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By Benjamin C. Craft

Oil and gas development in Louisiana during 1935 brought this state at the close of the year up to fourth place in the nation as a producing area. A review of development in North Louisiana centers around Rodessa, the most important reserve discovered in this area in many years. While the producing limits have not been defined, this discovery is one of the major developments of the year. New gas fields were discovered in Lincoln, De Soto and Bossier parishes. The Lincoln Parish discovery, completed flowing a highly saturated gas from the Glen Rose, further indicates the importance of deep-seated prospects in the interior salt-dome area. Minor extensions were made at Sligo and Pine Island. During the year, 126 oil wells and 103 gas wells were completed in North Louisiana as compared with 144 oil wells and 68 gas wells during 1934. The North Louisiana oil production was 9,617,405 bbl. as com-pared with 9,274,050 bbl. during 1934, an increase of 343,355 bbl., while the gas production increased 18 billion cu. ft. in 1935 over its 1934 figure. The Louisiana Department of Conservation gage of Nov. 1, 1935, shows an open-flow capacity of 4,563,725,000 cu. ft. per day from 941 wells in the Monroe field and 682,770,000 cu. ft. from 159 wells in the Rich-land field. A great deal of leasing continues in North Louisiana as a result of the Lincoln Parish discovery and development in the Rodessa field, especially in Bossier, De Soto, Winn, Lincoln, Bienville, Webster, Ouachita and Richland parishes. South Louisiana's position as an area of important reserves was further proved during the past year. Increased drilling resulted in the discovery of seven new fields: Lafitte, Garden Island Bay, Tepetate, Bunkie, St. Martinsville, Jeanerette and Big Lake. New sands or producing horizons proved productive in 15 of the proven fields. The total oil production for South Louisiana during 1935 was 40,731,-056 bbl. as compared with 23,255,437 bbl. during 1934. There were 222 oil and gas wells completed in South Louisiana during 1935 as compared with 214 oil wells during the previous period. Drilling during

Jan 1, 1936

By Benjamin C. Craft

Oil and gas development in Louisiana during 1935 brought this state at the close of the year up to fourth place in the nation as a producing area. A review of development in North Louisiana centers around Rodessa, the most important reserve discovered in this area in many years. While the producing limits have not been defined, this discovery is one of the major developments of the year. New gas fields were discovered in Lincoln, De Soto and Bossier parishes. The Lincoln Parish discovery, completed flowing a highly saturated gas from the Glen Rose, further indicates the importance of deep-seated prospects in the interior salt-dome area. Minor extensions were made at Sligo and Pine Island. During the year, 126 oil wells and 103 gas wells were completed in North Louisiana as compared with 144 oil wells and 68 gas wells during 1934. The North Louisiana oil production was 9,617,405 bbl. as com-pared with 9,274,050 bbl. during 1934, an increase of 343,355 bbl., while the gas production increased 18 billion cu. ft. in 1935 over its 1934 figure. The Louisiana Department of Conservation gage of Nov. 1, 1935, shows an open-flow capacity of 4,563,725,000 cu. ft. per day from 941 wells in the Monroe field and 682,770,000 cu. ft. from 159 wells in the Rich-land field. A great deal of leasing continues in North Louisiana as a result of the Lincoln Parish discovery and development in the Rodessa field, especially in Bossier, De Soto, Winn, Lincoln, Bienville, Webster, Ouachita and Richland parishes. South Louisiana's position as an area of important reserves was further proved during the past year. Increased drilling resulted in the discovery of seven new fields: Lafitte, Garden Island Bay, Tepetate, Bunkie, St. Martinsville, Jeanerette and Big Lake. New sands or producing horizons proved productive in 15 of the proven fields. The total oil production for South Louisiana during 1935 was 40,731,-056 bbl. as compared with 23,255,437 bbl. during 1934. There were 222 oil and gas wells completed in South Louisiana during 1935 as compared with 214 oil wells during the previous period. Drilling during

