state of practice for estimating permeabilities from these barrier wall borehole tests is to use equations published by M. J. Hvorslev in 1951. Hvorslev’s borehole test equations model an infinite stratum of uniform permeability, which is not the actual condition for a test performed in a low permeability barrier wall located within a high permeability stratum. We examine and develop alternative equations based on line source analytical models, which more closely match barrier wall test conditions. We describe how these alternate equations can be used to estimate barrier wall permeabilities from borehole tests and compare the results to those obtained from the Hvorslev models. We also provide recommendations that consider differing upstream and downstream water levels.Barrier Wall Permeability Tests - State Of PracticeThe installation of seepage barrier walls has become more common in a variety of applications ranging from dams and levees to contaminated sites requiring retardation of groundwater flow. The types of seepage barrier walls and installation methods include soil-bentonite, soil-cement-bentonite, concrete, self-hardening slurry, geomembranes, and sheet piles, installed with various soil mixing, slurry-supported trench, and driving methods.Owners and contractors have used a variety of methods to evaluate the permeability of these seepage barriers. The following table lists commonly used quality control/assurance tests for evaluating the permeability of a seepage barrier."

Jan 1, 2016

By Brandon M. Robinson, Osman F. Besler, Dominik Gaechter

The Sandbukta-Moss-Såstad (SMS) project is a part of the Intercity development project, which is part of the largest transport project in Norway, consisting of 270 km of new double-track rail. The SMS project consists of 10km of double-track railway including three open stretches and two tunnels. Soil conditions consist of quick clay underlain by Bedrock. Dry soil mixing (DSM) was considered as the main soil improvement method to allow for excavation of the quick clay and construction of the D-Wall panels. The preliminary design revealed around 25,000 ton of binder installation. Therefore, a test field has been conducted to evaluate binder alternatives in means of improved soil strength by considering CO2 emissions. Multicem and Standard cement (Standard FA) have been compared for that purpose. Multicem is a type of binder which mainly consists of Portland cement and cement kiln dust (CKD). CKD is a fined-grained, solid, highly alkaline material removed from the cement kiln exhaust gases. reverse column penetration test (FOPS) and pre-drilled column penetration test (FKPS), which are common tests to evaluate DSM strength have revealed comparable strength outcome for both binder types. Therefore, Multicem has been selected as the main binder type to be used further which provided a reduction in CO2 footprint of up to 40%.

May 1, 2022

By John Reilly

Traditional methods of project procurement of have remained virtually unchanged in the U.S. infrastructure construction industry for more than 50 years. The traditional method, Design-Bid-Build (DBB), uses a two-step process that separates planning and design from construction. Design is generally done by the public agency and their consultants and the subsequent construction contract is procured from the private sector, almost always by a “low-bid” approach. This method has worked well for many projects, delivering quality work for the lowest bid price. This is particularly true for those projects where the work, and the public agency’s management procedures, are well understood by the contracting community and there is relatively low uncertainty in the work or conditions, particularly geotechnical conditions for underground construction. However, concerns exist with the DBB process. It is time consuming because all planning and design work must be completed prior to beginning any construction work and it is of concern for complex or large projects, plus those with significant risk, where the separation of design and construction, in conjunction with pressures resulting from the low-bid environment, often result in substantial cost and schedule increases. Frequently, these increases occur in a non-productive, inefficient, adversarial work environment leading to claims, disputes and costly litigation (Quick 2002).

Jan 1, 2007

By John Reilly

The author?s paper at RETC 2007, ?Alternative Contracting Methods? addressed strengths and weaknesses of DBB+DB and introduced Construction Manager/General Contractor (Portland model) and Alliancing (Australian model). Considerable interest in these was expressed by several public agencies at that Conference and at the presentation. The author is assisting the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (TWRC) with possible implementation of Alliancing. WSDOT is evaluating ways to do this and is considering a delivery methodology, under existing Legislation, based on the CMGC Portland model with incentives and disincentives, moving towards Alliancing. This paper will build on the 2007 paper and update implementation considerations.

Jan 1, 2008

By J. A. Herbst, O. A. Bascur

Fine coal cleaning by froth flotation has become common practice in the US with more than 73 kt/d (80,000 stpd) treated in this way. In spite of this large tonnage, developments in the automated control of coal flotation circuits have lagged significantly behind those for mineral systems. The primary reason is that instruments have not been available for the online measurement of carbon ash content or other critical variables in coal slurries. A second reason is that the influence operating variables have on coal flotation are not completely understood. During the last few years, some of the needed instrumentation has been developed, while an improved knowledge of the flotation process itself has occurred through mathematical modeling. As a result, certain control strategies for coal flotation are beginning to emerge. This paper attempts to evaluate several control strategies using a detailed flotation dynamic simulator, Dynafloat. After construction of a process matrix for the system of interest, promising alternatives for linking manipulated and controlled variables were analyzed. To develop combined grade and recovery control strategies, it was necessary to construct a grade/recovery map with the aid of the simulator to drive the system to known, final, feasible grade/recovery operating conditions. Finally, an advanced strategy that uses an on-line model to identify disturbances and take control actions is proposed.

