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By S. P. Polack

"INTRODUCTION The purpose of this circular is to correlate the information obtained during personal investigations at the sites of four rock tunnels in the process of construction and information obtained from the records and personal views of the constructors of two other tunnels that were not visited during the, excavation phase of construction and to present this information for the benefit of those who contemplate future construction of rock tunnels.Modern mechanized coal mining requires better, safer, properly alined haulageways and beltways; consequently, better understanding of tunneling methods by coal-mining men will be necessary. The possibility of future high-speed haulage systems utilizing rock tunnels in the more solid rock strata above or below the coal beds must not be discounted. In the past, tunnels have been driven for use in draining and unwatering inundated coal mines. At present, the need for such tunnels is very evident in some parts of the coal-mining regions, notably in the Pennsylvania anthracite fields, and studies along these lines are in progress. The average coal-mining man has little time or opportunity to visit tunnels while they are being exca-vated; therefore, it is hoped that this information will assist him in constructing tunnels safely if he is required to do so in the future.The tunnels described herein differ in size, shape, usage, and, in many instances, in their geological aspects. Full-face, heading and bench, and pilot-tunnel, and enlargement methods of excavation were utilized.The roof-support methods show diverse designs and materials of construction to suit each purpose and condition. The superiority of steel roof support over wood is demonstrated beyond doubt and is shown clearly in the photographs included in this circular.The illustrations (photographs taken by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the U. S. Corps of Engineers, and others) show many of the necessary steps taken during the excavation and the erection of roof support in tunnels under construction."

May 1, 1950

By Ricardo Melamed

Metallic mercury has been extensively used for gold recovery. Although the solubility and mobility of metallic mercury is low, this metal can undergo many transformations, leading to mercury contamination in humans. The complexity of Hg chemistry in the environment reflects its different possible oxidation states and species, with different physical-chemical properties. The interaction of Hg in the terrestrial system, as well as in the aquatic environment, is important to understand the mercury cycle. This paper reports data on the adsorption of Hg onto an Oxisol soil. Results show that the interaction of Hg(II) at the soil-solution interface depends strongly on ligand concentration in solution, which can affect Hg mobility. The presence of the chloride anion in solution increases the mobility of Hg(II) through the soil, due to a relative lower affmity of mercury chloride at the oxide surface. In the absence of chloride, Hg(II) form strong complexes with the surface, and its adsorption behaviour is similar to the adsorption of other hydrolizable cations.

Jan 1, 1996

By G. G. Bowser

THE time has come when, as your President, 1 turn the helm over to my worthy successor. When 1 was reminded by our Secretary that 1 had to prepare an address for this meeting, 1 was at a loss for a subject. In the hope of inspiration 1 perused the records of our Society for some years past. 1 found in these records that many problems in need of solution relative to industry in Nova Scotia were discursively dealt with and that sound thought was given to the solution of these problems, with a natural leaning, of course, to problems pertaining to the mining industry. 1 found also that some of the reasoning was remarkably prophetie. Some of these subjects and problems were: The use of pulverized coal to generate power instead of hydro-electric power; rural electrification; the importance of youth training for an efficient place in industry; the proper marketing of coal; the fuels competing with coal; the need for better in-dustrial relations between employer and employee; better education for success in the social field as applied to industry; and Canadian unity. The issue of some of these copies has been forced upon us by war. For instance, there appears to be no marketing problem for coal, nor does there ? seem to be a marketing problem for anything just at present. The problem of the coal producer just now is supply and transportation. Also, at present, coal fe.ars no competitors, such as oil-and not even hardwood. Many large companies now have an industrial Relations or Personnel Manager and department. Furthermore, we have been compelled of necessity to train our young men, and women also, for both industry and war. However, war does not solve these problems and, with the return to normal times, we may be faced with the same troubles in even greater measure. My reason for mentioning these copies is to point out that, as mining men, we are aU desirous of progress in every industry, not only the mining industry; and that mining men are able to see clearly ahead. In normal times, especially in matters not directly affecting the mining industry, we are inclined to let matters take their own good rime, or let the government do it. We do not seem to realize that these necessary and desirable changes can be made in times of peace-instead of being forced upon us by war or other social upheavals-by the method of sound thought and action to the desired end.

