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By H. J. White

The effect of alloying elements on the mechanical properties and weldability of wrought gamma prime strengthened nickel- base superalloys is well known. An understanding of the basic guidelines concerning alloying additions has led to the invention and development of HAYNES® 282® alloy for applications in aircraft and land base gas turbines and other high-performance high-temperature environments. The alloy combines exceptional high temperature properties with good weldability and fabricability. At high temperatures (~ 900 °C), the alloy is stronger in creep strength than Waspaloy alloy (UNS N07001) and it approaches the creep strength of R-41 alloy (UNS N07041). Because the alloy has better thermal stability, fabricability, and weldability than Waspaloy and R-41 alloys, it is currently being considered as a candidate universal consumable for welding/ repair welding of gamma prime strengthened nickel based superalloys and it is also being considered as a suitable replacement for applications where R- 41, Waspaloy, and 263 (UNS N07263) alloys are currently being used. The alloy was designed to have improved resistance to strain age cracking, a problem common to gamma prime strengthened nickel based superalloys. In this paper, we present (1) results from hot ductility testing of annealed and annealed/aged material; (2) results from Time Resolved X-ray Diffraction (TRXRD) studies during a welding thermal cycle of annealed and annealed/aged material, and (3) gas metal arc (GMA) and gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding of annealed and annealed/aged material.

Jan 1, 2010

By E. O. T. Simpson

"IntroductionAS COMPARED with coal mines in the United States, and even with some of those in eastern Canada, the coal mines of western Canada, generally speaking, :have made little progress toward mechanization at the working faces. So far as Vancouver island is concerned, there are three main reasons for this : ( 1 ) in some areas, conditions• easy for hand-loading but unsuitable for mechanical loading make high outputs per man •possible by the former method; (2) faulting of the coal seams in ..some areas precludes long-term planning and the introduction and efficient use of expensive equipment; (3) thinness •and other characteristics of the seams in many areas favour hand-loading.No. 8 MINENo. 8 mine of Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir), Limited, is located in the Cumberland sub-area of the Comox coalfield on Vancouver island about 90 miles west-northwest of Vancouver. The geological structure of this coalfield has been described by J. D. McKenzie. The seams occur in the Comox formation, a subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. The formation is of near-shore origin and was laid down on an irregular surface of' older rocks. The irregular generally have a northeasterly dip, modified by gentile folds and by a •few large, and a number of smaller, faults.Four seams have been worked in the Cumberland area and all vary in thickness and in the amount and number of interstratified bone and rock •bands."

Jan 1, 1953

By F. P. Agterberg

"IntroductionTHE KNOWLEDGE about the mineral resources in a region ranges from relatively precise ore-reserve estimates for known deposits to probabilistic estimates concerning the speculative resources which may be discovered in future at greater depths and in the less-explored parts of the region. Previously developed probabilistic methods for regional resource evaluation (1) are based on the following two assumptions.(1) The probability that a specific block of rock, or part of a region close to the topographic surface, contains undiscovered deposits can be estimate d by weighting selected geological, geophysical or geochemical parameters for that block. The weights are computed by considering similar environments which are known to contain deposits.(2) Some of the characteristics of the undiscovered deposits, such as ore tonnages and average grades of metals contained in the ore, can be evaluated by considering probability distributions f or known deposit data. These methods were initially applied to Precambrian deposits in the Abitibi Volcanic Belt of the Canadian Shield (1).Since 1972, statistical methods for quantitative resource evaluation have been applied to the occurrences of the mainly Paleozoic base metal deposits in t he Canadian Appalachian Region. The objectives of this project (Project Appalachia) have been discussed by Leech (2) in a paper that introduces 8 papers with results of the exploratory data analysis. Project Appalachia represents an effort to develop and apply methods of combining information and concepts from regional geology, metallogeny and geomathematics for computer- aided regional mineral resource evaluation."