Jan 1, 1936

By Benjamin C. Craft

As predicted, during 1937 South Louisiana witnessed one of the most active drilling campaigns in the history of the area, resulting in the discovery .of 14 new fields. The economic importance of 10,000-ft. production was far-reaching and the objective depths placed on some wildcats was 12,000 feet. Most of the important discoveries and deep tests were in the delta area between the Atchafalaya and Mississippi Rivers, where the upper Miocene sands were found productive between 10,000 and 11,000 ft. The casing program on these wells usually called for a protection string of 95/8-in. casing at approximately 9500 ft. Drilling barges with the heaviest equipment were used where water transportation was available. The oil production for South Louisiana during 1937 was 62,147,690 bbl., as compared with 51,968,727 bbl. during 1936, an increase of 19.5 per cent. There were 281 oil and gas wells and 172 dry holes completed during 1937 as compared with 262 oil and gas wells and 135 dry holes during the previous period. New Fields Gibson.—The first discovery for the year was in the Gibson area, where Shell Petroleum Corporation's Realty Operators No. 1, sec. 18, 17 S., 15 E., Terrebonne Parish, was completed flowing 780 bbl. of 38° A.P.I. oil daily through a 14/64-in. choke with a tubing pressure of 1700 lb. Production is from upper Miocene sand found from 9461 to 9483 feet. Abbevil1e.—The discovery well for the Abbeville field was Continental Oil Company's Hebert No. 1, sec. 20, 12 S., 3 E., Vermilion Parish, completed flowing 50 bbl. of distillate and 2 million cubic feet of gas through a 3/16-in. choke with a tubing pressure of 2550 lb. The well was plugged back from 12,216 ft. in the Chickisawhay, and is producing through perforations from upper Miocene sand found from 7668 to 7682 ft. Later in the year, the same operators completed Brookshire No. 1, sec. 66, 12 S., 3 E., flowing 366 bbl. of 42° A.P.I. oil per day through a 3/16-in. choke with a tubing pressure of 1800 lb. This well was com-

Jan 1, 1938

By Leroy U. Gardner

EVERY reader of this paper is well aware of the fact that the prolonged inhalation of large amounts of free silica dust results in fibrosis of the lungs, and that other inorganic dusts, except those of asbestos and the mineral poisons, are thought to be relatively harmless. But probably few have had opportunity to visualize the effects of silica, asbestos and other minerals upon living tissues. The ideal demonstration would be based upon sections of lungs from human beings that had inhaled com- parable concentrations of different dusts for a unit period of time. Such material is generally difficult to obtain and in some instances is of questionable value because the subject has been exposed to more than one kind of dust. A demonstration could be prepared from the lungs of animals. However, so many months or even years are required to complete the exposure to each kind of dust that enough material has not been accumulated. For a general survey of the action of different types of dust, I am therefore compelled to use the tissues of animals that have been injected with suspensions of dust particles. The injection method offers certain advantages. The quantity, the particle size and the state of dispersion can be controlled with sufficient accuracy so that the tissue responses to different minerals can be accurately compared. The method insures contact between the tissues and the mineral particles; protective mechanisms, which may prevent the inhalation of certain types of foreign body, never come into play. If the pathway of injection be one that minimizes nonspecific injury, the tissue responses may simulate those produced by inhalation but they develop somewhat more rapidly. It should always be remembered that injection methods merely demonstrate the capacity of various kinds of minerals to provoke reaction in the tissues; whether the same substances are inhaled from atmospheric suspension and accumulate in the lungs in dangerous quantities can be demonstrated only by inhalation. The reactions that I shall discuss first took place not in the lungs but in the liver. For the purpose in hand this is quite immaterial for we are merely seeking to discover whether these minerals are capable of produc-