Jan 1, 1943

By Robert D. McKellar, Luke Frawley, Okrasa. Richard

"The resource industries in Canada are facing increasing global competition and stringent environmental regulations. This has made it essential for companies to lower operating costs wherever possible. Electrical energy rep-resents one variable cost that may be better managed and utilized, providing the user with lower operating costs, improved productivity and better yields.The utility industry is also facing changes in the way it must do business. Utilities in North America are facing the prospect of deregulation that will eliminate the monopoly they have traditionally held. This will force them to strive for lower operating costs, to maintain a competitive position and to improve customer ser-vice so as to maintain their customer base.Ontario Hydro has been working with industry for several years. Many opportunities for cost savings have been identified involving energy efficiency, process improvements and the use of new electro technologies. One useful service that the utility can offer industry is to increase the awareness of potential opportunities suited to their operations. This paper will provide an overview of some of the projects that have been implemented and those that are presently being evaluated. An electronic data-base of electro technology applications that is under development will also be described."

Jan 1, 1996

By G. Asai

The Bureau of Mines has been engaged in a program to increase the utilization of chromium by providing samples to individuals and institutions requesting chromium for research investigations. This report consists of a tabulation of the disposition of chromium samples distributed from July 1953 through June 1961; 109 requests for chromium were answered by providing chromium as electrolytic plate, powder, or wrought forms. The demand for samples reached a peak in fiscal year 1959 and declined to a relatively low level in fiscal year 1961. The largest number of requests came from individuals engaged in mechanical property studies; there were also many requests from those concerned with vaporized metal and physical properties studies. Most noteworthy application for chromium was the experimental use of the radioactive form, Cr[51], in radiotherapy of cancer.

Jan 1, 1964

By Jon I. Voltz

The U.S. Bureau of Mines has conducted fundamental coal fragmentation studies to evaluate the effects of impact energy and direction of bedding planes on dust generation, size distribution, and impact-output energy relationships. Product size distributions were obtained for the fragmented samples by screening to minus 150 mesh. The minus lS0-mesh fines were analyzed with a light scattering photometer with a measurement range of 176 to 1.9 /.tm. Increased input energy produced a significant increase in the weight of plus 3/8-in material for impact perpendicular to the bedding planes. No significant trend was observed for parallel impact. Impact direction had little influence on dust size distribution, and input versus output energy relationships. As expected, total airborne dust measured at time of impact and percent particulates below 11 /.tm in size generally increased with increased input energy for both directions of impact. Energy used for sample fragmentation increased with increased energy input.

Jan 1, 1989

By D. Harrington

"Up to the last 10 or 15 years, responsibility for accidents in mines was generally, though not universally, placed upon the person or persons immediately involved. Present-day thought is rapidly veering toward holding the industry responsible for accidents, with ultimate payment of the bill by the consumer, if financial expenditure should be necessary. While it is undoubtedly correct in principle that responsibility for accidents in and around mines should be shouldered by the employer and while it is probable that as time passes the burden will become even more definitely than now that of the mining companies, on the other hand it is an undeniable fact that large numbers of accidents occur through acts of omission or of commission of some person, very frequently the victim of the accident being the offender.Out of about 3,000 persons killed every rear in our -mines and quarries, nearly half or approximately 1,500 of the fatalities are due to falls of overlying material or of persons, about 500 to haulage, about 350 to fires and explosions, about 125 to explosives, approximately the same number to electricity, and about 300 to various miscellaneous accidents.Generally the accidents from falls involve but one or two persons at a time, and the tendency is now as it always has been to charge the victim or possibly a coworker with the responsibility. Usually this sort of accident occurs at or near a working face (statistics indicate that about 80 per cent of fatalities from falls of roof or rib occur near the face), and as it is Generally agreed that it is the duty of the worker to keep his working place safe, the worker and especially the face worker is given the blame in case of accident."