Jan 1, 1977

By G. A. Gross

Nearly 90 per cent of the iron ore produced in Canada is derived from iron-formation or bedded iron deposits. About 70 per cent of this consists of concentrates obtained fom iron-formation; another 20 per cent was formed by natural enrichment processes. Four principal varieties of iron-formation are recognized -the Algoma, Superior, Clinton and Minette types. Differences in their geology, mineralogy, chemical composition and environment of deposition are of special significance in their evaluation as ore.

Feb 1, 1966

By Arthur Laing

"IT is indeed a pleasure to have the opportunity of addressing this group today. Not only does it give me the opportunity of meeting with representatives of what is considered by many to be the most dynamic segment of industry in Canada today, but it also allows me to talk about a subject of para-mount interest to myself, the development of the North, and to explain, if even only briefly, some of our beliefs and hopes in this regard.It is inconceivable that all lands north of the 60th parallel, representing 35 per cent of Canada's total land area, which we believe contain a great natural resource potential, will remain as an undeveloped portion of Canada. The re-sources are there, although the people and private industry are as yet not there in sufficient numbers.It has been estimated that in the west and north of Canada there are 1.6 million cubic miles of sedimentary rocks. Of this figure, 342,-000 are thought to lie in Alberta, 115,000 in British Columbia and about 1 million cubic miles are thought to lie in Canada's northern regions, the bulk in the Arctic Islands. On the basis of apparent volumes of sedimentary rock, we estimate that as much as 13 billion barrels of petroleum may lie beneath the permafrost of the North-west Territories, another 3 billion barrels in the Yukon Territory and 33 billion barrels in the Arctic Islands. This is, indeed, a rich and elusive prize, and one which must be sought with a view to fulfilling demands on the production of petroleum."

Jan 1, 1966

By John J. Barakso

A summary of geochemical dispersion processes is presented. Secondary and tertiary dispersion of uranium was examined at several uranium prospects in British Columbia. The vertical migration of uranium from bedrock (primary dispersion) through overburden into the various soil horizons, and into snow and plants, was studied, and relationships were sought to explain the dispersion patterns in the secondary and tertiary environments. Soil developments were examined to obtain information on factors affecting the dispersion of uranium in soil profiles and tertiary substances; samples were analyzed for a number of elements. Biogeochemical data indicate that plant geochemistry is a possible exploration aid in areas of heavy overburden owing to the high selectivity of certain plants for specific elements. Some new data on the geochemistry of snow are discussed as a matter of research interest in the tertiary dispersion of uranium. Analytical techniques and problems are discussed, particularly extraction techniques, which must be carefully chosen to give reliable information on uranium dispersion.

Jan 1, 1979

By R. L. Bruening, J. B. Dale, N. E. Izatt, S. R. Izatt

IBC Advanced Technologies' Molecular Recognition Technology (MRT) SuperLig® products selectively and rapidly bind with target metal ions to remove them from solution. The MRT process can produce a high purity separation product of maximum added value at low cost. This paper discusses applications for MRT in the gold industry, including recovery of gold and silver as well as metal contaminants from various process and recycle streams.

Jan 1, 2011

By M. L. Joy

The heat pipe is a self-contained, passive structure that uses a liquid-vapour fluid cycle to provide high thermal conductance . Through the proper selection of working fluids and container materials, heat pipes have been operated at temperatures ranging from less than -300°F to more than 3,000 °F. The passive nature, high efficiency and configuration flexibility of the heat pipe are presented. The application of McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company Cryo-Anchor® heat pipes for foundation and support stabilization in permafrost regions is discussed. Using the proven Cryo-Anchor technology base. a proposed application of heat pipes in a cold -region mine ventilation system heat recovery heat exchanger is presented. Information obtained from the development of an air-cooled heat pipe steam condenser provides the technical basis for large -scale heat pipe applications.