Jan 1, 1938

By C. A. Stetefeldt

Metallurgical processes cannot be conducted successfully With out the aid of analytical chemistry. The great perfection of Iead smelting in the West, for instance, has only been accomplished by the analysis of ores, fluxes, slags and all products of the furnace. Ores are mixed and fluxed to obtain a slag of desired composition. Account is even taken of the composition of the ashes obtained from the coke. The " muscular " smelter has left the field forever! This state of affairs has been induced by sharp competition, i.e., by a com plete separation of the industries of mining and reducing ores, not by the liberality and wisdom of directors and stockholders to pro vide laboratories and engage chemists, or by their love for scientific investigation. It would be considered absurd, at present, to run a lead-smelter, a blast-furnace for pig-iron, or a Bessemer plant without the assist ance of a well-equipped laboratory and a chemist; but it is con sidered quite sufficient to provide amalgamation- or lixiviation works merely with a crude assay-office, and an assayer who is paid less than a laborer in the mill. In my opinion, this will change in the near future. By the ex clusion of Mexican lead-ores, and their growiring scarcity in the West, smelters have been forced to raise their charges on so-called dry silver-ores, and cannot handle the latter now in such unlimited quantities as formerly. The inevitable result must be that the sur plus of these dry silver-ores, especially those of low grade, will be reduced by processes cheaper than smelbing; and here the introduc tion of lixiviation has an excellent field, provided the muscular lixiviator has an able chemist for an assistant. It is to be regretted that so little analytical work has been done in lixiviation. We know almost nothing of the composition of roasted ores before and after lixiviation; of the constitution of the first wash water and of lixiviation-solutions after prolonged use; of the chemistry of sodium and calcium sulphides; of the col-hposition

Jan 1, 1892

By William P. Blake

This camp is just now startled by the alarming suggestion that unless there shall speedily be an appreciation in the value of silver, and a decrease in the cost of salt, it will be prudent business policy to close the Alice mines and mills until the conditions of production are more favorable. Such an event would be a great blow to the prosperity of Butte. It would throw some hundreds of men out of employment, and it might lead to the adoption of the same policy by other companies, which, like the Alice, have not been able to pay dividends to their shareholders for a long time. The question arises, and becomes emphatic: If, under the present adverse conditions, the mines and mills cannot be made to pay a proper profit, why should they continue to be worked ? The owners mentally ask: Shall we go on exhausting our mines, pouring out a stream of silver for the maintenance of the community, and the support of the rail ways, or shall we husband our reserves, withdraw the miners from our slopes, and wait for more favorable conditions ? This is the impending question, and all concerned dread to meet and answer it. Let us briefly review the situation and forecast, if possible, what the solution of' the problem will be. It must be understood that the discussion does not include, or refer to, the immense copper-producing interests of the camp, which may or may not be upon a very much more satisfactory basis. It will be confined chiefly to the operations of the Alice company, sta tistics of which are at hand, without involving the other silver com panies in the conclusions beyond those inevitable from well-known facts, patent to all. There are at present in Butte and in its vicinity in the principal mills an aggregate of 290 stamps dropping upon silver-ores: Alice,...........80 stamps. Moulton,. .........40 " Lexington,...50 " Silver Bow,.........30 " Blue Bird,..........90 " The Alice mills at present, with their 80 stamps, devour, in round numbers, from 100 to 120 tons a day. The actual amount