Apr 1, 1930

By A. Kamali Moaveni, A. Boehm

"The current research study addresses a physical separation process of basic oxygen furnace slag “BOF-Slag” (also called Linz-Donawitz “LD” slag) for the removal of phosphorous. In order to recycle the LD-Slag into the steelmaking process, the physical dephosphorization methods are considered. The systematic geometallurgical investigation carried out on particle classes of decreasing size, which were further subdivided into susceptibility classes, shows intimate intergrowth beyond 40 µm due to slag´s fast cooling rate. Generally, LD-slag is constituted of oxide and silicate phases, among which di-calcium silicate “C2S” dominates. About 0.5 mass% of phosphorous was detected in the LD- slag, which is exclusively situated in the lattice of the C2S. The comparatively high grinding resistance (Rittinger index 12.9 cm²/J) of the LD-slag reflects the energy demand to liberate the phosphorous carrying phase from the iron containing minerals, while separation efficiency decreases in the very fine particle size range. Hence, the conversion of the phase intergrowth pattern was considered alternatively to re-build the mineral phase structure of the material to a separable interlock pattern. Carbon dioxide, as the most convenient substance in the steelmaking plants, was applied to digest the C2S in the presence of water and to reduce the basicity of the slag slurry. As a result of C2S-CO2 chemical reaction, calcite and calcium silicate are precipitated at the surface of the oxide particles and carried between 25% and 75% of the total phosphorous, respectively. Accordingly, the mobility of the phosphorous content phase to the top of the grains serves the possibility to separate the precipitated layer by mechanical attrition process. This paper is focused on the impact of the intergrowth pattern alteration on the slag´s separability characteristics. Moreover, the operating conditions of the carbonization process, such as temperature and pressure, on the deconstruction kinetics of the C2S and the generated products will be considered. INTRODUCTION The steelmaking BOF-Slag is a stony aggregate waste from the steel manufacturing process. The investigated slag by the current research work was provided by voestalpine steelmaking plant in Linz, Austria. The current legislative situation in Austria restricts the historical application of slag as construction material, due to the high level of heavy metals content and corresponded land-filling and transportation costs of slag, therefore the demand for recycling of BOF-Slag to the steelmaking process has raised, as an alternative application. Statistically, voestalpine steelmaking plant produces about 130 kg BOF-Slag per ton of final steel product, which serves annual BOF-Slag production of 700,000 ton, approximately."

Jan 1, 2018

By Jürg Künzle

Underground construction is a matter of dealing with the inherent uncertainty of subsurface geology. If the encountered conditions are less favorable than the expected ones, the execution of excavation, support, ground treatment or lining works is likely to require more or different efforts than anticipated, thereby delaying the works and increasing the costs. The 2019 first edition of the FIDIC Emerald Book model contract (FEB) addresses many of the issues to which underground works give rise, including those related to differing site conditions (DSC). This paper examines how under the FEB disputes arising from or in connection with DSC could or should be avoided.

Jun 13, 2021

By Kexin Jiao, Huichang Song, Zhijia Zhang, Jianliang Zhang, Zhengjian Liu

A clear understanding of iron carburization reaction occurring between molten iron and carbonaceous materials is of great importance in blast furnace, and it is one of the hot spots that ironmaking workers pay close attention to. Although carburization rates between iron and coke have been studied, the factors directly controlling it have not been clearly identified. This study focused on the kinetics analysis of iron carburization reaction. Sulfur content was determined as having positive influence on graphite carburizing reaction rate in the range of 0.02% - 0.06%. The values of apparent activation energy calculated by the experiment are consistent with the existing literature, which in turn proved the reliability of the experimental data.

