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By Billy Rosseau, Mike Cammack, Richard O’Meara, Gustavo Azpilcueta

During the summer of 2014, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) sought proposals to vastly improve and expand the small boat harbor in Valdez, Alaska. It would be a multi-year project, and construction was scheduled to begin in the spring of 2015. One aspect of the project was the construction of a 3,100 feet (1000 m) rubble-mound breakwater to protect a mooring basin. An estimated 208,500 tons (190,000 t) of rock, ranging in size from 160 to 3500 lbs (73 – 1600 kg), were needed to build the breakwater. The Glacier Point Quarry was selected as the rock source due to its proximity to the project and the quality of the rock meeting all of the USACE rock standards.

Jan 1, 2017

By Tamara Wiseman, David Stewart

"A Quarry located in Georgia is a green-field site established in 2011. The quarry lies in the eastern part of the Georgia Piedmont area. It is within a distinctive, northeast-trending belt of relatively high-rank metamorphic rocks known as the Kiokee Belt, a poorly mapped sequence of units that largely consists ofamphibolite and various schists and gneiss that are host for relatively young granite bodies andassociated pegmatite and aplite dikes."

Jan 1, 2017

By Bernard H. Hertlein

"When the Deep Foundations Institute (DFI) was founded, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) of foundation construction was rudimentary. Nondestructive testing (NDT) was a nascent technology, known to very few people, and very limited in its capabilities and applications. In the four decades since the DFI became a reality, NDT researchers and practitioners have taken advantage of technological advances to improve those existing testing and analysis techniques, and to create new ones that have all contributed to the engineering body of knowledge. This has enabled contractors to improve the quality and reliability of their products, and engineers to design more efficient foundations.Through its regular series of seminars, publications and annual meetings, the DFI has been vitally important in educating the deep foundations industry about the capabilities and benefits of NDT methods. In turn, NDT results have helped the industry identify problems in deep foundation construction, determine the causes of those problems, and improve design constructability and construction practices to increase the quality, reliability and efficiency of all types of deep foundations. This presentation reviews the evolution of several important NDT methods, and the contributions that they have made to foundation quality.THE BEGINNINGSThe Deep Foundations Institute (DFI) was incorporated in 1976 in the State of New Jersey as a 501(c)(6) non-profit association. The DFI is a consensus organization of Contractors, Engineers, Owners and Suppliers involved with the design and construction of all types of deep foundations. The purpose of the DFI was and still is to improve the planning, design and construction of deep foundations by educating all those involved, sharing best practices, and promoting the adoption of new technologies that improve quality, productivity or safety.This is well expressed in the current DFI Mission Statement: To bring together multi-disciplined individuals and organizations to find common ground and create a shared vision and a consensus voice for continual advancement in the deep foundations industry.At the time the DFI was born, nondestructive testing for verifying the quality and integrity of deep foundations was in its infancy, its growth constrained by the technology, or lack thereof. Some visionary engineers of the time understood the physics of the potential methods, and therefore the possible capabilities, but were frustrated by the lack of technology to work with. Electronic equipment was mostly analog, and the few digital data acquisition systems that were available had such slow sampling rates that they were incapable of recording rapid event sequences or short duration events such as those used in modern integrity tests. For example, Jean Paquet, a leading research engineer at the French National Construction Institute, (Centre Experimentale de Recherche et d’Etudes du Batiment et des Travaux Publics, or CEBTP) patented the frequency-based analysis procedure for the Transient Dynamic Response (TDR) method, aka Sonic Mobility or Impulse Response, in 1974, but it was not until 1977 that analog data acquisition systems became fast enough to turn his theory into a reality."

Jan 1, 2017

By X. Baolin, R. Guru, M. Peiravi, M. K. Mohanty, Z. Qian, R. Ma, Z. Yude, L. A. Ackah

