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By M. A. Vos

"Cretaceous sands and clays underlie an area of approximately 5,000 km2 in Northern Ontario, southwest of James Bay. The deltaic deposits occur as a wedge of continental sediments to the north of an east-trending fault scarp referred to as the Precambrian Escarpment. They rest on older sedimentary formations of the Moose River Basin (Jurassic, Devonian) and are covered by glacial tills and marine sediments of the Quaternary period. Outcrops are restricted to occasional exposure in the deeply incised riverbeds.In 1975 and 1978, drill programs sponsored by the Ontario Government provided new information on the extent and quality of the deposits. Fourteen holes at approximately 12-km intervals were drilled to a maximum depth of 189 m by reversed- circulation chip drill methods. Some core was obtained as well. Analytical results show that the thickness of Cretaceous deposits exceeds 100m in several instances. Abundant kaolinitic clay and quartz sand of glass-grade quality, both unique materials in Ontario, are available in an area where hydroelectricity and lignite resources combine to enhance the energy outlook.IntroductionThe presence of refractory clay in deeply incised riverbeds in Northern Ontario was known to geologists travelling the rivers as early as 1875. Robert Bell (1877) reports outcrops of clay and lignite on Coal Brook, a tributary of the Missinaibi River. E.B. Borron in 1880 collected a sample of clay from the bed of the Missinaibi River which H.H. Croft of the University of Toronto considered to be ""nearly if not quite, equal to the Cornish clay used in the manufacture of English porcelain"" (Keele, 1920, p. 42). The Cretaceous age of the clay, sand and lignite deposits was determined with the help of plant remains collected by Keele. He referred to the deposits as the Mattagami series, which later became the Mattagami Formation."

Jan 1, 1982

"The North Star and Don Jon copper deposits lie beneath the waters of Thompson Lake, which is 12 miles east of Flin Flon, Manitoba. The deposits were discovered during the years 1949 and 1951 by diamond drilling done in the vicinity of pyritic showings on the shores of two small islands in the lake. The Don Jon ore body lies 1, 700 feet southeast of the North Star orebody and is connected with the North Star mine workings by a crosscut on the 600-foot level (Figure 1 ).Production began on January 1, 1955, at a combined rate of 200 tons per day. The ore is trucked, on 24 miles of highway, to the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co., Limited mill at Flin Flon.Regional GeologyRocks in the Thompson Lake area are Precambrian volcanics, ranging in composition from andesite to rhyolite, with related tuffs and breccia. These rocks have a general north-south trend and are steeply dipping. The area is part of the Lac Aimee fault block, which probably is the southward extension of a south-plunging syncline now thrust some miles to the north. This regional deformation has produced many subsidiary zones of intense shearing and crumpling. It is in two of these zones of shearing and drag-folding that the orebodies occur. The only recognizable intrusive is a narrow diorite sill which trends northeasterly near the west shore of Thompson Lake.The North Star MineA pyritic showing, carrying some chalcopyrite, was discovered around the year 1930 on the west side of a small island near the west shore of Thompson Lake. This ground was included in a group of claims acquired by the Hudson Bay Exploration and Development Co., Limited in 1947.In the years 1949 to 1951, a diamond drilling program outlined a copper sulphide orebody. This ore zone comes to surface beneath the lake, about 300 feet north of the pyritic showing on the island."

Jan 1, 1949

By N. D. MacFarlane, D. J. Mossman

"The Nemeiben Lake ultramafic complex, in the Churchill Province of the Canadian Shield in north-central Saskatchewan, is a small I. 6-km circular plug largely composed of high-alumina pyroxene cumulates forming a series of grossly concentric layers of clinopyroxenite, websterite and wehrlite. Minor dunite and gabbro are present in the northwestern part of the pluton.Disseminated primary magmatic pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and chromite occur throughout the intrusion. Sulphides occur in proportions of economic interest in the northern outcrops. A secondary assemblage of fine-grained oxides, sulphides and native metals occurs in serpentinized and uralitized peridotites and pyroxenites. Primary opaque minerals are largely altered to marcasite, violarite and hematite. The ores represent a primary magmatic assemblage extensively modified by metamorphism and, to a lesser extent, by supergene alteration.The complex intruded an Early Aphebian supracrustral succession during the waning stages of the Hudsonian orogeny. The metamorphic peak during Hudsonian time reached middle to upper amphibolite facies, granitized the country rocks and contributed to the partial amphibolitization of the ultramafic pluton.The Nemeiben complex has a number of features in common with the zoned intrusions of southeastern Alaska, including: the diopsidic composition of clinopyroxene, highly magnesian olivines, ubiquitous primary magnetite, relatively high alumina content of clinopyroxenes and the unlikelihood that associated gabbroic rocks are derived from a magma common to the ultramafic rocks. However, at Nemeiben, orthopyroxene occurs as a widespread postcumulus phase and, to a lesser extent, as a cumulus mineral. This fact, together with geochemical data on whole-rock and mineral compositions, indicates a tholeiitic parentage.The nickel-copper deposits of the Nemeiben Lake ultramafic complex are not currently economic, although standard technology for recovery of sulphide minerals in the clinopyroxenite (and websterite) would probably be adequate. Most ore minerals in the altered peridotites belong to the fine-grained secondary assemblage of opaques due to the formation of retrograde hydrous silicates and are probably too fine grained for standard recovery methods."