Jan 1, 2015

By David B. Reger

Wildcat drilling for new supplies of gas and the expansion of previously discovered oil and gas pools were the principal petroleum activities in West Virginia .during 1942. Much of the new gas exploration is still uncompleted and still indecisive but various wildcats made substantial extensions to existing pools. Out of 53 wildcats drilled 27 resulted in commercial gas and 6 in commercial oil. Four of the oil discoveries also had commercial gas. No strictly new pools of oil or gas can safely be described as discovered but several scattered oil and gas wells previously drilled have been confirmed as the openers of definite pools; also, various completions closed wide gaps between apparent gas pools already discovered. The proved oil territory of the state was increased about 4850 acres and the proved gas territory about 51,000 acres. The new proved oil reserves should about balance withdrawals and the new gas may represent a substantial increase. Aside from the drilling in four rather lively pools, oil activity was slight because of unfavorable operating conditions and prices. Gas drilling also declined for reasons beyond the control of the operators. The account of operations, as gathered from trade journals and other reporting services, shows that 797 new wells were drilled, providing 119 new oil wells with 2762 bbl. of daily new production; 536 new gas wells with 1,228,501,000 CU. ft. of daily open flow: and 142 dry holes. Also... 76 old wells were drilled to deeper sands, with 71 bbl. and 26,034,000 cu, ft. of added production. On the new wells the oil average was 23.21 bbl. per well per day; and the gas average was 2,270,406 CU. ft. per well per day. On new wells the ratio of dry holes to completions was 17.82 per cent. On deeper drilling the ratio of failures was 21.05 per cent. Production of oil for the year was estimated by the Oil ad Gas Journal as 3,492,000 bbl., as compared with 3,378,000 bbl. in 1941. Production of natural gas for the year is estimated by the author as 220,000,000,000 cu. ft., as compared with the U. S. Bureau of Mines final figures of 207,000,000,000 cu. ft.* in 1941. General State op Industry Leasing of wildcat acreage increased considerably. The total land of all classes under lease may now exceed 5,000,000 acres. Taking into consideration completions, abandonments and corrected figures or estimates, Table I shows cumulative and late annual statistics. New Pools and Extensions Table 2 shows the principal areas of drilling activity during 1942. Various consolidations of territory, hitherto treated as separate pools, have been made. in addition to these active pools, extensive drilling was done in numerous other areas where pool boundaries can hardly be defined. Summary or Exploration Table 3 gives a summary of important wildcat or exploratory wells drilled during

Jan 1, 1943

By David B. Reger

Wildcat drilling for new supplies of gas and the expansion of previously discovered oil and gas pools were the principal petroleum activities in West Virginia .during 1942. Much of the new gas exploration is still uncompleted and still indecisive but various wildcats made substantial extensions to existing pools. Out of 53 wildcats drilled 27 resulted in commercial gas and 6 in commercial oil. Four of the oil discoveries also had commercial gas. No strictly new pools of oil or gas can safely be described as discovered but several scattered oil and gas wells previously drilled have been confirmed as the openers of definite pools; also, various completions closed wide gaps between apparent gas pools already discovered. The proved oil territory of the state was increased about 4850 acres and the proved gas territory about 51,000 acres. The new proved oil reserves should about balance withdrawals and the new gas may represent a substantial increase. Aside from the drilling in four rather lively pools, oil activity was slight because of unfavorable operating conditions and prices. Gas drilling also declined for reasons beyond the control of the operators. The account of operations, as gathered from trade journals and other reporting services, shows that 797 new wells were drilled, providing 119 new oil wells with 2762 bbl. of daily new production; 536 new gas wells with 1,228,501,000 CU. ft. of daily open flow: and 142 dry holes. Also... 76 old wells were drilled to deeper sands, with 71 bbl. and 26,034,000 cu, ft. of added production. On the new wells the oil average was 23.21 bbl. per well per day; and the gas average was 2,270,406 CU. ft. per well per day. On new wells the ratio of dry holes to completions was 17.82 per cent. On deeper drilling the ratio of failures was 21.05 per cent. Production of oil for the year was estimated by the Oil ad Gas Journal as 3,492,000 bbl., as compared with 3,378,000 bbl. in 1941. Production of natural gas for the year is estimated by the author as 220,000,000,000 cu. ft., as compared with the U. S. Bureau of Mines final figures of 207,000,000,000 cu. ft.* in 1941. General State op Industry Leasing of wildcat acreage increased considerably. The total land of all classes under lease may now exceed 5,000,000 acres. Taking into consideration completions, abandonments and corrected figures or estimates, Table I shows cumulative and late annual statistics. New Pools and Extensions Table 2 shows the principal areas of drilling activity during 1942. Various consolidations of territory, hitherto treated as separate pools, have been made. in addition to these active pools, extensive drilling was done in numerous other areas where pool boundaries can hardly be defined. Summary or Exploration Table 3 gives a summary of important wildcat or exploratory wells drilled during