Jan 1, 1978

A direct comparison has been undertaken between laboratory wind tunnel experimentation and computational fluid dynamics simulation of a 3D manufactured analogue for a body of fractured broken rock, created with CAD/CAM techniques. Detailed descriptions of the ?design? of the analogue (using a discrete element analysis multi-body simulator), its manufacture (using computer aided design and 3D printing technology) and the laboratory experimentation (inserting the physical analogue into a laboratory scale wind tunnel) are presented. The agreement of the results of direct experimental observations on the manufactured analogue with the values from CFD simulations of those experiments justifies the utilization of a CFD environment for the practical investigation of geometric factors controlling air flow and heat exchange in complex assemblages of broken rock blocks. The ultimate goal is described, that of developing functional relations between bulk properties of such assemblages (such as their porosity and bulk density) and the low-level geometric factors that dictate the air flow behaviour, such as the equivalent perimeter length of the cross-sectional area available for flow, or average flow path tortuosity. A practical application area of the work in the mining context is also described; equivalent continuum air flow and heat transfer constitutive models developed on the CFD tool from such functional relations are useful in characterization of seasonal heat storage in large scale bodies (approximately 1 km3) of broken rock.

Aug 1, 2013

By M. K. Senicie

IN July, 1937, Asbestos Corporation, Limited, installed an automatic conveyor-belt scale at their King mine, Thetford Mines. The equipment was purchased 'on trial' and its performance has proved entirely satisfactory to the staff. The scale was manufactured by the Toledo Scale Company, of Toledo (Ohio) and Windsor (Ont.) and was installed by one of the Scale Company's engineers. The electrical recording equipment was installed by Keith Mercer, Reg'd, of Montreal, Canadian agents for the manufacturers, the Builders Iron Foundry, of Providence, Rhode Island. The recording equipment consists of a duplex weight-transmitter attached to the scale-head, a duplex totalizer with differential relays, a belt-speed compensator, a rate-of-delivery recorder, and a rate-of-delivery indicator. As it was desired to run the mill at maximum capacity, it was necessary to know the rate of feed at all times, so that any lessening of rate of feed or delays would be recorded and could be corrected. After having determined the rate of feed to the mill (100 per cent capacity), it was required to have weighing and recording instruments which would show: (1) The rate of feed per hour. (2) Any variations .in the load. (3) Any delays and the duration and time of the delays. Rate of tonnage recorders in the mill superintendent's office and at the point of feedi.ng were necessary, as was automatic control between the mill superintendent and the feed man. It was desired to have a permanent record of total tonnage fed per shift or day; weighing and recording mechanism had to have sensitivity to record all previously mentioned conditions. Mechanism had to be of rugged construction, and be so built that it would stay in good operating condition, with the minimum amount of adjustment and supervision.

Jan 1, 1938

By W. G. Jeffery

"The mining and mineral industries have been, and remain, a major component of the Canadian economy. There are approximately 560 producing mining establishments of which there are some 130 metal mines and an equal number of non-metal mines, the balance being quarries for stone, sand and gravel. For 17 metals and minerals, Canada ranks within the top five as a world producer. There are 29 metallurgical plants. Employment in mining, smelting and refining was about 150000 in 1990. Mineral production, including coal, is about $20 billion. Exports up to the metal stage amount to $15 billion providing a positive trade balance of some $10 billion.The producing industry has a wide diversity of products. The companies range from small single mining operations to large multinationals. In terms of technology the industry has always been in the forefront of cost-effective practice, either using home-grown innovation or freely importing technology from around the world,The Mining Industry Technology Council (MITEC) makes an annual survey of the exploration and R&D expenditures of the senior mining industry that is the mining companies that are involved in mineral production from their existing mines. It does not include those companies solely involved in exploration using funds raised through equity sales.Table 1 shows the actual R&D and exploration expenditures as a per cent of sales. R&D shows a rising trend since 1988although the drop in value of output due to lower prices must be recognized as contributing to the increase. The point about this compilation is that the mining industry re-invests some 4070 of its sales in both exploration and R&D in order to sustain itself. Exploration for the renewal of metal inventories for future mining is a process unique to mining. It is not classified as R&D, and the necessity for this investment goes unrecognized by those who state that the industry does not do enough R&D."

