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By Joel Warneke, Cristian Caceres, Ed Mchugh

NIOSH researchers collected basic data from two blast rounds at the SSX-Steer Mine as a component of a larger study on controlled blasting, the goal of which is to reduce injuries from falling rocks in underground mines. Drilling and blasting procedures at the mine were observed. Rock mass property data were collected, a program of seismic monitoring and analysis was conducted, and 3-D laser survey scans of the workings before and after each blast were performed. The geologic data showed that the rock mass quality was characterized as poor to very poor. It was essentially uniform within the panels examined. The recorded seismic data indicated that fill material acted as an effective damper to seismic energy. The pre- and post-blast laser scans showed both over-break and under-break conditions, highlighting the problems associated with blasting a weak rock mass. By comparing the achieved results to the intended design, potential improvements in the drilling and blasting practices can be identified. Comparison of these data with similar data from other mines will help define how various combinations of rock and fill behave during blasting. Through studies such as these, data collection procedures and analysis techniques can be refined. An ultimate goal is to develop blast procedures tied to rock mass characteristics that can minimize damage to rock in the perimeter of the opening, limiting the amount of loose rock and improving the safety of miners.

Jan 1, 2008

By Ed Mchugh

NIOSH researchers collected basic data from two blast rounds at the SSX-Steer Mine as a component of a larger study on controlled blasting, the goal of which is to reduce injuries from falling rocks in underground mines. Drilling and blasting procedures at the mine were observed. Rock mass property data were collected, a program of seismic monitoring and analysis was conducted, and 3-D laser survey scans of the workings before and after each blast were performed. The geologic data showed that the rock mass quality was characterized as poor to very poor. It was essentially uniform within the panels examined. The recorded seismic data indicated that fill material acted as an effective damper to seismic energy. The pre- and post-blast laser scans showed both over-break and under-break conditions, highlighting the problems associated with blasting a weak rock mass. By comparing the achieved results to the intended design, potential improvements in the drilling and blasting practices can be identified. Comparison of these data with similar data from other mines will help define how various combinations of rock and fill behave during blasting. Through studies such as these, data collection procedures and analysis techniques can be refined. An ultimate goal is to develop blast procedures tied to rock mass characteristics that can minimize damage to rock in the perimeter of the opening, limiting the amount of loose rock and improving the safety of miners.

Jan 1, 2007

By R. Heiser, J. Vendetti, B. P. Connor, E. J. Haas

"DISCLAIMER The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Reference to specific brand names does not imply endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. ABSTRACT Health and safety indicators help mine sites predict the likelihood of an event, advance initiatives to control risks, and track progress. Although useful to encourage organizations to work together, executing such risk assessments comes with challenges. This paper focuses on one trona mine’s experience in the development and implementation of a field level risk assessment program to help its entire organization understand and manage risk to an acceptable level. Through a transformational process of ongoing support and communication, Solvay Green River fostered a culture of trust and safety grounded in risk assessment, safety interactions, and hazard correction. The application of consistent risk assessment (RA) tools was critical to create a participatory workforce that not only talks about safety, but actively identifies energies that contribute to hazards and potential incidents. In this paper, reflecting on the mine’s process of RA implementation provides examples of likely barriers that sites may encounter when trying to document and manage risks. As discussed, consistent efforts to establish a participatory risk management program are worth the initial struggle to ultimately reduce incidents. INTRODUCTION Work-related health and safety (H&S) incidents often account for lost days on the job, contributing to organizational/financial and personal/social burdens [1-2]. Accompanying research demonstrates that risk and ambiguity around risk contribute to almost every decision that individuals make throughout the day [3-4]. In response, understanding individual attitudes toward risk has been unquestionably linked to predicting H&S behavior [5]. Although an obvious need exists to identify more comprehensive methods to assess and mitigate potential hazards, some argue that risk management is not given adequate attention in occupational H&S [6]. Additionally, research suggests that a current lack of knowledge, skills, and motivation are primary barriers to mitigating workplace risks [3-6]. Therefore, enhancing knowledge and awareness around risk-based decisions, including individuals’ abilities to understand, measure, and assign levels of risk to determine an appropriate response, is increasingly important in hazardous environments to predict and prevent incidents. This paper focuses on tailored approaches to field level risk assessment (FLRA), measurement, and common barriers to participating in such activities. The authors use a trona mine in Green River, Wyoming, as a case study to illustrate how the organization overcame widespread and site-specific challenges to implement a proactive risk management program. By discussing the mine’s tailored FLRA program, this case study contributes to the literature by first, providing examples of critical components that need to be in place to ensure successful risk management and second, context for continuous quality improvement that can foster a higher level of trust and empowerment on site."