Jan 1, 1943

By J. F Haseman, J. E. Davenport

In the brown rock phosphate fields of Tennessee there are large deposits of phosphate matrix in which quartz is a major constituent of the gangue, and which cannot be beneficiated by the conventional washing process to yield a concentrate of suitable grade for use in the electric furnace. A huge tonnage of high-grade phosphate concentrate is produced in the Florida pebble district from low-grade siliceous feed. However, the characteristics of the low-grade siliceous Tennessee ore are such that flotation under the conditions employed in treating the Florida ore1,2 results in inadequate beneficiation. Investigation of Flotation Methods Flotation has been used in 'Tennessee primarily to produce a concentrate of premium grade by moderate enrichment of a marketable grade of phosphate. 3,4 A secondary use was to increase the recovery of phosphate from the fines (down to approximately 200 mesh) from medium-grade ores with a concomitant moderate increase in over all grade.3,5 It was considered desirable to investigate methods of improving the grade of washed products from low-grade siliceous Tennessee ore when these products were substantially below the requirements for use in the electric furnace. The present paper describes the results of a laboratory-scale study of factors that affect the beneficiation of such siliceous phosphate ore by flotation. The primary objective of the investigation was to ascertain the conditions under which the ore could be made to yield a concentrate suitable for reduction in the electric furnace. It was assumed that a phosphate concentrate for electrothermal reduction should contain at least 26 pct P2O5 and should have a weight ratio of silica to lime of not more than 0.80. Since a concentrate of moderate grade can be used in the electric furnace, and since, as Grissom4 has shown in detail, the ore will not bear the cost of expensive treatment, the study of collectors was limited to the relatively inexpensive fatty acids. A secondary objective was to determine whether a portion of the phosphate could be recovered in a grade suitable for treatment with phosphoric acid to produce 45 pct superphosphate. The ore consisted of variably cemented sand interlayered with clay. The sand layers were composed of grains of quartz, phosphate, and clay embedded in a matrix of clay and phosphate. Some clay was finely disseminated in the phosphate grains. Little massive high-grade phosphate was present. The material used in the flotation tests was a washed sand that had been separated from the ore in a bowl classifier at the TVA phosphate-washing plant. The percentage composition of the sand was as follows: P2O5, 20; SiO2, 40; CaO, 29; Fe2O3, 2; Al2O3, 3; F, 2.3. The particle-

