Search Documents

By A. A. Steel

(Spokane Meeting, September, 1909.) DURING. the summer of 1905 I was employed by the U. S. Geological Survey to investigate the geology, Mining, and preparation of barite in most. of the fields of the United States. The Eastern districts have been more or less completely described ; the Virginia field in detail by Thomas L. Watson, in his paper, Geology of the Virginia Barite-Deposits,' and other fields in abstract., including statistics of production and references to current literature, by various authors .2 There have also been published a few details of the occurrence of barite in the lead-mines of Washington county, Mo.3 The other accounts of this district are erroneous and meager, and since this field is the most important one in the United States at the present time, a detailed description of the local geology seems doubly desirable. Barite-deposits are scattered over nearly the whole of Washington and adjoining counties, but. the product, is all mined from the areas indicated upon the sketch-map, Fig. 1, and is shipped from the stations of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain &. Southern railway, between Blackwell and Potosi, from 45 to 60 miles SW. of St.. Louis. The topography is for the most part gently rolling, with slightly graded streams, usually less than 200 ft. below the higher hill-tops. Along Mineral fork and Indian creek are :some steep bluffs and cliffs, affording good exposures of the

Feb 1, 1910

By F. S. Crawford

The wide variation in the medical facilities, type of accident reports and provision for the welfare of employees, in addition to the compensation provided by the various State laws,- was -studi-eci, by the.. wri-ter in the Lake .. Superior_ r.egion . .. - -Several cDmpanies f~rnished. the information which follows. Names have been omitted , ~ut the information should be of .intere·st to companies desirous of improving t_his branch of thej..r accident-prevention work. : . . --Because a summary of the metho.ds used would merel:y: result in _ a.n a.ttempt to set _up an ideal, it was concluded that in preparing this paper a statem.ent .of_ tbe individual methods of -each company wou-l d .b-e .Qf .. the most inte-res.t, . and the.y h~ve . been .. li.steq with .no regard to the size of the company . . ··· -In the - appendix are -a -number of report. forms used by .various _operators for reporting accidents to t he company and .to the State. These are self- explanatory. and many a re mentioned in -the body of circu-1-ar-.

Mar 1, 1932

By V. O. Murray

Gentlemen: I'm glad to see the crowd that's here this morning, glad to renew acquaintances with many old friends, and if you'll look at the program you'll see a heading there which states that as President I have the honor and pleasure to be here to address the membership of this meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute, this being the 49th regular meeting. The tentative schedule of this gathering lists on the program the "President's Address," and I want to assure you that this will not be an address or a lengthy speech. It's said that a good speaker is one who arises to the occasion and then promptly sits clown, so please be at ease for I intend to sit clown very soon. There are other men here who have spent time writing and preparing papers on subjects that are to come up for discussion at this meeting, which will be, I'm sure, more interesting than what I have to say this morning; so again I'll say, we'll get this part of the program under way promptly.

Jan 1, 1953

By K. M. Mohamed, R. K. Zipf

The shear strength properties of generic cement foam material and cement foam/concrete interfaces were examined at three testing scales. In laboratory direct shear tests on specimens with average shearing area of 0.006 m2 (10 in.2), the cement foam material had average peak and residual shear strengths of 0.88 MPa (128 psi) and 0.39 MPa (56 psi), respectively. Depending on the concrete strength, the cement foam/concrete interfaces had peak and residual shear strengths ranging from 0.71 to 0.81 MPa (103 to 117 psi) and from 0.27 to 0.29 MPa (39 to 42 psi), respectively. In laboratory direct double shear tests on specimens with average shearing area of 0.084 m2 (130 in.2), the cement foam/concrete interfaces had average peak and residual shear strengths of 0.17 to 0.30 MPa (25 to 44 psi) and of 0.11 to 0.23 MPa (16 to 33 psi), respectively. In large shear tests of simulated cement foam seals with the Mine Roof Simulator (MRS) test frame, cement foam/concrete interfaces with shearing area of 1.486 m2 (2,304 in.2) had average shear strengths of about 0.08 and 0.16 MPa (11 and 23 psi) along the roof and floor interfaces, respectively. The average shear strength through the cement foam material was 0.38 MPa (55.3 psi). Finite element analysis of the large seal tests and the back analysis of the shear strength of full-scale cement foam seals conducted at the NIOSH Lake Lynn Laboratory confirmed shear strength of about 0.14 MPa (20 psi) along the seal/rock interfaces. The study concluded that the structural analysis of cement foam seals should be based on their residual shear strength determined from small laboratoryscale tests of the cement foam/concrete or rock interface and not be based on their peak strength.