Jan 1, 1982

By R. D. Brown

Ever since British Columbia started the ball rolling in 1974 with the introduction of its now-defunct Mineral Royalties Act, all Canada's resource-based provinces have significantly altered their mining tax systems. The last resource-based province to abandon its pre -1974 mining tax structure is New Brunswick, which introduced a new mining tax regime in the summer of 1977 to take effect from April 1 1977. The new structure, which represents the outcome of considerable study and discussions with industry representatives, contains some intriguing concepts which make Nero Brunswick's new mining tax system unique among the Canadian provinces.

Jan 1, 1977

By D. J. MacDonald

UNDERGROUND development at the Lynn Lake property of Sherritt Gordon Mines, Limited, was begun in 1948 with the sinking of the A shaft in the area of the A orebody. By June, 1949, the shaft was completed to a depth of 1,024 feet. Twelve stations were cut, with the bottom level at 992 feet below the collar. Since completion of the shaft, lateral work has been carried out on the 12th level in order to expose the known orebodies and to provide openings from which deeper exploration could be conducted. Dur¬ing the change-over from sinking to lateral work, preliminary diamond drilling was done from the 12th level station to locate the A? ore-body. Later, drilling was carried out from the 5th and 9th level sta-tions, where, also, the outline of the A orebody was established. As the work progressed on the 12th level, and with the commence-ment of drilling below that level, the geological picture was found to be complicated by numerous faults. Instead of operating two drills it became necessary to use at least four. The original plans had provided air sufficient to drive two headings and to operate two diamond drills. The addition of two more air-driven drills resulted in a serious shortage of power.

Jan 1, 1951

By S. M. J. Mirazimi, F. Rashchi

Recovery of vanadium from LD (Linz-Donawits) converter slag was evaluated by means of microbial leaching. Vanadium leaching was performed in two stages. In the first stage, the bacteria were grown in a culture medium and in the second stage; vanadium containing slag was added to the metabolites produced by bacteria. Bioleaching was performed using heterotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas Putída. Control tests without bacteria inoculation were also performed and the results were compared with bioleaching outcomes. Optimal conditions for the bioleaching of vanadium containing slag were determined.

Jan 1, 2011

By E. A. Hart, J. E. Gill

"The property of Arntfield Mining Corporation, formerly Arntfield Gold Mines, Limited, covers an area of 2,110 acres and lies in Beauchastel township, western Quebec. The Francoeur mine lies to the west, and to the east are the West Wasa and Wasa Lake properties.The property was staked in September, 1923, by the late F. S. Arntfield. The early surface work was concentrated in the west part of the property along the Francoeur-Arntfield shear zone. The zone was opened by No. 1 shaft, which was sunk for an inclined depth of 250 feet. A series of silicified lenses were discovered farther east, where No. 2 shaft was later raised to the surface. A third shaft explored a shear zone about 1,900 feet to the east, where No. 3 shaft orebodies were developed.The mill was built at No. 3 shaft and production commenced in July, 1935, at 125 tons a day. This was increased to 280 tons by 1938, and later to 350 tons. The mine continued operations on this scale until April, 1942, when the exigencies of war necessitated closing. The Company was reorganized in 1944 and underground development was resumed in June, 1945. The total value of gold and silver produced to April, 1942, was $2,011, 755 from 529,987 tons of ore.ROCK TYPESThe area is underlain by highly deformed and altered Keewatin volcanics overlain by little deformed Cobalt sediments along the south boundary. The lavas in the vicinity of the mine workings are rhyolite, trachyte, andesite, and a flow breccia of intermediate composition. The fragmentals range from fine, well-bedded tuffs to coarse agglomerate in which acidic and basic horizons can be distinguished.The intrusive rocks are diorite and quartz-feldspar porphyry in the form of stock and sills, and narrow dykes of mica lamprophyre and syenite porphyry."