"Acid mine drainage (AMD) is produced when exposed pyrite (FeS2) reacts with air and water to form an acidic solution that usually contain contaminant levels of heavy metal ions. AMD can potentially contaminate surface water and soil if not treated. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the removal of dissolved aluminum, iron and zinc metal ions from natural AMD using water treatment residue (WTR), a low-cost adsorbent. WTR sorbent generated as waste material in drinking water treatment plants (WTP) was characterized and utilized for the sorption of Al, Fe and Zn in AMD collected from an abandoned coal mine site in southern Illinois that generates approximately 20 gallons per minute of AMD. Sorption experiments were performed using batch technique to obtain rate and equilibrium data. The effects of various parameters on sorption capacities of WTR were observed by varying contact time, pH of the AMD and WTR dosage. The adsorption studies showed rapid uptake in general for the first 80 minutes for Fe and Zn but much earlier for Zn. Further increase in contact time did not show significant change in equilibrium concentration indicating the onset of adsorption equilibrium. After the batch treatment of the AMD water with the WTR, the removal of Al, Fe and Zn were 99.8%, 99.85% and 95.5% respectively. The pH of AMD increased from 2.64 to a near neutral point of 6.74 after treatment. The laboratory results show that the low-cost WTR, which is an abundantly available industrial waste, has proven potential to significantly reduce the high metal ions in acid mine drainage. INTRODUCTION Mining activities provide the basic raw materials needed for infrastructure development and economic growth world-wide. However, it is well recognized that mining activities have been the cause of a variety of environmental pollutions, including AMD. Water seeping out of an old abandoned mine is generally characterized by low-pH with heavy loads of dissolved sulfates (SO4) and metal species such as Fe, Al and Zn among other dissolved elements categorized as toxic metals. The Bureau of Land Management’s Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) program reported the existence of about 46,000 abandoned mines in the United States. Several environmental problems have been reported to be associated with these mined out sites such as heavy metal poisoning, loss of vegetation, air pollution etc. (Boulanger & Gorman, 2004)."

Jan 1, 2017

By K. M. Mayhew, G. D. Barr, T. M. McCoy, C. T. Knilans

"Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”) has developed and extensively tested on a continuous basis the CESL Technology hydrometallurgical process for treating copper and nickel sulphide concentrates, including bulk copper-nickel concentrates. Copper, nickel and cobalt are leached efficiently into solution, utilizing CESL process conditions. Total precious metals including gold, silver, platinum and palladium are recovered from the residue stream via sulphur flotation. This paper describes the CESL Technology testwork on a bulk copper-nickel concentrate derived from Twin Metals Minnesota?s (TMM) deposits within the Duluth complex and evaluates the economic benefits (increased cash flow, increased revenue certainty) and investment criteria (capital cost, payback and cash flow) of incorporating CESL Technology into the staged development of TMM?s deposits.INTRODUCTION Mineral Processing and the Role of Hydromet in the Duluth Complex The Duluth Complex in northern Minnesota, United States (US), represents one of the largest undeveloped accumulations of copper, nickel, gold, and platinum group metals (PGMs) in the world, ranking second in copper and PMs and third in accumulation of nickel. The figure below identifies some of the larger known deposits within the Complex (see Figure 1). Copper, nickel, PM and PGM mineralization within the Duluth Complex is hosted by mafic to ultramafic intrusive rocks that are part of the overall intrusive complex.One of the mineral processing challenges of Cu-Ni-PM-PGM deposits in this Complex is the complicated, polymetallic nature of the mineralization1: copper occurs primarily as chalcopyrite and cubanite with minor occurrence of talnakhite; nickel occurs as pentlandite and refractory nickel oxide/silicates; iron sulphides are present as both pyrrhotite and troilite; and PMs/PGMs occur in both the sulphide matrix as well as discrete minerals. An additional challenge for the Duluth Complex is the ratio between copper and nickel; in most of the identified deposits, copper grade is three to four times greater than the nickel grade, which precludes the production of a simple bulk concentrate due to the lack of a traditional smelting market for a bulk concentrate of this character."

Jan 1, 2017

By Yessica Idrogo

"Undoubtedly mining is currently the activity that brings a great development for all countries involvedin this industry, which means that to develop mining requires adequate explosive mixtures. The following work about AL/AN/FO is presented, knowing that this is a dry blasting agent, which iscomposed by ammonium nitrate, petroleum diesel N°2 and aluminum (AN, FO, AL). It is known that this dry blasting agent AL/AN/FO was invented by A. Baver Ph. D. in Marcona Mining Company, 12/12/1968, where in that investigation also worked Carlos Agreda Ph.D. as assistant of the mentioned inventor."