Jan 1, 2014

By Walter W. Kaufman

The braking performance of underground, rubber-tired, coal mining vehicles is evaluated. Surveys of mining equipment and braking manufacturers and underground stopping tests are discussed as they relate to this evaluation. Stopping performance recommendations are proposed.

Jan 1, 1977

By Michael L. Clar

The U.S. Bureau of Mines contracted a study to determine the feasibility of water diversion and overburden dewatering for underground coal mines in the Appalachian Region. All relevant published literature pertaining to the occurrence and control of surface and groundwater in underground coal mines was reviewed and organized into a bibliography. The impacts of mine water with respect to health and safety, production, environment, and costs were assessed. Sources of water inflow into underground mines were described. A summary description and evaluation of techniques that can be used to reduce the amount of water entering underground coal mines was prepared. A review of engineering practices currently used by operating coal mines in the Appalachian region to prevent the movement of ground and surface water into active coal workings was conducted. Major emphasis was placed on the identification of the geologic and hydrologic con¬dition of the site, onsite inspection of the methods used and an evaluation of their technical and cost effectiveness.

Jan 1, 1981

[lllc purpabr at thla report Vd, Lu JeLermlnr the health ar1J sdfet?; Nene11Le a octatc?J ultll Lne oar L.t support Ydlll ..up.I,ated lu dltetllative cupPurt svsLem, larrellLty hcle.g uaeJ af the Len,::rat 1, UI.Jlng 11-al tl. .1 a d 1 c L V h S LIdl'. L dal. I -ten- lu L he tt I .. L'., etuJ I e. 11'? L_1,1'1,11 .Jtd.. it, ..urn,at'l core ,LuJICCill JhLdll, an.: ...,La -IL .utia_tel .an LI?r oar of -l: l,.!rl .a..a. Ma terI.I auJ ...11,mc[Ii -ldla,tutcle 11. LI.ac .uwIttIca Welt a, a.. V.alte,, L.. .:Ltail, ..,,L., uI. LuClu,alug) Lelll anci ur devel?puJ I.,r Cul r1 , all. ...~.,rLrI Vt,ILt 1.'ere ~e,1C L? .Lher Gentiaii m111cc t, UL.-rye a Variety o. a rL vyl I pp.1Ca:t..n:. 'a.la IrL ..,_wLeiti, Iapl,.III ,tall ~,..:. IL all, maLertdl c1,arait-erlstIcs, JIRICn,IUIIe. and laden ul1.1 ILc rrgatrelaeuls. ,1 r.? p.'rt .a pro-1Jd, labor rep altrlarnts Jdta and illtlitI ieS tie l,ealtll d?J ,atetV ISSUC ,u-1aled Wit su furl Wall a an, CJl,wttuctSOn, I'aLentiaI appll.at1ou:. Ior support Walt, ,a,. , a, sdV.u,L111 .., u.1 retreating lungval1, single -t r-, roar al,- pi r. [,-+ln, anJ SuhIU..,Ina, Sill] b1OpplllgL ale 1:111neated aid al? e.aIWRac AS Sddemcni LV pre,C'IIL..: .,f LI. Clabllhty r+t rlul,I.,y111I? ulg4,rt .I Le.l,lwlug,. Lr i,,,rCASC Lllc rtCVLLrS rat, u., retrc.+tlnp .unui.,11? ur L., elply, A d v Ctnp IuI-,wall in uer;-!y iy1ng seam, . 11111.a1L .a1,.'iI1.-I,.. nr S.IU1tIVlil a1 milItlI; Lust, La LIldnt;2S L.~ gey support Vait Id tdmcLera la dlaa presents,.]