Jan 1, 1888

By H. E. Ellis, O. L. Patterson, Granville Dutton

A large-scale water-injection program for the Holt Bryant reservoir of the Delhi field has been established by means of the new automatic multi-pool analyzer. The objectives of this program were to increase reservoir pressure and eliminate a cross-dip gradient of 200 psi. Pressure increases during the first 15 months of operation have allowed for increased oil production rates of 2,600 BID or 25 per cent. To determine the required water injection it was necessary to predict natural water influx ram. Elimination of the pressure gradients required the water-injection program to account for the fluid migration and pressure interaction between segments of the reservoir. An integral part of the ana1ysis included the determination of in-place volumes of oil and gas. The operation of the automatic multi-pool analyzer in determining the water-injection program is described. New features of the analyzer inc1ude an automatic maferial balance analog and a leart-squares computer for determination of unknown reservoir properties. Operational procedures are sufficiently simple to allow direct use by reservoir engineers on a routine basis. The rapidity and accuracy with which problems may be solved permit repeated ana1yses as a check upon reservoir performance. INTRODUCTION This paper describes the use of a new analog com- puter in determining the optimum injection program for a complex reservoir. The Holt-Bryant (Fig. 1) is the major reservoir in the Delhi field of Louisiana. Production is from the Tuscaloosa at subsea depths of 2,970 to 3,286 ft. The sand dips to the south and southwest from three to five degrees. The reservoir is approximately 12 miles long and varies in width from 1/2 to 2 miles. Various calculations have placed the initial volume of oil in-place in the wide range of 275 to 355 million STB. Two small gas caps were initially present in the reservoir. The Holt-Bryant reservoir was discovered in Dec.. 1944, and was fully developed with 188 producing wells by 1948. After development was completed, an east-west pressure gradient began to establish itself. This

Jan 1, 1957

By Robert Bell

The regions to which this paper refers include the whole of the Dominion of Canada east of the 130 Rocky Mountains and north of the water-shed of the St. Lawrence. Very little exploration for economic minerals has yet been done in this immense country; but that little has already served to indicate great wealth in some localities. Having been engaged for a number of years in conducting government geological explorations in these vast territories, I shall endeavor to give the members of the Institute an idea of the prospective mineral resources of almost half a continent, as far as they are yet discernible. I purpose confining my observations to the economic minerals, and will not attempt a description of the geology of these territories; hut it will be necessary to say a few words about the rocks in order the better to explain the distribution of such minerals. The Laurentian nucleus of the continent is the principal feature of the geological map of the Dominion. It stretches from Lake Superior to Baffin's Bay, and from Great Bear Lake to the Straits of Belle Isle. Hudson's Bay itself, which is half the size of the Mediterranean Sea of the old world, lies in the center of this area. Its shores are bordered in places with newer rocks. On the west side of James' Bay (its southern prololigation) these extend inland over 200 miles, and consist of fossiliferous Devonian and Silurian strata. On the western and northwestern side of Hudson's Bay proper, altered rocks are met with, some of which resemble the gold-bearing strata of Nora Scotia, some the Huronian of Lake Huron, some the older Huronian, and others the crystalline series of the neighborhood of Sherbrooke in the Province of Quebec. Along the east coast (called the Eastmain)and among the islands lying off it, there is an interesting set of volcanic and sedimentary rocks which appears to be identical with the Animikie and the Nipigon series of Lake Superior. The area which I have characterized in a general way as Laurentian, includes tracts and belts, more or less extensive, of the Huronian series. Such areas appear to be most common, and have been best explored, in the country between the Great Lakes and Hudson's Bay.

Jan 1, 1886

By T. B. Massalski, Horace Pops

Martensitic transformations were observed by optical metallography and electrical-resistivity measurements during cooling at cryogenic temperatures of the bcc pr-phase Au-Zn alloys. The com-position dependence of the MS, MF, AS , and AF temperatures have been determined. It is concluded that the martensitic platelets which grow mainly in the lengthwise direction and which are associated with a very small temperature hysteresis are "thermoelastic" martensite. In some cases the observed structure seems to have no definite crys-tallographic habit or consists of a mixture of- plates and broad transformed areas. THE majority of the bcc /3-phase alloys in systems of copper, silver, and gold with zinc and cadmium are unstable at low temperatures and undergo a transformation upon further cooling into another structure. A large number of such transformations are martensitic. The composition dependence of the Ms temperatures has been determined and reported for CU-~n,' Ag-Cd,' and AU-C~~ alloys. The 50 at. pct ordered Au-Zn p' alloy has been reported by Jan and pearson4 to transform martensitically at 58°K in connection with their study of the de Haas-van Alphen effect The p' phase in the Au-Zn system has the ordered CsC1-type structure. The phase field is shown in Fig. 1: it has the typical V shape which is characteristic of all copper-, silver-, and gold-based binary /3-phase alloys. There appears to be no a priori reason why the transformation should be limited to the equiatomic composition and the availability of a cryogenic stage for optical metallography5 has permitted studies down to the liquid-helium temperature of a series of alloys in this system. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Predetermined weights of 99.999 pct pure gold and zinc were melted and cast under a partial atmosphere of helium in sealed quartz capsules. Thorough mixing of the molten metals was achieved by vigorous shaking, followed by a rapid quench into a brine solution. All ingots were homogenized at 640°C for 4 days. The loss in weight was usually less than 0.04 wt pct and was assumed to be due to