Jan 1, 2017

By Alice Y. Tseng, Dan MacLean

"Corrosion protection of all deep foundation systems made of steel is THE issue when considering durability of the element in the long term. Protecting steel from corrosion and maintaining the steel tendon cross sectional area ensures a competent and durable system. The foundation of a building is usually difficult to repair and therefore high risk is taken when unknowingly choosing a non-adequate solution.Requirements according to EN 1990 (Eurocode 0 or EC 0) on construction durability requires a service life over 100 years. How can a service life over 100 years be achieved? How shall bare steel be protected in soil, which sometimes could be an aggressive environment to the steel? Which corrosion protection methods are commonly used in Europe and in North America?This paper will focus on hollow bars used as Micropiles, Anchor piles and Soil Nails. It gives an overview about the state of the practice in regards to corrosion protection (including head construction) and evaluates different options following the European Standards focusing on type of material and method of installation. Further the different corrosion protective methods such as thickness of grout body, coating types and sacrificial loss are listed with the pros and cons evaluated.Based not only on North American standards like FHWA “Micropile Design and Construction Guidelines”, FHWA Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 7 for “Soil Nail Walls“ and Post-Tensioning Institute “Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors”, but also European standards like EN 14199 “Execution of special geotechnical works – Micropiles”, EN 14490 “Execution of special geotechnical works - Soil nailing”, EN 1537 “Execution of special geotechnical work – Ground anchors“, and other relevant standards, all possibilities of protecting the hollow bars and the steel quality will be introduced, discussed and compared ."

Jan 1, 2017

By H. Oterdoom, S. Pilger, T. P. Bui, J. Rotarius

"Most FeNi furnaces used to rely on post-combustion and off-gas cooling inside the furnace to eliminate the produced CO gas, and control the off gas temperature. As furnace load, capacity, and thus gas volumes increased over the years, this led to increased instabilities that can cause problems in controlling the operation. Some of the large capacity furnaces nowadays work with partial or full combustion outside the furnace, more similar to the steel industry. Forced combustion with or without enriched air and other additions can support in controlling post-combustion, stabilizing and even reducing off gas amounts, and affecting composition. This paper presents some of the possibilities and advantages of having a specially designed post-combustion system for the FeNi laterite industry, but that could also be applied to other processes as well.Large Scale Furnaces In the FeNi industry, the Rotary Kiln Electric Furnace (RKEF) process is still going strong in spite of continuous hope that hydrometallurgical processes will one day make the RKEF plant obsolete. Within the pyrometallurgical plants there is a continuous trend for larger scale furnaces. The development for a number of furnaces that were started before 1985 and increased capacity by “natural growth” is given in Figure 1. Natural growth refers to the development of the plants that after having mastered a certain level of operation, were ready for a higher load that could be installed either with a new furnace on the same site, or during a revamp. The advantages of natural growth are numerous, for example: •,Deep knowledge of the ore and its’ behavior, no need for testing, and little risk of surprises. •,Mining, laboratory, equipment, etc. is all proven technology for the conditions on site. •,Starting a furnace with increased capacity is a re-start, not a green-field commissioning. •,Typically, when increasing the production capacity of an existing plant, not the entire plant is commissioned for the first time, but only a part. In the FeNi laterite industry for example, the kilns may already have had the capacity to provide enough material."

Jan 1, 2017

By Charles M. Wilk, Lori Tiefenthaler

"Information presented in this paper can be used to support deep soil mixing, subsurface grouting and slurry wall technology as sustainable construction technologies. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the default cementitious material used by Deep Foundation Institute (DFI) Members for geotechnical work. Owners, engineers and contractors can contribute to the sustainability of a geotechnical project by increasing the use blended hydraulic cements and industrial byproducts to replace some of the OPC in mix designs. Sustainability is defined as the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources. Production of cementitious materials consumes natural raw materials and energy while also generating air emissions and waste. Life Cycle Assessments can be used to compare the relative environmental impacts of one cementitious material to another. Blended hydraulic cements (BHCs) are interground (or blended) mixtures of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) with OPC. Commonly used SCMs include fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and limestone. Examples of industrial byproducts commonly used in geotechnical work include coal combustion residuals (CCR) (aka fly ash), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Much of life cycle impact of these SCMs and industrial byproducts have already been borne by the industries that generated them. There is increasing awareness to LCA and sustainability of different materials used on projects. This is evident in the application of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program. The savings in environmental impact with the use of SCMs and industrial byproducts can make proposed use of these materials in a geotechnical project more attractive in terms of sustainability. This paper presents (a) information that compares published life cycle assessment data of OPC, BHCs, and slag cement (SC) to illustrate the potential benefits to sustainability and (b) general strategies for positioning a geotechnical application, use, project design or cementitious material mix as a more sustainable alternative"