Jan 1, 1980

By John E. Conley

The need for lightweight aggregate for use in concrete products ,and structures has caused the Bureau of Mines to undertake an investigation to determine the availability of suitable raw materials and to study methods, procedures, and equipment to supply that need. Evidence is at hand to prove that the shortage of lightweight aggregate is nationwide. A survey recently covered in a report (13)5/ by the Construction Branch of the National Housing Agency has pointed out the locations in which lightweight aggregates are produced. A study of this information discloses that the producing centers are widespread, and that certain areas, notably the region east of the Mississippi River, and especially the sections along the Atlantic coast line and the Southeastern States, have only a few such plants. Certainly, many localities are badly in need of installations equipped to provide an ample supply of high-grade lightweight aggregate. The work undertaken by the Bureau of Mines includes investigation of the use of clays, shales, slate wastes, coal-mine wastes, diatomite-clay combinations, and various other 'mineral mixtures as possible raw materials. Likewise, special consideration has been given to the development' of equipment and techniques to produce the lightweight products.

Jan 1, 1949

By P. M. Ambrose, A. C. FtELDNER

This , the twelfth annual report of research and technologic work conducted by the Bureau of Mines on coal and coal products , summarizes the research and tests conducted frah July 1, 1946, to July 1, 1947. The organic act of Congress establishing the Bureau of Mines authorized tech- nologic investigations of all phases of mining, preparation, treatment, and utilization. These investigations cover eight main fields of activ-. projects varies from time to time. The on ity. The emphase-half of the coal reservos of the world. United States These reserves are not always of the quality desired or in the place where they could best be used. It is necessary to continue research in order that increased output, greater recovery, and better quality can be main- tained under safe mining conditions. Coal comprises 98 percent of the known fuel reserves of the United States and ad eventually must take over much of the requirements now supplied by petroleum and natural gas.. The purpose of this report is to bring to the reader a resume of the work of the fiscal year. The material presented herein is based largely upon publications. In a few instances the results of research that would not otherwise be available in the immediate future are presented. For details concerning the research, it is suggested that the readers consult the publications given in the footnote references." Collected references to all Bureau of Mines publications on coal are published in a series of bibliographies. Technical Paper 576 covers 1910 to 1935; Technical Paper 639 covers 1935 to 1940; and Technical Paper 698, issued in 1947; covers' 1940 to 1945.

Jan 1, 1948

By R. Van A. Mills

Rapid deterioration and destruction of metal equipment in oil and gas fields cause waste of resources and financial losses that must be lessened or eliminated if operations in many important fields are to continue profitable. The magnitude of this destruction is proved by the huge consumption of iron and steel pipe, tubing, casing, pump valves, and sucker rods to replace worn-out equipment, and by the amount of such equipment that is left in wells or junked. (See PI. I, A and B, and PI. II, A and B, and Fig. 14, p. 61.) This destruction of equipment constitu~es in itself a serious waste, but contingent production troubles, such as underground leakage of oil through defective tubing and pumps, and the consequent loss of oil and gas because of damage to pay sands by infiltrating water and silt, frequent and costly repairs with necessary suspension of production, and the ultimate injury to or loss of valuable wells, often cancel all operating profits. Many of these troubles result from rapid destruction of metal equipment by corrosive waters. The strata penetrated by the wells usually contain saline waters. Certain types of these waters, with their associated gases, are intensely corrosive; they attack well casing or tubing so vigorously as to riddle it with holes, rendering it useless in a few years or even a few months or weeks after it is installed. Pump plungers, working barrels, balls and seats of valves, and screen pipe, as well as lead lines and other surface equipment, are ruined with equal rapidity. The development and application of practical methods to retard or prevent this corrosion are among the most urgent problems of the oil and gas industry. Although much progress has been made in preventing the corrosion of metals, the need for reducing the damage from corrosion in oil and gas fields is still imperative. This is especially true of underground corrosion in the wells, because underground conditions favor corrosion and are difficult to study; hence they have not been thoroughly understood. In efforts to stop ~amage to oil and gas field equipment by corrosion, numerous methods have been proposed or tried with varying success. Some of these methods are cheap and effective. However, it is surprising that in many important fields the damage by corrosion is accepted as necessary or unavoidable, although cheap and effective methods that have been developed and successfully tried elsewhere might greatly reduce the trouble or eliminate it. This bulletin describes common causes and effects of oil and gas field corrosion and outlines methods of abating the damage. In order to accomplish this purpose best, the writer has avoided taking sides in controversies between the advocates of different metals for oil-field use; instead he describes the methods of combating corrosion in the various fields and suggests experiments that may yield valuable results. Throughout the paper he has freely used information from published reports of other investigators.