Jan 1, 1965

THE distinction btween price reduction as a re-sult of lowering of production cost and price re-duction through unrestricted competition cannot be made too clear, because they are often interwoven in actual experience. Take the whole population of a town whose principal industry is shoe manufacturing as a concrete example. If the manufacturer is able to cut his price per pair in half because he has found out how to make a pair at half the cost, he will com-monly let a number of his men go, because reduction in production cost usually results from substituting cheap mechanical energy for expensive human energy. These people will normally find other employment. The workmen who remain employed usually earn more in dollars than they did before, and in spending it give employment where there was less before. Mining companies that initiate considerable enter-prises in foreign lands where the economic level is low, and where most of the people are busily but in-efficiently engaged in raising enough food to support themselves and their families, often find themselves confronted with an acute labor problem. If any con-siderable number of workers leave the land to work in and about the mines, those left on the land cannot raise enough food to keep them all unless they are taught better methods of agriculture and provided with equipment that will enable them to produce more with less expenditure of effort. Add to this the fact that managers commonly find that the "natives," as our British cousins designate them, usually need more food and a better balanced diet than they have been accustomed to in order to show anything above the lowest order of efficiency in industrial work,. and it is clear that to make a new industry possible in what may be termed an economic province involves increas-ing the productivity, not only of those who are em-ployed in it, but of the whole social group. It has already been pointed out that the employ-ment of large numbers of men in automobile manu-facture is only possible because the others have in-creased their productivity enough to turn out every-thing else that is needed without the help of the auto-mobile workers.

Jan 7, 1928

By R. W. Diamond

THREE mills are now operated by the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd:: (1) The Sullivan concentrator, Chapman, B. C. (near Kimberley, B. C.), (2) the St. Eugene concentrator, Moyie, B. C., and (3) the Tadanac (customs) concen-trator, Trail, B. C. Differential flotation is the only concentration method employed in all three plants. Tables are used for pilot work only. Flotation equip-ment and control are similar in the three mills, and the flow sheets at the St. Eugene and Tadanac mills, while much simpler, are modeled after that of the Sul-livan concentrator. Successful differential flotation of Sullivan ore com-menced in the spring of 1920, in the pilot concentrator at Trail. During 1920, 193,804 tons were treated by this process. This operation continued without interrup-tion and with steady growth. For the first 7 months of . 1923, which concluded the pilot plant operation, ap-proximately 1100 tons were treated daily. I believe the Sunnyside plant of the United States Smelting &. Refining Co. was the only successful and large scale operation practising differential flotation prior to 1920. in North America. The Sullivan ore, because of its high iron content, was quite a different problem from that at Sunnyside. The entire tonnage of Sullivan ore had to be separated into three sulfide concentrate products-lead concentrate, zinc concentrate and iron concentrate. The choice and arrangement of equipment, and the original flow sheet for the Sullivan concentrator were controlled by the results of the exhaustive pilot mill test. These covered a continuous period of 3 1/2 years and involved the treatment of 1,076,368 tons of Sullivan ore. Satisfactory recoveries are made from feed; 11.0 per cent lead and 7.5 per cent zinc in the form of lead concentrate containing 69 per cent lead, 4.5 per cent zinc, and zinc concentrate containing 3.0 per cent lead and 49 per cent zinc. (The pure zinc mineral in Sulli-van ore is marmatite, 'containing approximately 54.5 per cent zinc and 10 per cent iron. It is apparent, there-fore, that 49 percent concentrate is high grade for this particular ore.)