Jan 1, 2017

By R. Heiser, J. Vendetti, B. P. Connor, E. J. Haas

Health and safety indicators help mine sites predict the likelihood of an event, advance initiatives to control risks, and track progress. Although useful to encourage individuals within the mining companies to work together to identify such indicators, executing risk assessments comes with challenges. Specifically, varying or inaccurate perceptions of risk, in addition to trust and buy-in of a risk management system, contribute to inconsistent levels of participation in risk programs. This paper focuses on one trona mine’s experience in the development and implementation of a field-level risk assessment program to help its organization understand and manage risk to an acceptable level. Through a transformational process of ongoing leadership development, support and communication, Solvay Green River fostered a culture grounded in risk assessment, safety interactions and hazard correction. The application of consistent risk assessment tools was critical to create a participatory workforce that not only talks about safety but actively identifies factors that contribute to hazards and potential incidents. In this paper, reflecting on the mine’s previous process of risk-assessment implementation provides examples of likely barriers that sites may encounter when trying to document and manage risks, as well as a variety of mini case examples that showcase how the organization worked through these barriers to facilitate the identification of leading indicators to ultimately reduce incidents.

Jan 1, 2017

By R. Heiser, J. Vendetti, B. P. Connor, E. J. Haas

Health and safety indicators help mine sites predict the likelihood of an event, advance initiatives to control risks, and track progress. Although useful to encourage individuals within the mining companies to work together to identify such indicators, executing risk assessments comes with challenges. Specifically, varying or inaccurate perceptions of risk, in addition to trust and buy-in of a risk management system, contribute to inconsistent levels of participation in risk programs. This paper focuses on one trona mine’s experience in the development and implementation of a field-level risk assessment program to help its organization understand and manage risk to an acceptable level. Through a transformational process of ongoing leadership development, support and communication, Solvay Green River fostered a culture grounded in risk assessment, safety interactions and hazard correction. The application of consistent risk assessment tools was critical to create a participatory workforce that not only talks about safety but actively identifies factors that contribute to hazards and potential incidents. In this paper, reflecting on the mine’s previous process of risk-assessment implementation provides examples of likely barriers that sites may encounter when trying to document and manage risks, as well as a variety of mini case examples that showcase how the organization worked through these barriers to facilitate the identification of leading indicators to ultimately reduce incidents.

Jan 1, 2018

By Kevin W. Harris

Multiple-seam coal mining is a major issue in underground coal mining that adds additional complexity to the practice of ground control. As reserve exploitation is driven by economics, it is now difficult to mine coal without the existence of previous workings above and/or below the active seam; this is particularly true in the Appalachian coalfields. The frequency in which problematic multiple-seam interactions are now encountered has resulted in significant research regarding the underlying mechanisms of the problems and methods of mitigation. In the last few decades, a great deal has been learned about these interactions and the ability to minimize problems associated with these hazards has greatly advanced, resulting in better economics and improved safety. Minimizing the adverse effects of stress interactions often requires a thorough understanding of site-specific geotechnical parameters and previous mining geometry. This is especially evident in bump-prone ground, where pillar behavior is highly dependent on local conditions. This paper presents a case study in a deep cover, Central Appalachian coal mine where three bump events occurred. Initially, empirical design software was used in an effort to analyze the situation and prevent further instability. The empirical study proved ineffective. A detailed investigation of the bump events using the boundary element software LaModel 3.0 was then performed. This study resulted in a site-specific calibration standard that will be applied in numerical pillar design for the remaining reserve.