Jan 1, 2017

By Jim Bruce, Naresh Gurpersaud

"The West Toronto Diamond project, under construction since 2006 and due to be complete in 2015, is a rail-to-rail grade separation project in the heart of urban Toronto. Once complete, a depressed corridor over 1000 metres long will take the CN tracks beneath the CPR tracks. An interlocking steel pile wall serves to retain ground and cut off groundwater. Remedial measures, constructed using jet grouting, were required at several locations within and behind the steel piles.At mechanical interlock joints damaged or suspected of being damaged, jet grouting was used to improve native soils on the retained side of the wall to reduce permeability of the soil mass in intimate contact with the joints to 10-7 cm/s. At a number of steel piles where groundwater and soil type combined to cause basal instability inside the pipes during the interim between excavation and concreting, jet grouting was used to construct temporary bottom seals. At locations near adjacent structures where the steel pile installation process resulted in disturbed ground on the retained side of the wall, jet grouting was used to strengthen and stabilize ground.This paper outlines the details of the various jet grouting applications, the respective testing programs implemented to demonstrate in situ permeability and strength of the soil-grout matrix, and performance of the constructed system.INTRODUCTIONThe West Toronto Diamond (WTD) is a junction of several railway lines, all intersecting at the same grade (Figure 1). A major grade separation project at this site commenced in 2006 and is scheduled to be completed in 2015. The whole of the work is comprised of multiple contracts, completed and/or ongoing, by different constructors. Once completed, a depressed corridor over 1000 metres long with over 23,500 m2 (face area) of retained earth will bring the CN tracks beneath the CPR tracks and eliminate a major bottleneck at the most heavily used rail crossing in Canada."

Jan 1, 2017

By S. Schade, G. Möllemann, C. Niestroj

"Mining environments, whether open-pit or underground, pose difficult conditions for any sensor system. However, the ever-increasing need for automation requires the application and use of sensor systems in order to gather relevant information required for process automation. Ultra-Wideband radio (UWB) is a robust technology well-suited for underground applications. These applications include positioning and communication. This paper introduces UWB and presents results from measurement campaigns in harsh environments. Using filtering and sensor fusion precise and robust positioning can be achieved even in confinements of underground mining environments. INTRODUCTION Indoor positioning systems (IPS) are gaining ever more importance. Especially in light of ongoing efforts to reach the goals of what was coined as Industry 4.0 by the German government, the development of IPS is inevitable. According to a recent report about the “Global Indoor Location Market Outlook 2019” a growth from $ 597 million in 2014 to $ 3961.8 million by 2019 is expected [1]. Hence, there is also an economic incentive to pursue this topic. The mining industry is profiting from this development as well, since IPS are the basis for the automation of especially mobile mining equipment. Ideally, indoor positioning systems offer to position the equipment continuously and, what’s more, even in real-time [2]. Different approaches are available for IPS. The difference of these systems lie in terms of accuracy, cost, precision, technology, scalability, robustness and security. [3] At the Institute of Advanced Mining Technologies (AMT) of RWTH Aachen University, research suggests that one of the more auspicious approaches for IPS in the mining sector is the employment of ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology. Because of this, there has been ongoing research into the best way to introduce UWB technology for the application in underground environments. The research started with an indoor positioning application, which only consisted of the UWB system. In the course of this, different algorithms were developed to enhance the system’s performance for the use in the mining industry. This led to the idea of sensor fusion in which the information of the UWB system are combined with infrastructure-independent technologies like inertial navigation systems (INS) and image-based technologies."