Jan 8, 1927

By W. R. Ingalls

THE bases of the work by the committee whereof I am chairman were (1) the abolition of extra-lateral rights and (2) the preservation of the maximum of the existing laws. The matter of extra-lateral rights had been under prolonged discussion among mining men and up to the time when our com-mittee began its work (in 1917) the expression of opinion in every way whereby it could be made known -and those ways were extensive-was only a little short of being unanimous that extralateral rights ought to be abolished. I have not observed important evidence indicating a change of opinion on the subject since 1917. ABOLITION OF DISCOVERY LOGICAL Now, when it be decided that extralateral rights ought to be abolished, there can not be merely a simple change to that effect, but it is found that consequential changes are necessary all the way through the existing laws. Abolition of extralateral rights implies abolition of discovery as a prerequisite to location, for otherwise there would be no legal means for locating claims on the dip of a vein. Quite apart from this consideration, abolition of discovery as a prerequisite to location is supported by other good reasons. Among these are the occurrence of orebodies with no exposure on the surface and which often are hidden at great depth. A prospector who has reason to suspect the occurrence of such an orebody must have legal means for the location of a claim within which to explore, and obviously he may. not be able to make any discovery on the surface sufficient to locate and hold legally such a claim under the terms of the law as it stands at present. As a matter of fact, discovery as a prerequisite to location was abolished by common consent many years ago, not only for the reasons that I have given here-inbefore but also for others. It is highly desirable to revise the mining law in this respect, so that it will conform to the conditions of practice and not require people to perjure themselves in making locations, even if it be for praiseworthy purposes.

Jan 6, 1922

By George Mixter

MINING, in contrast to manufacturing, deals with a wasting asset. That which is taken out of the ground is gone, the property is depleted to that extent, and will eventually become exhausted of profitable ore. So the life of a mining company is dependent upon the ability of its management to develop improved methods to permit extraction at a profit of the lower-grade ores which remain, to extend by intelligent exploration the limits of its known ore bodies, and to find and acquire new properties to take the place of those that, for one reason or another, are no longer operated. Its history is a story of constant change, of the working out of properties here and the acquisition and development of properties there, to maintain the vitality of the whole. It is a story of estimating with the tools and the knowledge available the location and extent of hidden ore bodies and of devising the means of extracting

Jan 1, 1948

By A. O. Bartell

Do you know that valuable clues to the geology and mineralization of a district can be found in a handful of sand from a stream bed draining the area? This handful of sand has a story to tell to those who have a little patience. The handful of sand may contain tiny specks of valuable minerals (gold, scheelite, cinnabar, chromite, tourmaline-to mention a few), that will lure you upstream with the hope of uncovering a new deposit. More practically, this handful of sand can indicate the type of rocks that are exposed by the drainage system. Any mineral that has a specific gravity of 3.5 or higher can be separated from soil by panning. Garnet and pyrite, for example, can indicate an outcrop of metamorphic rock. In one district where the writer prospected, small boat-shaped orthorhombic crystals of topaz always indicated the presence of andesite outcrops.

Jan 1, 1948

By Hugh H. Waesche

AN adequate supply of crystalline quartz of piezoelectric grade and size continues to be of fundamental importance to the U. S. Army Signal Corps. Current electronic development programs of the Armed Forces depend upon the use of quartz crystals in all applications where accurate frequency control is necessary. In peacetime this' may not seem too significant, but in planning for possible national defense emergencies, an adequate supply of piezoelectric grade raw quartz is just as important as an adequate supply of some of the more publicized strategic minerals. Prior to World War II, the Signal Corps accepted the use of quartz crystals for frequency-control purposes in essentially all electronic communication, navigation, and radar equipment operating in the audio and radio frequency spectra up to and including the ultra-high-frequency channels. Over 4,000; 000 lb of radio-grade quartz was required between January 1942 and V.J Day. Use of such a large quantity of crystal units was necessary in order to establish and maintain, with a minimum of effort, clear and definite frequency channels of greater stability than could be obtained by any other means. This policy was justified on the basis that quartz was without a peer as a frequency-controlling element. Military and civilian uses of quartz in the field, as well as laboratory studies, have confirmed this premise and no means of highly stable frequency control, superior to quartz, has been discovered. It appears certain that the demand for use of quartz for frequency control purposes will continue at a high level.