Jan 1, 2014

By Debasis Barman

TBM (TBM) mining in urban areas particularly under low overburden is a big challenge to design and excavate. During excavation of the Lucknow Metro project, in Uttar Pradesh, India the metro authorities encountered a design stretch where the TBM had to cross a sewer canal crossing of 15 m length under overburden of less than 1 m. Not only the stability of TBM due to uplift was of concern but also the stability of both banks. Most structures on the canal banks were non-engineered structures whose stability due to vibration of TBM was also of concern. Due to these risks, a method was proposed that met stability requirements for both ground and superstructures. The design was practical and cost effective to construct, and a collaborative exercise between the client, contractor and designer that took approximately 18 months to implement.

Jun 13, 2023

By Douglas F. Scott

This case study provides an example of how social marketing was applied to meet the needs of business customers. Federal regulations require that all companies develop a written program to track hazardous chemicals at their sites. The HazCom Writer, created by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), is a software tool designed to help companies prepare their required Hazard Communications (HazCom) written plan and list all hazardous chemicals at the company's worksite. The social marketing goal was to provide a product for small- to medium-sized companies to use for federal HazCom rule compliance. The HazCom Wm'ter is a direct NIOSH response to customer and stakeholder needs (including the Mine Safety and Health Administration, the mining community, and Occupational Safety and Health Administration- regulated companies).

Jan 1, 2009

Caissons hand dug to a depth of about 100 feet were used to underpin three important structures at an industrial site in the State of Utah. The caisson shafts extended through 30 to 40 feet of coarse, granular soils and 25 to 60 feet of sands and clays to bear on a very dense, coarse gravel and cobble stratum near the water table. The shafts were belled to 12 feet square at their bearing elevation. Bearing pressures of 20 ksf were assigned. The shafts were lagged with timber. The use of hand-dug caissons allowed continuous operation of the facility during underpinning. Settlements after underpinning have been minor and well within the estimated magnitudes. Instrumentation was placed in two of the caissons with varying degrees of success.

Jan 1, 2010

By K Young, M Martin, D Payne

This paper outlines the evolution of managing high consequence risk scenarios in BHP Coal, with particular focus on managing the stability of an endwall that is adjacent to a public infrastructure corridor running through a Central Queensland coalmine. BHP Coal developed a Geotechnical Consequence Register after industry failures identified shortcomings in traditional risk assessment practices. Traditional risk assessments consider the consequence and likelihood of a geotechnical event occurring under normal operational conditions. As such, the risk rating for a high consequence, low likelihood failure may fall within the acceptable range, even where a lack of meaningful geological data exists due to the area being off lease or outside of mining reserves. The Geotechnical Consequence Register lists all geotechnical failure scenarios of high consequence, identifies if current controls are adequate, and highlights if specific Geotechnical Management Plans are required. This case study reviews a failure scenario that was identified through the geotechnical consequence register. The scenario had previously been considered low likelihood and subsequently driving a low risk; however, the likelihood ranking was impacted by a lack of geological data outside of the mining lease and predominately informed by an acceptable historical slope behaviour. Additional exploration identified previously unmapped faulting which increased the risk rating. The requirement to develop a specific management plan resulted in an increase in the required factor of safety, design changes, the implementation of additional monitoring and a corresponding monitoring Trigger Action Response Plans (TARP). In the case study area, the initiation of a geotechnical instability was identified early through the increased monitoring program. The instability was successfully managed and any impact to the infrastructure corridor off lease was prevented. BHP Coal has used the Geotechnical Consequence Register for several years to identify and assess high consequence geotechnical failure scenarios. In some areas this has justified additional exploration, more stringent design acceptance criteria and an increased level of geotechnical monitoring. The process has been successful in ensuring that geotechnical risk is controlled in areas that often receive less attention than active production areas.