Jan 1, 2017

By R. Venugopal, V. K. Saxena, S. K. Tripathy

"This study was carried out to understand the impact of variation in material morphology on the efficacy of microwave pretreatment. Three different types of mineral matter – coal, iron ore and manganese ore – were treated with microwaves at different energy levels, from 180 to 900 W, for different time durations of one to five minutes. The treated samples were subjected to microscopic, milling and liberation studies. Coal is a porous and amorphous material with low dielectric constant, and grinding of the microwave-pretreated coal samples resulted in an 18.18 percent reduction in the 80 percent of passing particle size, or d80, and a 17.1 percent increase in carbon recovery. The microwave-pretreated soft and friable manganese ore samples showed a 47.82 percent reduction in d80 during grinding and higher manganese recovery of 42.46 percent during liberation analysis. The microwave pretreatment and milling of hard and banded iron ore reduced the d80 by 20.83 percent, but no improvement was observed in mineral liberation. Coal showed better results during treatment at lower energy levels of 180 W for one to three minutes, whereas the minerals needed higher energy of 900 W for five minutes. Particle size analysis indicated rapid size reduction up to an energy input of 25 Wh. This effect diminished with increased energy input.IntroductionComminution is an important unit operation in mineral processing plants for the purposes of size reduction and mineral liberation. But most comminution technologies are energy inefficient and only a small amount of energy is consumed in real size reduction, with the rest wasted. High-grade mineral resources have been exploited on a large scale for the last century, and the upgrading of low-grade resources is now required to fulfill the needs of industry. Pretreatment methodologies for comminution will play a crucial role in the upgrading of low-grade mineral resources. Researchers have studied various pretreatment methods to develop an energy-efficient and techno-economically viable solution to improve mineral liberation and product fineness with minimum energy consumption. Most of these studies were focused on the use of chemical additives, thermal, ultrasonic and microwave treatment, and electric disintegration (Klimpel and Austin, 1982; Norgate and Weller, 1994; Gaete-Garreton, Vargas-Hermandez and Velasquez-Lambert, 2000; Wilson et al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2010; Wang, Shi and Manlapig, 2011; Singh et al., 2012)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Brian E. Ladd

"A load test program was performed on two auger cast piles constructed in the Inner Coastal Plain geology of North Carolina. Both test piles were installed through Coastal Plain deposits and into underlying Piedmont residual soils; one test pile was embedded into partially weathered rock (PWR). The recommended 100-ton design load was confirmed by a test program that included instrumenting the piles with strain gages. The two piles performed differently during the load tests due to the effect of embedment into PWR. Loading Test Pile No. 1, which was not embedded into PWR, to failure at about 230% of the design compressive load allowed for evaluation of the mobilization of the ultimate shaft and end bearing resistances. Mobilization pile resistance was evaluated by comparing shaft and end bearing resistances to top of pile deflection (d) normalized by the pile diameter (D). For Test Pile No. 1, the ultimate average shaft resistance was achieved at d /D of about 7.5% and ultimate end bearing resistance at d /D of about 9.5%. Test Pile No. 2, embedded into PWR, achieved a d /D of only about 4% at 200% of the design load and was not loaded to failure. Shaft resistance was mobilized at a different rate within each individual geologic layer, i.e. ultimate shaft resistance did not occur simultaneously for all geologic layers. As the available total shaft resistance was exceeded and end bearing mobilized, the unit shaft resistances reduced from the peak values. A modified Davisson offset using d /D of about 6.5% appears applicable for evaluating the ultimate capacity of auger cast piles in the Inner Coastal Plain.INTRODUCTIONAuger-cast-in-place (ACIP) piling was developed in the 1940’s and patented in 1956 (Neely, 1991). Since patent expiration in 1973, ACIP piles are abundantly used in the United States, particularly in the southeast. However, most literature addresses driven piles constructed in sand and clay with lesser discussion of drilled piles. Conventional design methodologies (a- method, ß-method, SPT or CPT correlations, etc.) are based on data derived from numerous projects in a great variety of geologies. O’Neil (2001) notes that there are significant levels of uncertainty in the “universal” databases as evidenced by coefficients of variation of 0.35 to 0.40 for geotechnical parameters (su, SPT-Nvalue, etc.) used to estimate pile capacities.There is a need to develop local databases developed from data obtained from load tests that measure shaft resistance and end bearing. This paper presents the results of load tests conducted on axially loaded auger-cast-in-place piles constructed in the Inner Coastal Plain geology of North Carolina. Shaft resistance, end bearing, and movements that initiated mobilization of these resistances are described. The information presented herein can be used to refine geotechnical correlations and parameters applied in auger cast pile design methodologies."