Jan 1, 1948

By J. F. Haseman, J. E. Davenport

In the brown rock phosphate fields of Tennessee there are large deposits of phosphate matrix in which quartz is a major constituent of the gangue, and which cannot be beneficiated by the conventional washing process to yield a concentrate of suitable grade for use in the electric furnace. A huge tonnage of high-grade phosphate concentrate is produced in the Florida pebble district from low-grade siliceous feed. However, the characteristics of the low-grade siliceous Tennessee ore are such that flotation under the conditions employed in treating the Florida ore1,2 results in inadequate beneficiation. Investigation of Flotation Methods Flotation has been used in 'Tennessee primarily to produce a concentrate of premium grade by moderate enrichment of a marketable grade of phosphate. 3,4 A secondary use was to increase the recovery of phosphate from the fines (down to approximately 200 mesh) from medium-grade ores with a concomitant moderate increase in over all grade.3,5 It was considered desirable to investigate methods of improving the grade of washed products from low-grade siliceous Tennessee ore when these products were substantially below the requirements for use in the electric furnace. The present paper describes the results of a laboratory-scale study of factors that affect the beneficiation of such siliceous phosphate ore by flotation. The primary objective of the investigation was to ascertain the conditions under which the ore could be made to yield a concentrate suitable for reduction in the electric furnace. It was assumed that a phosphate concentrate for electrothermal reduction should contain at least 26 pct P2O5 and should have a weight ratio of silica to lime of not more than 0.80. Since a concentrate of moderate grade can be used in the electric furnace, and since, as Grissom4 has shown in detail, the ore will not bear the cost of expensive treatment, the study of collectors was limited to the relatively inexpensive fatty acids. A secondary objective was to determine whether a portion of the phosphate could be recovered in a grade suitable for treatment with phosphoric acid to produce 45 pct superphosphate. The ore consisted of variably cemented sand interlayered with clay. The sand layers were composed of grains of quartz, phosphate, and clay embedded in a matrix of clay and phosphate. Some clay was finely disseminated in the phosphate grains. Little massive high-grade phosphate was present. The material used in the flotation tests was a washed sand that had been separated from the ore in a bowl classifier at the TVA phosphate-washing plant. The percentage composition of the sand was as follows: P2O5, 20; SiO2, 40; CaO, 29; Fe2O3, 2; Al2O3, 3; F, 2.3. The particle-

Jan 1, 1948

By W. P. Haynes, A. J. Youngblood, J. J. Demeter

Synthesis of high - Btu gas , using the Fischer - Tropsch reaction was investigated in a tube - wall reactor of 2 - inch steel . The catalyst was carbonexpanded iron ( CEI ) , formed on the walls of a steel reactor by exposing the reactor to 1H₂ + 100 synthesis gas under certain conditions . Advantages to be gained from successful development of the CEI - coated tube- wall reactor are elimination of catalyst plant and catalyst handling and charging operations , high- temperature operation , and a relatively low- cost , reactor -heat recovery system . In one test ( TW- 8 ) in which the reactor was filled with CEI , the reactor was operated for 1,910 hours before the test was stopped because of excessive pressure drop caused by carbon deposition . The pressure drop was satisfactory for 1,000 hours of operation at an hourly space velocity of 300 , but it increased rapidly at space velocities of 600 and 1,000 . When operated at a space velocity of 300 , with a ratio of 1 to 1 recycle at 534 ° C , a conversion of 72 percent of the 3H + 100 synthesis gas was achieved . The product gas had a heating value of about 610 Btu per cubic foot and could be suitably upgraded to 900 - Btu gas by subsequent use of a nickel catalyst . CEI did not operate effectively as a film catalyst under conditions of generation tried in this study . Generally , operation of the 2 - inch reactor with CEI catalyst was unsatisfactory because of poor reproducibility of the activation step and poor temperature control resulting in high- operating temperatures and eventual plugging of the reactor . Tests using CEI in fixed , packed beds suggest that the most likely application for CEI in producing high - Btu gas would be a moving - bed reactor , where sufficient bed movement and heat removal are provided to prevent plugging .

Jan 1, 1964

By G. Asai

The Bureau of Mines has been engaged in a program to increase the utilization of chromium by providing samples to individuals and institutions requesting chromium for research investigations. This report consists of a tabulation of the disposition of chromium samples distributed from July 1953 through June 1961; 109 requests for chromium were answered by providing chromium as electrolytic plate, powder, or wrought forms. The demand for samples reached a peak in fiscal year 1959 and declined to a relatively low level in fiscal year 1961. The largest number of requests came from individuals engaged in mechanical property studies; there were also many requests from those concerned with vaporized metal and physical properties studies. Most noteworthy application for chromium was the experimental use of the radioactive form, Cr61 in radiotherapy of cancer.