Nov 29, 2022

By R Crookes

Mine to Mill optimisation is not a recently developed concept. It is one which is finally gaining greater acceptance in the Australian Mining Industry, possibly as a consequence of the downturn in markets and certainly made possible by the development of tools and techniques to measure and predict performance of mining equipment and milling plants. Fragment size after blasting has a major bearing on the performance of all aspects of mining and a major influence on the economics of the mine and mill. The process to optimise fragmentation consists of identifying the key factors, measuring their sensitivity through a modelling and trialing program and conducting economic evaluations on the changes on both the mine and mill. Management of the Ernest Henry copper-gold mine in NorthernQueensland, Australia, has espoused the Mine-to-Mill concept and isactively pursuing excellence in blasting to drive down the total cost of mining. Ernest Henry has extremely hard, wet and heavily jointed geological conditions, and had high powder factors and a large percentage of oversize material reporting to the crusher or ROMstockpile. A blasting improvement program was undertaken betweenErnest Henry Mining, Thiess Contractors and Orica Explosives tooptimise the ore size distribution, particularly the oversize component, as a step to reducing production costs. Measures of success included bringing the rock breaker back from double shifts to part-time operation and increasing direct dumping into the crusher from 70 per cent to 92 per cent. Tools and technologies to predict and measure the performance ofindividual blasts are needed before it is possible to optimisefragmentation or the downstream processes. These include suchspecialised Orica Explosives tools as SABREX, POWERSIEVE, andPOWERLINE and commercially available drill monitors. As importantare the more common still and video camera, borehole loggers,measuring tapes, surveying equipment such as face profilers, and ahigh-speed camera if possible. There are many tools which can be applied however it is rarely necessary or possible to use all of them due to time constraints and a point of diminishing returns. The critical point is knowing what the true parameters of the blast were compared to design - only then can the predictive tools be effectively utilised. Stage one of the program has seen gradual improvement as theunderstanding grew and practices have been implemented resulting inreduced bridging in the crusher, geological mapping with respective blast designs and the oversize component under control. This paper is about a process approach which links tools and technology to understand the fragmentation drivers and then to optimising the size distribution.The continuous improvement program continues...

Jan 1, 2000

By R Crookes

Mine to mill optimisation is not a recently developed concept. It is one which is finally gaining greater acceptance in the Australian mining industry, possibly as a consequence of the downturn in markets and certainly made possible by the development of tools and techniques to measure and predict performance of mining equipment and milling plants. Fragment size after blasting has a major bearing on the performance of all aspects of mining and a major influence on the economics of the mine and mill. The process to optimise fragmentation consists of identifying the key factors, measuring their sensitivity through a modelling and trialing program and conducting economic evaluations on the changes on both the mine and mill. Management of the Ernest Henry copper-gold mine in Northern Queensland, Australia, has espoused the mine-to-mill concept and is actively pursuing excellence in blasting to drive down the total cost of mining. Ernest Henry has extremely hard, wet and heavily jointed geological conditions, and had high powder factors and a large percentage of oversize material reporting to the crusher or ROM stockpile. A blasting improvement program was undertaken between Ernest Henry Mining, Thiess Contractors and Orica Explosives to optimise the ore size distribution, particularly the oversize component, as a step to reducing production costs. Measures of success included bringing the rock breaker back from double shifts to part-time operation and increasing direct dumping into the crusher from 70 per cent to 92 per cent. Tools and technologies to predict and measure the performance of individual blasts are needed before it is possible to optimise fragmentation or the downstream processes. These include such specialised Orica Explosives tools as SABREX, POWERSIEVE, and POWERLINE and commercially available drill monitors. As important are the more common still and video camera, borehole loggers, measuring tapes, surveying equipment such as face profilers, and a high speed camera if possible. There are many tools which can be applied however it is rarely necessary or possible to use all of them due to time constraints and a point of diminishing returns. The critical point is knowing what the true parameters of the blast were compared to design -only then can the predictive tools be effectively utilised. Stage one of the program has seen gradual improvement as the understanding grew and practices have been implemented resulting in reduced bridging in the crusher, geological mapping with respective blast designs and the oversize component under control. This paper is about a process approach which links tools and technology to understand the fragmentation drivers and then to optimising the size distribution. The continuous improvement program continues . . .

Jan 1, 1999

By Rowe J

The case study is based on the largest ore deposit at Mt. Lyell; the Prince Lyell deposit, comprising a regular lensoid mass of dissemina- ted and vein pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralisation. Reserve estimation employs conventional techniques, based on diamond drill hole and relevant development sampling data. Probable ore reserves are estimated using the contouring (isoline) method an longitudinal projections for ore thickness and accumulation (m %Cu) at a '0.8% Cu' cutoff. Final stope and pillar res- erve estimates (proved ore) are derived from designed ring tonnages and contoured accumula- tion for individual mining units, following more intensive sampling. Systematic grade control procedures have been adopted and individual stopes and pillars reconciled against mill production. The proved ore estimates have been found to com- pare favourably with the reconciled production.