Jan 1, 2017

By Mark Lee, Isobel Yeo, Sarah Howarth, Christian Millo, Javier González Sanz, Paul Lusty, Bramley Murton, Pierre Josso

"Seafloor cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts represent the most important yet least explored resource of ‘E-tech’ elements on the planet (Hein et al. 2003; ISA, 2008; Hein et al. 2010; Hein et al. 2013). These polymetallic deposits form a continuum from nodules rich in manganese and cobalt to crusts rich in tellurium and the heavy rare earth elements (HREE). It is this combination of traditional (base) metals and the extreme enrichment of ‘E-tech’ elements that makes seafloor ferromanganese oxide deposits particularly interesting to both science and society. Recent estimates of the global resource, based on the sparse data available, infers a dry mass of ferromanganese crusts on the seafloor of 35 x 109 tonnes (35GT). Of this, 3.7 GT is predicted in the Indian Ocean, 8 GT in the Atlantic, and 23 GT in the Pacific (Hein et al. 2013).At a global scale, the processes controlling the formation and distribution of ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts are reasonably well understood (e.g. Hein et al. 2000; Verlaan et al. 2004; Cronan 2006; Halbach et al. 1989; Usui and Someya, 1997; Hein et al. 2000; Hein et al. 2003; Hein et al. 2009; Hein et al. 2010; Hein et al. 2013; Muiños et al. 2013; Marino et al., 2016). However, much of this knowledge is drawn from sparse sampling at a regional to ocean basin scale. As a result, there remains a fundamental gap in understanding of the role of local-scale factors, such as micro-topography, ocean currents and upwelling, sedimentation rates, micro-organisms, water mass composition and biological productivity, that are considered potentially crucial to controlling the growth and composition of Fe-Mn crusts. Indeed, quantitative, particularly temporal, information relating to these processes and their relative importance in deposit formation is almost completely absent. Hence, to make any significant advance in understanding these deposits require significant new research."

Jan 1, 2017

By M. Javier

"Mining is the main activity that supports civilization. Actual mining presents contradictory concept to the health of the planet. Its business model is linear, fragmented and characterized by inefficiencies in the utilization of water, energy and mineral resources which generate waste and pollution. Before mining begins, it is critical to determine the vulnerability of the ecosystem and after mining, it is critical to determine the depletion of nature. Attending to these vital matters will require quantifying and measuring them. The purpose of this study is to provide and establish the metric to assess the performance and manage a sustainable future for our existence and that of our planet. This index is defined to measure and control Nature Friendly Sustainability (NFS) based on understanding nature. This index will determine the condition of nature constructed on the measurement of physical, chemical and biological equilibrium. Proposing a new mindset for mining design to satisfy nature’s needs would be to offer the same opportunities to future generations. Hence, sustainability is synonymous with equilibrium under a limited ecosystem. Nature is interconnected. Finally, this index of NFS is readable, standardized and relevant to keep nature’s needs in equilibrium. Establishing and NFS index is the next metric for humanity. INTRODUCTION There are a multitude of definitions of what sustainability is. Most of them are defined in terms of the corporate entity from which they emanate. The classical definition of management states that, “if we do not measure it, we cannot manage it.” Management of ecosystems is the definition of sustainability. Indicators of quantity and quality of sustainability are vital in order to create a metric for sustainability. These indicators will measure the depletion and degradation of nature as they occur through human intervention. The first step is to create a metric of sustainability to simplify its definition. The definition of sustainability is based on whether or not you consider nature to be finite or infinite, which is described in Nature Friendly Sustainability (NFS) [1]. The definition of NFS applies to any anthropogenic activity with an understanding of the equivalent activity in nature. That is to say, human activity with nature requires balance and equilibrium in order to be sustainable. The importance of this equilibrium is quantified in a set of metrics in order to establish measurement and acknowledge indicators for our dependence on nature. Sustainability is synonymous with equilibrium in any ecosystem that is limited and fragile. In the graph is the explanation of sustainability definition. See Graph 1"