Jan 1, 1964

By David C. Peters, Robert S. Crosson

A method of error analysis has been applied to the location technique of non-linear least squares iterative inversion in order to evaluate the resolving power of several seismic array configurations with various assumed earth models and errors and inaccuracies in arrival times. The results obtained demonstrate that lateral accuracies of location are improved significantly when the depth of the miner is known. Lateral location to within 100 feet appears achievable in many instances. If it is possible to refine earth models significantly beyond what has normally been assumed in this work by the use of on-site data, or if the mine is shallow (300 feet or less), accuracies of-about 30 feet or so may be attainable. Inaccuracies in earth models of about 5% are found to contribute much more heavily to these location inaccuracies than errors of a few milliseconds in picking arrival times; however, arrival time errors of 15-20 ms or above will dominate these model inaccuracies. The expected accuracy of location is found to fall off very rapidly as the miner moves outside the array. The strength of this effect depends markedly upon the geometry of the array configuration and can be reduced by careful design. Also, as the size of the array is increased, expected location errors within the array are not altered much, but continue to match the error associated with the smaller array over a larger area (assuming that all stations can still pick up the miner's signals). Better location accuracy, especially with respect to depth control is achievable in an earth where the velocity is depth-dependent (increasing with depth) than in one which is homogeneous. This is an advantage since the

Jan 1, 1974

By I. Mazalov, G. Ospanova

Introduction Today, uranium is of great interest because of its application to nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Kazakhstan has been an important source of uranium for more than fifty years. All uranium products are exported. Results In Kazakhstan uranium exploration started in 1948 and developed in several parts of the country thru mining of hard rock deposits. There are known around 50 uranium deposits in six provinces: Shu-Sarysuyskaya (57%), North Kazakhstan (18%), Syrdaryinskaya (15%), Ilyiskaya (7%), Caspian (2%), Balkhash (1%). In the Northern Kazakhstan province, KazSabton took over Tselinny Mining & Chemical Co in 1999. In this province the stockwork is of Paleozoic and Paleozoic folded complexes origin. In the Balkash province some mining of volcanogenic deposits occurred during the Soviet era. This province’s stockwork is of Endogenous origin.In the Ili province uraniumis mainly found in uranium-coal deposits formed by oxidation of the lignite beds roofs. In the Caspian province the Prikaspisky Combine operated since the 1960s a major mining and processing complex on the Mangyshalk Peninsula. This led to the founding of Aktau. It was privatised as Kaskor in 1992 and operations ceased in 1994. The uranium occurrence is associated with the phosphorous from fossil fish bone detritus conglomeration. In the Chu-Sarysu province, which has more than half the country's known resources, both Stepnoye and Tsentralnoye have been operating since 1978 and 1982 respectively. Uranium mineralization occurred in the regional stratum oxidation zones. In the Syrdarya province slightly to the west of the province’s center the No.6 Mining group has been operating since 1985. Uranium mineralization occurred in the regional stratum oxidation zones.

Jan 1, 2007

By G. H. K. Pearse

Long range transport of pollutants, particularly of sulphur dioxide and the associated acidic precipitation, has received much attention in the press and in international discussion during the last few years. Studies revealing increasing acidity of lakes and the dying out of fish populations over broad regions of the eastern half of North America have created alarm. In this paper, I will not attempt a description of the acid rain phenomenon. For this r recommend the balanced treatment of the subject by Gene Likens et al (1979) in Scientific Americana For my purposes I accept that the problem is serious and direct my attention to exploring a solution. Ultimately, the key lies in the answer to the question; "What do we do with the enormous tonnages of pollution abatement byproducts, chiefly sulphur compounds, that would arise from pollution control?"' Little thought has been given to this most limiting factor to environmental clean-up. This is symptomatic of a basic flaw in the [philosphy] that under-ins environmental policy. Although this paper is to propose a solution to the abatement byproduct problem, the basic flaw - the firmly entrenched, universally adopted, 'polluter pays [philosphy] as it is currently [understood] - needs some comment.

Jan 1, 1981

By D.G. Osborne

Each month abstracts of the papers selected for the Annual Bound TRANSACTIONS Volume will appear on this page. Since the Annual Bound Volume will not be published until the spring of next year, this will give people an opportunity to order copies of the papers earlier. If you would like copies, fill out the coupon below and return it to SME-AIME. Each copy will cost

Jan 1, 1985