Jan 1, 1979

By Nik Sokol, Mike Jaeger, Leo C. Weiman-Benitez

Silicon Valley Clean Water signed a progressive-design-build (PDB) contract with Barnard Bessac Joint Venture (BBJV) to design and construct the Gravity Pipeline tunnel in Redwood City, CA. Owner and Design-Builder teamed with designer Arup to provide a final product: 3.3 miles of 182 in. O.D. precast concrete segmentally lined tunnel with 10 ft. and 11 ft. I.D. Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer Mortar (FRPM) carrier pipe, complete with two FRPM Drop Structures. BBJV and Arup collaborated with SVCW to evaluate alternative design concepts, negotiate an agreeable price and reduce contingencies through a transparent estimating process, and deliver the project ahead of schedule.

Jun 13, 2023

By Richard C. Travis, Edward C. Dowling

A detailed kinetic study of the flotation installation at the Metcalf Concentrator revealed a rougher flotation circuit operating under less than optimal conditions. Based on these results, a project was initiated to approximately double the rougher flotation capacity by increasing the installed volume from 780 cubic meters to 1,560 cubic meters. This project, which was completed in early 1991, replaced the existing cells with larger capacity cells. A comprehensive analysis of results demonstrates significant metallurgical benefits. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND The Metcalf Concentrator is located in Morenci, Arizona and is part of Phelps Dodge Morenci, Incorporated. Sumitomo Metal Mining of Arizona is a minority partner in the operation with 15% interest. The Metcalf Concentrator is the newer and smaller concentrator and operates in conjunction with the Morenci Concentrator. Operating capacity at Metcalf is currently 48,000 TPD of ore on a 365 days per year basis. The Metcalf Concentrator was commissioned in 1974 at a 30,000 TPD operating rate for the purpose of treating ores originating in the Metcalf Mine. The mine takes its name from the former town of Metcalf which was named for Robert Metcalf who was credited with discovery of the mineral district. The predominant ore mineral is chalcocite which occurs as a secondary enrichment closely associated with iron pyrite. The host rock is largely granodiorite and quartz monzonite. The original rougher flotation circuit consisted of a total of six rows of Wemco 8.5 cu. meter (300 cu.ft.) flotation machines treating pulp from the two grinding sections (Sections A and B). Each row was configured in a 4-4-4 arrangement. Shortly after startup the throughput rate was increased significantly without sustaining a recovery loss. This increase was achieved by raising the target value for the particle size of the cyclone overflow which is the rougher flotation feed. Shortly thereafter, the capacity of the pump and cyclone began to restrict further increases in throughput. After testing, two 66 cm. (26-in.) cyclones and a 12-in. X 12-in. centrifugal pump replaced the original classification equipment. As a result of these modifications, the grinding section could routinely process in excess of 42,000 TPD. Due to the increased tonnage rates, limitations in the rougher flotation circuit performance were observed. In an effort to improve the performance of rougher flotation with this higher throughput, the speed of the flotation mechanisms was increased from 230 RPM to 250 RPM. This change improved the suspension of the coarser feed and induced additional air into the pulp. It did, however, apply additional strain to the motors, shortening their life. At these elevated processing rates, it was found that the dart valves operated almost entirely at the top end of the control range and could not efficiently handle upsets from the grinding section. This was remedied by lowering the end overflow weir and allowing some of the tailings to overflow the end weir. However, in order to obtain acceptable recovery levels, the flotation pulp was maintained at a high level, adversely influencing the rougher concentrate grade.

Jan 1, 1993

By Donald E. Warnken

The Study concerns the estimation of fair market value (FMV) of non-producing mineral rights. Two approaches to value are used and the values determined by each are compared. The Study area environment is unusual. The tectonics is visible on surface rocks throughout much of the study area. The effect on mineral values in the exposed areas has been compared to areas where the tectonics is not visible.

Jan 1, 2005

By Noakes MJ, Willsteed TV

In the past few years an elevated gold price has resulted in the evaluation of many small scale surface gold deposits in Australia typically containing about 2-3 g/t Au. Operators have tended to assume that at the lower end of the grade spectrum only heap leaching is economically possible whereas above some assumed "cut-off" grade, carbon-in-pulp or similar techniques can be considered to have economic advantages.Studies made on a number of these prospects has indicated that this rather arbitary choice of treatment method can be mis-leading.A case study has been prepared assuming a "typical" situation and is presented. The deposit contains three million tonnes of ore assaying 3 g/t Au and is amenable to open pit mining methods. The mine site is remote but accessable and existing infrastructure is minimal. There are no unusual environmental constraints.