Jan 1, 1993

"Block caving is the preferred underground mining method to profitably extract massive, low-grade orebodies; however, lack of cave access inhibits understanding the rockmass response to mining, which is needed for safer, more productive operations. Combining large datasets from multiple sources with virtual reality scientific visualization (VRSV) is an alternative method for understanding complex cave behaviour, by providing virtual access to the cave. A customized VRSV module was developed at UNSW Australia to investigate rockmass response to undercut developments at a case-study block caving operation. Time/sequence effects are investigated in rockmass response to blasting, which is an important factor in hard-rock mines.RÉSUMÉ La méthode d’extraction souterraine par blocs foudroyés est la méthode préférentielle pour extraire rentablement des gisements massifs à faible teneur. Toutefois, le manque d’accès à la chambre restreint la compréhension de la réponse de la masse rocheuse à l’exploitation, ce qui est nécessaire pour obtenir des opérations plus sécuritaires et plus productives. La combinaison de grands ensembles de données de multiples sources avec la visualisation scientifique par réalité virtuelle (VRSV) constitue un autre moyen de comprendre le comportement complexe de la chambre en fournissant un accès virtuel à la chambre. Un module de VRSV sur mesure a été développé à l’Université de Nouvelles-Galles du Sud (UNSW) en Australie afin d’étudier, dans une étude de cas d’une exploitation par blocs foudroyés, la réponse de la masse rocheuse aux développements de galeries de sous-cavage. Les effets de temps/séquence sont étudiés dans la réponse de la masse rocheuse au sautage, ce qui est un facteur important dans les mines de roches dures."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. C. A. Thurston

Introduction A mechanical spring has been .defined by Wahl ( 1) as 'an elastic body whose ?primary function is? to deflect or distort under load, and which recovers its original shape when released after being distorted'. Most material bodies are elastic to some extent ? and will deform under load, but they are seldom regarded as springs since this is not their primary function. The principal applications of springs are the absorption of energy and the mitigation of shock, the support cf moving masses or the isolation of vibration, and the provision or measurement of definite loads or torques. A large number of spring types have been developed to serve these purposes and to meet the different operational requirements; they range from the large semi-elliptic leaf suspension spring to the delicate watch hairspring. The springs of most importance in machine design, however, are the helical round-wire compression or tension types. They are made in a wide variety of sizes and are used in tremendous quantities, mainly because of their low cost, their compactness, and their relatively high efficiency. Their field of application is as broad as that of machine design itself, but the bulk of production is almost certainly for suspension systems of vehicles such as automobiles, freight and passenger cars, and mine cars, and it is with the last of these applications that this paper is primarily concerned.

Jan 1, 1951

By A. A. Brant

ONE of the reasons advanced for the decline in prospecting and discovery is that, as regards surficial examination, the law of diminishing returns is becoming applicable. Fewer surficially unprospected fields remain; therefore, fewer discoveries by such means result. Much in the nature of mineral resources remains to be unearthed, but even now, and more so in the future, will discovery depend on painstaking petrographic and structural mapping, aided, where necessary, by judicious applications of all the complementary scientific knowledge and devices (e.g., thin section microscopy, geophysics, and drilling) that experience proves effective in localizing a mineral deposit even beneath drift, lake, or muskeg. It is to be expected, then, that the rate of discovery will decrease, that the cost per discovery will greatly increase, and that the work of discovery will become more and more the careful, methodical assembling of field data, conscientiously interpreted on the basis of scientific knowledge by trained, experienced operatives. In view of these trends, the status of applied geophysics to Canadian mining exploration and development work might well be reviewed. The niche which geophysics may occupy relative to geological surveying and drilling has been clarified by the last twenty years' experience. The cloud of somewhat justifiable scepticism that followed the 'geophysical promotion' period of the late 1920's has lifted. Mining, exploration, and finance companies, in open-minded fashion, are seeking sound advice as to what are the scope and limitations of the geophysical methods at present practised. The purpose of this paper and the following one is, therefore, as far as lies within the author's power, to review briefly the geophysical methods at present in practice in Canada, and, at greater length, to joint out impartially and critically their scope, merits, shortcomings, an possible future development. The treatment will be non-technical, the hope being that an accurate statement of the present status of geophysics in Canada may do much to result in a sounder, saner growth of what, in the future, shall undoubted} y prove an increasingly useful tool in exploration and development work. ?