Jan 1, 1925

By Himanshu Dehra

The pre-fabricated outdoor rooms are often utilised near the mines and construction sites for office purposes. The paper has presented modelling and simulation results of the integration of commercially available glass coated photovoltaic (PV) energy technology and solar ventilation technology into a pre-fabricated outdoor room. The pre-fabricated outdoor room has been setup at Concordia University, Montréal for full scale testing of the glass coated PV modules with solar air ventilation. The computer simulation model has been developed for PV modules installed on a double wall wooden frame in an outdoor room based on its preliminary field testing. The testing apparatus was a wooden frame assembly of double wall with solar air ventilation: two adjacent glass coated PV modules, air column and plywood board filled with polystyrene. The measurement data collected from various sensors were: solar intensity, ambient air temperature, room air temperature, electric power, surface temperatures of PV modules and plywood board, air velocities and air temperatures in the air column. The enhancement in the air velocity of the air column was achieved with an exhaust fan fixed in an outdoor room. The simulation model is used to perform the two dimensional energy analyses with applied one dimensional solution of steady state heat conduction equations. The simulation model is based on conjugate heat exchange paths with network boundary conditions of convection, radiation heat exchange and solar air ventilation heat transport. The model parameters are based on measured values of ambient air temperature, room air temperature, air velocity at outlet of air column in double wall, electric power and available solar intensity. The model has predicted fairly well energy performance of glass coated PV modules with solar air ventilation installed on a wooden frame. The model is also useful for predicting heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) requirements for the pre-fabricated outdoor rooms.

May 1, 2007

By A. E. Kehew

Earth resistivity surveys using the Wenner electrode configuration were made in unmined areas and reclaimed spoils at three surface lignite mines in western North Dakota. The study sites were the Center, Indian Head, and Falkirk Mines. Automatic interpretation of the curves was accomplished with the method of Zohdy and Bisdorf (1975). Overburden materials become more homogeneous with respect to resistivity during the mining and reclamation process. The spoils curves show localized hetero-geneities probably related to discontinuous moisture content variations in the spoils. Consistent resistivity differences in spoils occur between mines with over-burdens of different mineralogic compositions. Groundwater chemical composition in terms of total-dissolved-solids (TDS) is inversely correlated (r=-0.61) with apparent resistivity at the 80-foot spacing from a survey centered at a piezometer screened near the base of the spoils. Better inverse correlation is probably pre-vented by high variability in TDS within the spoils groundwater. A useful predictive relationship may be the plot of mean apparent resistivity at the 80-foot spacing for ar. entire mine against mean TDS for all wells in spoils at that mine. Data from more mines are needed to test the hypothesis.