Jan 1, 1984

By M. K. Larson

The U.S. Bureau of Mines and Cyprus Shoshone Coal Corp. conducted a study of deformation mechanisms around a longwall gate-road system in an underground coal mine. Of particular interest was roof deformation over the headgate entry. The strata above and below the coal seam are very weak, carbonaceous mudstones that have planes of weakness oriented along the bedding. Visual observations of previous gate roads over several years suggested that deformation was time dependent and resulted in creep along joints or crack growth. Instruments were installed at a test site to measure deformation around the entry, strew changes in the pillar, and loads transferred to support systems. Multipoint extensometers, instrumented bolts, instrumented trusses, biaxial stressmeters, borehole pressure cells, and single-point extensometers were installed. Monitoring continued until the longwall face passed the test site by 38.7 m (127 ft). Results show that fracture zones arched over the entry from both ribs, most bolts and trusses were loaded past their yield point, and the largest change in secondary principal stress was almost horizontal in the pillar. Displacement measurements in the roof showed classic primary creep.

Jan 1, 1995

By John C. Stankus

The 3 Right pre-developed longwall recovery entry at Signal Peak Energy?s Bull Mountain No. 1 mine was designed to prevent the abnormal roof conditions encountered in its firsttwo recovery entries. Unique geological conditions, such as the low overburden of approximately 200 feet and prevalence of roof joints in the sandstone overburden, contribute significantly to abnormal conditions during longwall recovery. The 3 Right recovery entry was 42 ft wide and developed in two stages, 21 ft wide in each stage. The entry roof was reinforced with steel wire mesh/non-metallic recovery mesh, high-capacity primary bolts and cables. After all the support was installed, the entry was completely backfilled with specially designed, cuttable, low-density cement. The roof bolting and backfilldesign were based on current practices in this mine and successful practices in other mines in the U.S. and Australia. Extensive instrumentation was installed in the recovery entry for continuous monitoring of load transfer as the face approached and cut into the recovery entries. The support design was completely successful with a smooth cut-through on January 29 and 30, 2014, significantly reducing the shield recovery time and meanwhile protecting the safety of miners. Based on actual observance and practices of the 3 Right recovery entry, recommendations on improvement and modificationsof roof support for 4 Right recovery room are presented.

Jan 1, 2014

By K. Viking

It's well known that conventional impact hammers, usually are the method to use in order to drive precast prestressed concrete piles. However sometimes the vibratory technique might be considered as a suitable alternative due to favourable soil conditions. It is also well known that piles driven into granular soils can be installed more efficiently by the use of a vibratory driver compared with impact hammers. However, the use of the vibratory technique is seldom regarded as the first choice, since the technique is constrained by several uncertainties related to the pile capacity, and concrete piles to cope with tensile stresses. With the opportunities of having suitable subsurface conditions and a fair amount of piles to be installed, it was anticipated that the use of the vibratory method could result in a significant reduction of the installation costs. Part of the uncertainties of using a vibrator was intended to be eliminated by restriking the vibratory driven pile with an impact hammer and use a Pile Driving Analyzer? (PDA) to correlate recordings of soil resistance to driving with measured rate of penetration, and to evaluate the static capacity and load/settlement characteristics of the vibratory driven pile by conducting static load test. The conducted test study of using a vibrator to drive the precast prestressed test pile (14-in. square by 30-ft-long) did not turn out to the author's complete satisfaction. The present paper focuses mainly on a numerous practical engineering issues in relation to the use of the vibro-technique to drive precast prestressed concrete piles in granular soils. The obtained experiences of using a PDA to monitor vibro-driven piles, with its potential and limitations, is presented and discussed. Furthermore, a simple method of how to subjectively pre-estimate the soil resistance due to vibratory driving is presented and discussed. The reasons for the partly unsuccessful test study are discussed in great detail based on the obtained experiences. Suggestions of how to better approach a similar situation in the future are also provided in great detail

Jan 1, 2004