Jan 1, 1942

By S. S. Burns

"AbstractShovels of 18 cubic yard capacity and larger are described which incorporate advanced technology and techniques providing performance and operation tailored to meet the needs of open-pit mining.To achieve the goal s of increased production at lower cost with consideration of maximum availability, lower energy consumption per ton and low •impact on pit power, Harnischfeger Corporation developed a solid -state drive system (""Electrotorque"" - P&H trademark) and applied unique transmission methods.To date, more than 250,000 hours of experience in different parts of the world under varying operating and environmental conditions has proven that the ""Electrotorque"" shovel is the shovel of the future, today.This paper will discuss the electrical features and touch briefly on some mechanical features.Introduction to ""Electrotorque""THE hoist, crowd, propel and swing machinery of an electric mining shovel are driven by direct-current motors.A D.C. motor is used instead of an A.C. motor because the torque output per ampere input is at a maximum and the fact that it is doubly-fed (armature and field ) provides optimum flexibility in control.The power that is available in the pit is alternating current power. It is therefore necessary to change or convert this A.C. power to D.C. power so that the D.C. motors can be used."

Jan 1, 1977

By F. Vahdatikhaki

Simulation techniques have offered significant boosts toward a cost-and-time-optimized planning of construction projects by enabling project managers to effectively comprehend the behavior of projects. Using historic data from projects of like nature, simulation considers uncertainties involved in a project through accommodating the stochastic modeling parameters. However, the heavy reliance on the statistical data and not taking into account the context-specific features of the project cause the degradation in the realism and accuracy of the simulation models. Similarly, the extent to which a historic pattern could be retrofitted to new projects will decrease in line with the growing uniqueness of the projects and the novelty of construction methods. Furthermore, the existing real-time simulation frameworks are not capable of distinguishing the transient environmental changes, with minimal long-term impacts on the productivity, from the influential changes that will greatly impact an operation. In addition, existing simulation tools are devoid of location awareness, resulting in the inability to consider safety threats in their representation of the project. To address these issues, this research proposes a framework based on the integration of new tracking technologies used in Automated Machine Guidance (AMG) with simulation-driven 4D modeling methods. The proposed framework automates the adjustment of the simulation model based on the updated data from the site, and thus transforms simulation from a predictive tool used at the planning phase to a proactive monitoring platform usable throughout the planning and construction phases. A prototype is developed to test and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Aug 1, 2013

By L. T. Munn

"IT IS NOT necessary here to dwell on the fact that sulphur is currently in short supply. It may be well, however, to •point out that this •storage is not merely a temporary condition, but that, judging by trends in world consumption of sulphur, it may •be anticipated that requirements will double in the next ten years.Even with improved techniques for mining elemental sulphur in the United States and the new finds in Louisiana, there is much concern as to how these future sulphur requirements can be met. It appears necessary to .turn more and more to other sources than elemental sulphur for •additional production. The three major alternative sources were:(1) By-product sulphuric acid •from smelter gases.(2) Sulphur and sulphuric acid from iron sulphides.(3) Sulphur from hydrogen sulphide contained in natural gas. The Jumping Pound sulphur plant of the Shell Oil Company of Canada, Limited, is designed to produce sulphur by the •third of these methods.Jumping Pound is a natural gas field about 20 miles west of Calgary where Shell has a number of producing wells."