Jan 1, 1982

By A. L. Peyton

Manganese-oxide minerals occur in irregular pockets distributed through the residual clays of the Cartersville district, which lies 45 miles north-west of Atlanta in Bartow County, Ga. The district produces, or has produced, limonite, barite, specular hematite, ochre, ferruginous manganese, manganiferous iron are, as well as manganese. Bureau of Mines engineers have visited the district on three occasions - in December 1939, February 1941, and October 1942. During the visit of February 1941, 80 tons of samples of manganese-bearing clays were taken from seven properties for ore-dressing tests, which were conducted at the Bureau of Mines laboratory at Rolla, Mo. The. October 1942 visit was for the purpose of reappraising the district in the light of knowledge gained from the ore-dressing studies and to prepare a plan for the district's development. Exploratory drilling was begun in March l943 and was continued until June 1945. Nine properties were explored that, roughly follow a line beginning near Cartersville and extend to a point 2 miles northeast of the village of White. The work consisted of bulldozer trenching, rotary bucket churn drilling, sampling, and analytical determinations. The manganese district is 18 miles long with a maximum width of 7 miles at Cartersville, which lies at the center of the district. The work of the Bureau was confined to the northern half of the district between Cartersville and Pine Log. The properties explored comprise but a small portion of the Potential producing area.

Jan 1, 1949

By V. A. Marple, K. L. Rubow, B. A. Olson

"INTRODUCTION Inertial classification, gravitational sedimentation centrifugation, and thermal precipitation arc techniques that can be used to collect particles for subsequent analysis or for particle classification. The inertial classifiers, which include impactors, virtual impactors, and cyclones, are widely used in the sampling or particles. Settling chambers, which include centrifuges as well as gravitational settling devices, are less widely used. Thermal precipitators arc seldom used.Impactors, in particular, have been used extensively, studied both theoretically and experimentally, and arc the instrument or choice for the determination or aerosol mass size distributions. Many versions or impactors arc available commercially and many more have been designed, built, and used in special studies.Virtual impactors are a more recently developed inertial classifier and possess a feature not round in conventional inertial impactors; namely, that the particles remain airborne after classification compared to the conventional impactor, where the particles arc collected on a solid surface. The feature or keeping particles airborne is important for transporting the particles to other particle-analyzing instruments, or to filters, and in concentrating particles larger than the cutsize in a small fraction of the total now."

Nov 1, 1995

By Mark Bauckman

Discussion Topics • Market Needs • Technology Developments & Best Practices • Industry & Government Developments • Future Possibilities & Your Role

Jan 1, 2006

By Enzo Palumbo, Joël P. T. Kapusta, François Larouche

In light of the rapid deployment of bottom blowing smelting in China over the last ten years, one has to wonder why it has taken the copper industry so long to adopt ultra-high oxygen enrichment via Savard-Lee type injectors. As early as 1976, Kellogg and Henderson suggested, in their landmark paper on energy usage in the copper industry, that ‘maximum use of oxygen enrichment of process air’ was one of seven ‘energy saving features’ for copper matte smelting and converting. Yet today, shrouded injection and high oxygen enrichment has not been implemented in copper bath smelting outside China and Vietnam. In this paper, the authors explore the reasons why bath smelting processes such as the Noranda Reactor and the Teniente Converter still operate around 40% oxygen enrichment, while the bottom blowing SKS/BBS process typically runs at 65 to 75% oxygen, with all three processes producing white metal. Are there fundamental metallurgical explanations for this striking difference beyond the long-standing skepticism towards high oxygen shrouded injection and its perceived high implementation cost?

Jan 1, 2015

By H. C. Miller

Several agencies of the Federal Government are engaged in research and fact finding relative to petroleum and natural gas, and others are concerned with carrying out the provisions of specific laws that affect these natural resources in their broad aspects. The Bureau of Mines, however, is the only Federal agency designated by law to engage in research in oil and natures gas production, chemistry, refining, and