Jan 1, 2017

By Leo Panian, Ryan Nagle, Priyanshu Singh, Gina Carlson, Wayne Magnusen

"This case study presents the design and construction of an integrated foundation and ground improvement solution utilizing deep soil mixing (DSM) and micropiles. 270 Brannan is a midrise office building in San Francisco that straddles the historic shoreline that was reclaimed in the 19th century. Subsurface conditions include shallow bedrock inland of the historic shoreline, and steeply dipping bedrock overlain by 60 feet of compressible deposits and liquefiable fill on the bay side. Project challenges included mitigating the liquefaction and lateral spreading hazards, addressing settlement concerns in the fill and the bay deposits, developing a cost-effective foundation support solution, assuring satisfactory seismic performance, and addressing construction restrictions with existing adjacent structures.DSM combined with micropiles was identified as the most cost-effective solution for the ground conditions. The DSM panels act both as a liquefaction mitigation mechanism and a foundation support system. Resistance to seismic overturning is provided by uplift-resisting micropiles. The DSM-micropile solution allows the use of efficient conventional spread footing foundations, integrating isolated micropile groups to anchor the shear walls. Successful installation of the system relied on a program of field testing to validate the design and conformance with the design criteria.INTRODUCTIONThe regular grid of surface streets within San Francisco’s South of Market (SOMA) district provides little evidence of the geotechnical complexities that lie below. In the late 1800s, sand dunes, bedrock hills, cliffs, marshes, and mud flats were flattened and filled, concealing their locations and characteristics. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire leveled many buildings in SOMA; new buildings were built after 1906 – often on top of rubble and debris from the structures that came before. Locally, the combination of natural geology and historical interventions can produce complex subsurface conditions that vary dramatically over short distances. This is particularly true at locations where tidal mudflats once met bedrock hills at the shore of San Francisco Bay.This case study describes an integrated foundation and ground improvement system implemented for a multistory “Class A” office building at a complex SOMA urban infill site. The system utilizes cement deep soil mixing (DSM) in combination with spread footings and micropiles to address a range of design and construction issues, including liquefaction and lateral spreading mitigation; consistency of earthquake ground motions; shallow foundation support; seismic uplift resistance; and avoidance of loading adjacent basement walls. The system was implemented by a technically-sophisticated owner through a process that included constructive collaborations between the project geotechnical engineer, structural engineer, general contractor, and specialty foundation and ground improvement contractor(s). The system is designed to cost-effectively provide a high level of seismic performance."

Jan 1, 2017

By Gavin Yuill, Kameron Ray

"The impact on vibration model accuracy by input data that is inaccurate was previously unknown, butthought to introduce significant error. This paper explores the impact of accuracy of different GPSreceivers, bulk truck density fluctuations, and charge weight location convention on the accuracy of the final vibration model output. GPS accuracy is compared between a professional Differential GPS, a “prosumer” GPS unit and a standard consumer GPS chip commonly found in cell phones. Bulk truck density fluctuations are compared from the density given by the operator and the actual cup density measured in the field. Charge weight locations explored are from the bottom of the blast hole, center of the powder column, and collar of the hole. The findings show that the weakest link in vibration model creation is actually low seismograph accuracy standards. Errors introduced from such are generally greater than those introduced from other sources."

Jan 1, 2017

By K. Miao, W. Mu, M. Sharma, A. Haas, N. Dogan

"The ever increasing demand for cleaner steels with low inclusion content has highlighted the limits of our current knowledge for controlling and predicting inclusion agglomeration and removal during liquid steel processing. Key knowledge gaps in this area result from the complex nature of the problems associated with measuring and visualizing the phenomena studied. Confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) allows for continuous in situ observation of micron-size samples in real time, at high resolution, under conditions relevant to the steelmaking process. This paper summarizes some of recent CSLM applications in our laboratory to illustrate the methods of analyzing transient behavior. The reaction between inclusions and slag is given as an example. The dissolution rate of calcium aluminate inclusions in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slags has been studied at elevated temperatures: 1500, 1550 and 1600°C as well as thermodynamic/kinetic analysis. It is found that total dissolution time decreased with increasing temperature. The rate limiting steps are discussed. It is shown that the diffusion through a product layer is responsible for dissolution at 1500°C. At higher temperature, dissolution is most likely controlled by both boundary layer diffusion and chemical reaction at the slag-inclusion interface. In this paper, the evidence for and against the theory will be critically examined and repercussions of the theory to steel refining processes will be discussed.INTRODUCTION Inclusion formation during liquid steel refining is an unavoidable consequence of current ladle steelmaking processes. The nature and quantity of the inclusions formed in steel is critical in steelmaking, as it affects both productivity through clogging, and downstream physical properties of the steel. It is therefore crucial to better understand and control the formation, agglomeration and dissolution behaviour of inclusions in a slag in order to improve the removability of inclusions from liquid steel. Most research (Sandhage & Yurek, 1988; Sandhage & Yurek, 1990a; Sandhuge & Yurek, 1990b; Sandhuge, 1991) relevant to the kinetics of inclusion removal has been obtained by using a technique where simulated inclusion material (ceramic rods) is dipped in slag and the dissolution rate is measured. While much has been learned using this approach, the difference in scale from bulk materials to inclusions is likely to have a significant bearing on the dissolution kinetics of inclusions in a slag and will certainly result in a very different influence of capillary effects. Further, the data obtained using an indirect (dip test) procedure relies on a comparison of the initial and final conditions of a sample rather than in-situ observation which can be achieved in a confocal microscope in real time."