Jan 1, 1948

Following the suggestion of Engineering Council and at the direction of, the President, representatives from each of the Federal Government bureaus interested in map-making were called into a conference for the purpose of coordinating all of the Government's map-making activities. This conference has now reported back to the President the results of its findings, which indicate that Engineering Council's recommendation in this matter was well founded. While the conference report states that its members were of the opinion that little duplication of effort existed, it recommends the formation of a permanent Board of Surveys and Maps. An extended review of the map-making activities, which is given as an appendix to the report, indicates that this recommendation is a logical step. The conference recommendations concerning this Board of Surveys and Maps are as follows: (1) the Board is to he com-posed of representatives of mapping bureaus to be assisted by outside engineering organizations, which have been named above; (2) the estab-lishment of an information office in one of the Government bureaus, preferably the Geological Survey, which is to be under the supervision of the Board and is to be a mapping information clearing house for the Government and outside engineering organizations; (3) copyright laws are to be so changed that copies of all. maps made in the United States and with Governmental authority, will go to the central information office; (4) the Government departments are to receive orders to cooperate, with the Board; (5) future topographic maps of all kinds are to conform with specifications for the standard topographic map; (6) the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to have supervision of final adjustment of all important control data under specifications approved by Board of Surveys and Maps; (7) surveys in the form of maps and publications are to be issued as soon as possible after field work has been completed; (8) program of the Interdepartmental Committee on Aerial Surveying was approved. Outside technical and scientific organizations that are called in for consultation are to operate in an advisory capacity only, responsibility for action on Governmental work is. to rest solely with the Governmental agencies.

Jan 12, 1919

Book Review MANAGEMENT AND MEN. By Meyer Bloomfield, Boston. The Century Co., New York, 1919, pp. 584, H.X. 5 1/2. $3.50. This hook is an exposition of English efforts to solve the problem of labor unrest in England. The first six chapters are reprinted from articles published in the Satur-day Evening Post, for whom the author went to England to study the problem at first hand. These articles deal with housing, increased production, eliminating the internal friction in the industrial machine and a chapter each devoted to the view-point of employer and employee. These chapters are written in the easily readable magazine style and give a complete general survey of the particular solution being tried. Perhaps their greatest., certainly not their least, worth lies in the fact that they form a vehicle for unusually voluminous appendices containing in full the famous Whitley Reports which are the basis of the new movement, together with various reports, which, except for this publication, would be largely inaccessible to those inter-ested in this country. The Whitley scheme considers each industry a unit and proposes to establish therein a Joint Standing Industrial Council composed of representatives of employers and employees to consider appropriate matters affecting the industry at large. There is to be a District Council for each industry which will, as its name implies, deal with the clatters pertaining to that interest in. the particular district. The third and last body in this scheme of Industrial Parliament is the Works Committee, which is com-posed of representatives of the management and of the workers employed in particu-lar plants or mines to act in close cooperation With the district quid national machinery. The Whitley or similar schemes have been tried in many communities in England and the book contains interesting comments on the result obtained, it being notable that most of the objections conic from plants which have not tried the scheme. Meyer Bloomfield, the author; is the specialist in industrial personnel problems who organized the industrial service activities of the United States Shipping Board, Emergency Fleet Corporation. P. E. B.