Jan 1, 1986

By Tiffany Brown

In the thiosulfate gold leaching process, thiosulfate is used to complex gold following electrocatalytic oxidation of the native metal by Cu(II)-ammines. Unfortunately, Cu(II) complexes also catalyse the undesirable conversion of thiosulfate to polythionates. We have been seeking alternatives to ammonia, which fulfil the role of ammonia but minimize thiosulfate decomposition. One aspect of these studies has involved the determination of the rate of thiosulfate oxidation by the Cu(II) complexes from UV-Visible spectral changes. Various ligand classes, including pyridyls, polyamines, aminocarboxylates and picolinates, have been tested and the majority found to inhibit thiosulfate decomposition. Interesting variations in reactivity with the nature and denticity of the ligand and L/M ratio have been observed. In the case of open chain polyamine ligands with 2 to 5 nitrogen donors, the rate of thiosulfate oxidation was generally found to decrease with the denticity and the concentration of each ligand. Saturation of the Cu(II) coordination sphere appears to inhibit the oxidation of thiosulfate when excess thiosulfate is present. The Cu(II) complex of the branched polyamine ligand, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) exhibits this behaviour in excess thiosulfate. Interestingly, when the [Cu(tren)(OH2)]2+ complex is in excess oxidation of thiosulfate was observed. This unexpected finding prompted a spectrophotometric study of this reaction which has revealed that the oxidation of thiosulfate involves several processes, two of which involve the formation and decay of a tetrathionate radical.

Jan 1, 2003

By Abid Adekunte

"In recent years, developers have had to deal with complexities associated with numerous cases of deep basement construction in built-up areas. Design and construction of deep excavation support systems in urbanised zones come with many technical challenges. Restricted working spaces often render the use of temporary struts as wall restraint systems unpopular, as working space needs to be maximised. Also, tie-back anchors are often inapplicable due to the existence of adjacent structures. Therefore, developing alternative restraint systems for deep basement structures in builtup areas is becoming increasingly important to the present day basement engineer.This paper is centred on the design, construction and monitoring of enabling works for deep basement structures on three sites in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Traditional tieback anchorage and propping systems were inapplicable on the sites. As alternatives, separate novel wall restraint systems were developed and adopted, to enable excavation on each of the three sites.Performances of the novel wall restraint systems, as well as the responses of adjacent structures were monitored. Numerical modelling and field monitoring results show the three alternative wall restraint systems to be safe and effective. The paper also highlights the advantages of the novel solutions over conventional methods.INTRODUCTIONRecently, deep basement structures have become popular components of urban building developments. As pointed out by Pearlman et al., 2004, this could be attributed to the inadequacy of surface parking spaces in urbanised zones, while underground parking facilities are also believed to improve both aesthetic and commercial qualities of urban structures.However, while the incorporation of basement structure into new urban development appeals to developers and architects, the engineering design and construction aspects of basement works typically come against a whole lot of complexities and challenges. As highlighted by Wong, 2002, engineering problems associated with basement construction in built-up areas are numerous, some of these include; complicated sub-soil conditions, dealing with excessive active pressures, complex temporary works, proximity of sensitive adjacent structures, high level hazards to construction workmen and surrounding community, inadequate working space, etc."

Jan 1, 2015

By Wesley Schmutzler

The Deep Mixing Method (DMM) was employed to raise and support the LPV (Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity) -111 Levee in New Orleans. Even using innovative technologies, the tight schedule to achieve the 100 year elevation by June 1, 2011 was a daunting endeavor. The size and scope of DMM proposed for LPV-111 was on a scale never attempted outside of Japan. Over 1.65 million cubic yards of DMM was installed. LPV-111 is adjacent to the Bayou Sauvage Wildlife Refuge, which is the largest urban National Wildlife refuge in the United States. By utilizing DMM to control settlement and improve stability of the taller levee, side slopes were steepened from the conventional 1V:4H to 1V:2.85H, thus avoiding encroachment into the Bayou Sauvage and reducing the amount of clay needed for the completed levee. The COE utilized Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) for this contract. The ECI process allowed for input from the DMM contractor, TREVIICOS South, in order to optimize equipment resources and material requirements. This paper gives an overview of the extensive DMM requirements for LPV-111 and explains the benefits of the ECI process.

By Peter Cali, Wesley Schmutzler

"The Deep Mixing Method (DMM) was employed to raise and support the LPV (Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity) -111 Levee in New Orleans. Even using innovative technologies, the tight schedule to achieve the 100 year elevation by June 1, 2011 was a daunting endeavor. The size and scope of DMM proposed for LPV-111 was on a scale never attempted outside of Japan. Over 1.65 million cubic yards of DMM was installed. LPV-111 is adjacent to the Bayou Sauvage Wildlife Refuge, which is the largest urban National Wildlife refuge in the United States. By utilizing DMM to control settlement and improve stability of the taller levee, side slopes were steepened from the conventional 1V:4H to 1V:2.85H, thus avoiding encroachment into the Bayou Sauvage and reducing the amount of clay needed for the completed levee. The COE utilized Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) for this contract. The ECI process allowed for input from the DMM contractor, TREVIICOS South, in order to optimize equipment resources and material requirements. This paper gives an overview of the extensive DMM requirements for LPV-111 and explains the benefits of the ECI process.IntroductionDuring hurricane Katrina the levee that constitutes LPV-111 was overtopped and breached in several locations. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) was presented with the task of increasing the level of the flood protection around New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina to the 100- Year hydraulic grade - the level of protection that provides risk reduction from a storm surge that has a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year - and the firm project completion deadline was June 2011.LPV-111 is located in East New Orleans and a large portion of the levee is adjacent to the Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge. The levee could not encroach on this area. This provided a limited footprint for the levee and made construction of conventional levee difficult, if not impossible. The total length of the project was 5.3 miles. Included in the project was the rehabilitation of one main pumping station and one smaller pump station for water management within the refuge. Short sections of “T” wall were used at the tie in at the Lake Borgne Surge Barrier, the main pump station and the CSX Railroad crossing"

Jan 1, 2017