Jan 1, 1952

By Arthur M. Whiteside

Discussion of the laws bearing upon the economics of mining in this province at once resolves itself under three headings: (a) The rights and obligations of holders of mineral bearing lands; (b) Taxation of mines; (c) Regulation of methods adopted in financing mining operations. Titles: The law relating to titles is contained in the Mineral Act, Placer Mining Act and Coal Mines Prospecting Act. Origin: Mining laws in force in this province and elsewhere on the continent had their origin in the rule-of-thumb regulations adopted by prospectors themselves, when, far from the centres of civilization and the seats of the courts of justice, they found it necessary, for mutual protection, to fix the conditions of possession by right of location, and to prescribe the duties to be performed in order to enable the individual to maintain his ground against all comers. These regulations have been codified and added to by legislatures, until we find adequate protection and safeguard to property in the laws of this province.

Jan 1, 1924

By I. Donohue, M. Pearson, E. Barrette

"This paper presents the technique and benefits of the finite element approach for designing the refractory lining in pressure oxidation autoclaves. One-dimensional equations are used to develop an initial refractory design. ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) scripts are then used to build and analyse a more accurate three-dimensional finite element model to verify the refractory thickness, determine weld overlay requirements, and assess mechanical stability. The APDL scripts provide a cost effective means to quickly evaluate various boundary conditions and multiple designs to determine the optimal lining configuration and nozzle layout.INTRODUCTIONNew ore processing facilities demand increased capacity, requiring hydrometallurgy processes that have larger reactor vessels operating at higher pressure and temperature. Many pressure hydrometallurgy operations require vessels with an impermeable membrane and one or more courses of refractory or ceramic brick. The membrane provides corrosion protection for the vessel shell and the brick provides thermal protection for the membrane. Designing a refractory lining with an economic service life as a thermal barrier requires the refractory to be erosion resistant, chemically compatible with the process fluid, and mechanically stable. A fundamental understanding of the factors affecting the lining system is essential as designs move further away from the industry’s experience base.During basic engineering the refractory lining design is developed using one dimensional cylindrical conduction equations for heat transfer and classical hoop stress-strain relationships for determining mechanical stability. The results of the thermal calculations specify the refractory thickness that should prevent the membrane temperature from exceeding the design limit. Mechanical stability of the lining is determined by examining the sensitivity of lining stability with respect to various parameters. There are three criteria that must be satisfied to conclude mechanical lining stability:"

Jan 1, 2012

By J. F. Wright

Gold-bearing quartz veins and replacement chalcopyrite deposits are the two important types of metallic mineral deposits of the east central Manitoba mining district. The gold-bearing veins occur along Manigotagan valley, northwest for 25 miles from Beresford lake, and the copper deposits along Oiseau valley, between Oiseau lake and the east end of Lac du Bonnet. Lithium-bearing minerals of possible commercial value have recently been discovered in pegmatite along Winnipeg river about 10 miles east of Point du Bois. There are also prospect pits with showings of galena, sphalerite, cobaltite, pentlandite, nickeliferous pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, cassiterite, and other minerals, but the various occurrences of these minerals, as exposed, are small. The bedrock and mineral deposits of this mining district are Precambrian and resemble in many respects the formations and mip.eral occurrences of western and northern Ontario. Although prospectors visited eastern Manitoba at intervals during the last fifty years, effective prospecting did not begin until 1913 or 1914, and not until 1923 were skilfully directed, systematic explorations undertaken. It is true, that between 1913 and 1923 considerable sums were expended in a number of attempts at mining and milling the gold-quartz ore, but these enterprises failed partly through poor management or attempts to develop veins that were too small or too low-grade to be worked at a profit under the existing conditions of transportation and power supply.

Jan 1, 1925