Jan 10, 1919

By H. T. Morris

ONE of the chief concerns of the Bethlehem Steel Co. naturally is the proper functioning of its organization. This involves the training of a continuous supply of younger men to fill the vacancies caused not only by the inevitable departure of older men, but also by the growth of existing establishment, and by expansion in new directions. It does not oper-ate a student training course with a fixed time schedule or with definite periods of rotation through the differ-ent divisions. To state the case positively, the gradu-ate's training course must operate continuously from the beginning of his employment through a long term of years. No period of weeks or months nor pair of years suffice to bring him into contact with all the com-binations needed to qualify him for the larger destiny toward which we hope he is headed. Our first step in selecting a college man is to require that he have a degree. We thus approximate the assur-ance that at least four annual siftings have reduced the chance that a non-worker may find himself in a job where work is necessary. The next step is to try to ascertain facts, from the graduate and from others who have known him at his home and in 'his college, to indi-cate whether our opportunities offer him a career that will challenge his continuing interest, and hold him to tenacious effort against all happenings. We aim to avoid knowingly bringing into our organization a man who will not develop in it enough enthusiasm to keep him happily striving. Having made our selections, we assemble the gradu-ates into a probationary observation circuit. We-put ourselves under their observation by taking them in small groups, usually of two to four men, on a circuit of every part of the Bethlehem plant, in which every manufacturing principle of our steel business is ex-emplified. The probationers work at something from day to day, with their hands if it can be arranged; otherwise in questioning, examining, and note-taking. Their observations include talks with superintendents, foremen, and workmen, the conditions under which workmen labor, apparatus, machinery, methods, design and operation of plant.

Jan 7, 1928

By AIME AIME

THE program of government drilling, conducted jointly by the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines, has demonstrated the presence in Texas and New Mexico of potash-bearing beds of considerable importance. Information regarding the ex- tent and location of the potash deposits as presented at the non-metallic sessions was of great interest to many engineers. These subjects will be covered in greater detail in later paragraphs. The first session, with about 50 in attendance, convened at 10 a.m. on Feb. 18, with Oliver Bowles, chair- man of the Committee on Non-Metallic Minerals, pre- siding. The first paper was on "Soapstone Mining In Virginia," presented by C. W. Ryan of Lynchburg, Va. The nature and extent of the soapstone deposits of Nelson County were described in some detail. In origin, the soapstone is undoubtedly related to a basic peridotite rock though its mode of formation is some- what uncertain. This main soapstone deposit occurs in three veins, the western, middle, and eastern, the middle vein being of greatest economic importance. Methods of stripping, quarrying and milling the rock were described and the uses of soapstone were enum- erated. In discussing this paper, C. P. Berkey, of Co- lumbia University strongly favored the theory of igneous origin of the soapstone and the need for further detailed geological study. J. L. Gillson of Cambridge, Mass., stated that the Vermont and New York talc deposits were always associated with characteristic minerals, such as, a chlorite of one particular variety, siderite, amphibole, magnetite, and biotite. C. H. Behre of Cincinnati, Ohio, raised the question of parallelism in the soapstone structure and Mr. Ryan stated that such parallelism was in evidence in some parts of the deposits. H. A. Wheeler of St. Louis, Mo., also took 'part in the discussion.

Jan 1, 1929

By D. R. Mitchell

MEETING for the thirteenth time in New York as part of the five-ring circus known as the Annual Meeting A.I.M.E., the Coal Division experienced a wartime boom in attendance. Technical sessions were crowded and whereas 65 seats were set up for the annual luncheon meeting of the Division over 100 members showed up, many of whom had to be fed elsewhere. Possibly the Coal Division should adopt "13" as its lucky number. Discussions at technical sessions, formal and informal, were lively. Those papers containing material directly concerned with the war, or containing information that might be usable for war industries, were enthusiastically received. Some criticism was made in regard to the present method of handling discussions and it was suggested that better success would be had in getting discussions in the record by the use of hired reporters. This is being considered by the executive committee of the Coal Division.

Jan 1, 1943