Jan 1, 1941

By R. Scheepers

"Abstract -Mineral deposits and prospects of the Pan African Saldanian orogenic belt in the south­ western Cape Province South Africa, are reviewed. Despite the entire absence of operating base or precious metal mines in the area, this study has established at !east four metal associations that offer enticing exploration potential .The poly-phase deformed, low-grade metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary Malmesbury Group constitutes a complex, poorly understood supracrustal sequence that has been loosely subdivided into the Tygerberg, Swartland and Boland tectono-stratigraphic terranes by northwesterly trending fault zones. Syn- and post-tectonic granitoids of the Cape Granite Suite selectively intruded these terranes. Early S-types preferred the Tygerberg terrane whereas the later I-types dominate the remaining areas. Anorogenic A-type granites, however, occur in all three domains. Known metallization is directly or indirectly related to the intrusives, yet syngenetic deposits are conspicuously absent from the supracrustals. Four metal associations have been identified.•,Cassiterite-wolfrarnite (± Au, Cu, Mo, Fe-sultides) in quartz and quartz/aplite veins hosted by tourmalinized and locally greissenized S-type granite. Similar exo-granitic veins occur in proximal metamorphites.•,Juxtaposed disseminated, stockwork, breccia and vein style Cu-Mo-Fe-(Au)-sultide mineralization hosted by matie to intermediate intrusives of high K calc-alkaline, 1-type affinity.•,Cu-Mo-Au-sultides hosted by hydraulic breccia pipes, stocks and veins occurring in anorogenic A-type alkali feldspar granites and amphibole quartz syenites.•,Scheelite with minor Cu-Mo-sulfides and Au-associated with endo- and exo-skarns spatially related to I-type monzogranite, granite and alkali feldspar granite .The first three associations occur along the Yzerfontein-Helderberg-Zone, a 180 km lineament in the Tygerberg terrane, a zone exploited by syn-, late- and post-tectonic intrusives and their related mineralization. The fourth association is typical of the Boland terrane. The spatial and temporal relationships between the various metal associations is interpreted as the result of sequential intrusion of relative early high level S-type, followed by intermediate level I-type and finally anorogenic A-type granitoids during the evolution of a contracting continental margin arc and its inner arc. This plate tectonic setting suggests subduction in an easterly direction underneath the Kalahari craton. The spatial configuration of the various terranes at the present erosional levels is the result of rifting and significant differential vertical displacement following cessation of subduction, a terminal tectonic event possibly synchronous with intrusion of the A-type granitoids.Near surface preserved roof zones and cupolas of both S- and I-type granitoids in the Tygerberg and Boland terranes, respectively, render these areas extremely prospective for Sn, W, Mo and Au mineralization. The presence of intermediate to mafic volcanics, a diversity of calcareous lithotypes and favorable plate tectonic setting of the Malmesbury Group suggest potential for the thus far elusive VMS, MVT and Sedex base metal and minor precious metal deposits."

Jan 1, 1994

By F. L. Wideman

This report describes a computer program that is used for the calculation of the coordinates and elevations of subsidence survey pins located by intersection. This program was developed for the Federal Bureau of Mines by the Numerical Analysis Laboratory, University of Arizona. These calculations, although relatively simple, are both tedious and time-consuming when computed with a desk calculator and trigonometric tables. In this survey, a large number of pins were surveyed repeatedly, and it was evident that both time and money could be saved by using a digital computer.

Jan 1, 1962

By P. D. R. Maltby

"The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy has undertaken to host the XIV International Mineral Processing Congress to be held in Toronto at the Royal York Hotel from October 10 to 16, 1982. The theme of the Congress will be ""Worldwide Industrial Application of Mineral Processing Technology."" The program will include 10 sessions and numerous field trips to the different mining areas of Canada.For prospective authors, the preliminary program includes sessions on,1. Flotation - plant practice, equipment design, simulation, control and economics.2. Comminution - plant practice, equipment, design, simulation, control, wear, energy consideration and economics.3. Round table seminar on large grinding mills.4. Round table seminar on modern and future plant design.5. Mineral processes to recover precious metals.6. Mineral processes to recover energy minerals (coal, uranium).7. Mineral processes to recover industrial minerals.8. Round table seminar on the environment and ecology and how the different countries cope with associated problems.9. Materials handling with an emphasis on agglomeration techniques ereconentration methods, solid-liquid separation.10. Open session to deal with topic emerging from general demand."

Jan 1, 1980