Jan 1, 2017

By Alan Diaz Butron, Eng. Thierry Bernard

"In tunnel blasting the most challenging objective is definitively obtaining the maximum advanceassociated to a minimum overbreak. Achieving 100% of advance with no overbreak is the targetchallenge by Chavimochic Consortium. Chavimochic Special Project is an irrigation system that extends throughout much of the coast of the La Libertad Region, on the north coast of Peru. In 2012, it began management for construction of the third and last stage of CHAVIMOCHIC to irrigate lands of Chicama Valley, North of Trujillo. This project of 13 Km (8 mi) of various tunnels, it's a combination of technology and daily optimization by experienced people, which allow to accomplish the objective. Achieving this advance with no overbreak provide a huge saving on time. This paper describes the method, technology used, and the results obtained on more than 600 blasts done with conventional initiation system on the first 3 km (1.86 mi)."

Jan 1, 2017

By J. Groppo, W. Zhang, R. Honaker

"Rare earth elements (REEs) found in coal are in the form of minerals, ion-substitution with clays and organically bound. Rare earth minerals (REMs) such as monazite exist in coal and have a grain size less than 5 microns. Froth flotation was successful in concentrating REMs existing in a thickener underflow material derived from Fire Clay seam coal which contained around 300 ppm of rare earth elements (REEs). Conditioning with fatty acid followed by processing using multiple stages of conventional flotation produced a final concentrate containing 2300 ppm REEs. Using a laboratory flotation column, a concentrate containing around 4700 ppm of total REEs was produced equating to an enrichment ratio of 10:1. INTRODUCTION Rare earth elements (REEs) are becoming increasingly important and have been widely used as raw materials for the production of phosphor, metal catalysts, magnets, and batteries [1, 2]. REE recovery from alternative sources such as coal and coal by-products has the potential to stabilize the economic viability of coal mining operations while providing a dependable supply of critical materials. The average REE content of the world coal is around 60-70 ppm [2]. There are many well-known coal beds with high contents of REEs such as those in the Far East coalfields in Russia (300-1000 ppm), the Fire Clay coal seam in eastern Kentucky (500 ppm), and the Sydney Basin in Nova Scotia, Canada (72-483 ppm) [3-6]. The occurrence of REEs in coal and coal by-products can be classified into three types, i.e., rare earth minerals such as monazite and xenotime, ion exchangeable REEs in clays, and REEs associated with organic matrix. The particle size of the rare earth (RE) minerals in coal and coal by-products is very small and normally in the micron and/or nanometer scales. The flotation technique, which is based on the surface chemistry difference, has been widely used to treat fine rare earth industrial minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and bastnaesite [7-11]. As such, flotation is a promising method for the concentration of REEs from coal and coal by-products. In the current study, rare earth flotation was conducted using the fine coal refuse generated at an operating coal preparation plant treating coal from the Fire Clay seam. REE concentration by flotation required an appropriate amount of grinding and control of the pH value while using typical collectors. Prior to RE concentration, release tests were conducted to evaluate the floatability of the recoverable coal and the REE distribution in the flotation fractions in the fine refuse. Mineralogy of the REE was studied using SEM-EDX."

Jan 1, 2017