Jan 1, 1954

By Liangtian Liu, Tie Ou, Guangqiang Li, Chenghuan Yu

For stabilizing the production of containing nitrogen steels, a study on nitrogen absorption behavior of killed molten steel has been carried out by means of the RH vacuum device in which nitrogen was used as a driving gas. The results showed that there was an increase of nitrogen content in molten steel under vacuum processing but the rate of nitrogen absorption was slowed down by the surface active elements. Therefore, a kinetic equation for nitrogen absorption of molten steel with apparent first order reaction was derived by constructing a modified model in which the adsorption of closed surface site was taken into account. The experimental results confiimed that the calculated values agreed with the observed ones. This model is suitable for the prediction of nitrogen adsorption operation for containing nitrogen steels.

Jan 1, 2004

By M. J. Gagnon

The agglomeration of particulate materials is used in many mineral processes to enhance the settling of the fine particles, Depending upon many physical and chemical parameters, the aggregates demonstrate specific density-size distributions, In this study, a fractal model of the agglomeration process is introduced, Based on reliable experimental data and on physical calculation, the model presented helps to envisage the initial formation of the micro-flocs, and to interpret the subsequent interactions between the aggregates in terms of either coagulation or flocculation, Data from different sources, materials and different agglomeration processes are analysed and compared in the light of the proposed model.

Jan 1, 2005

By I. M. Masters

Iron removal and control in processes employing pressure leaching technologies developed at Dynatec Corporation are reviewed. Discussions are focused on recent developments in the processing of nickel-copper matte and copper concentrates, and on the Ambatovy laterite project in Madagascar. Iron control and its implications on flowsheet design in the pressure acid leaching (PAL) treatment of laterite ores and in the oxidative pressure leaching of mixed nickel-cobalt sulphide intermediates are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2006

By W. A. Kracht

The McGill Bubble Size Analyzer, with the original image-capturing device (digital video camera), has a proven record for measuring bubble size distributions that are relatively narrow, such as in mechanical cells with frother. However, some problems arise when dealing with bubble size distributions characterized by a bi-modal shape and wide range of sizes such as found in some flotation columns. To measure wide bubble size distributions it is necessary to increase both the resolution to image the small bubbles and the viewing area to include the large bubbles. This can be done using a digital still camera: digital still cameras can have higher resolution than the digital video cameras currently used and with the proper lens the viewing area may be increased without resolution loss. The digital still camera approach was used to measure bubble size distributions in flotation columns at different operations in Chile. A comparison with typical bubble size distributions generated with mechanical cells is presented.

Jan 1, 2007

By Charles S. Ney

"ZINC-LEAD REPLACEMENT deposits straddle the steep-sided valley of Kicking Horse River at a point three miles east of Field, B.c., in Yoho National Park. The Monarch orebodies extend into Mt. Stephen on the south side of the valley, and outcrop at two points, 1,000 and 1,200 feet above the valley floor. The Kicking Horse deposits are in Mt. Field, on the north side of the valley, and they outcrop 200 feet lower.The East Monarch outcrop is said to have been discovered in 1884 during construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The larger West Monarch outcrop, 700 feet west of the original discovery, was not reached till 1917 because of its nearly inaccessible location on the cliff face.The Kicking Horse mine was staked in 1906. Little development was done for several decades, and mining was not commenced till 1935.At the East Monarch, mining was commenced soon after location, and several thousand tons of ore were shipped prior to 1912. At this time a gravity concentrator was installed. This was operated till 1924, and a total of 42,000 tons of ore were mined, including about 10,000 tons from the West Monarch. The period from 1928 to 1935 featured flotation milling and the mining of 265,000 tons of ore, mostly from the West Monarch orebody. Intensive exploratory development was carried out in both Monarch and Kicking Horse from 1935 to 1946. Production from both mines in this period totalled 380,000 tons. From 1947 to the time of closure in 1952, considerable new ore was found in both mines and 185,000 tons were milled. Immediate possibilities for finding ore in the Monarch were considered exhausted. Kicking Horse orebodies are known to persist with a low grade of zinc. Total production from the two mines amounts to 842,500 tons grading approximately 7 per cent lead, 10 per cent zinc, and 1.2 ounces per ton silver."

Jan 1, 1949

By M. Mirnezami, J. A. Finch, M. S. Hashemi A.

The surface of -30µm silica suspension (2% v/v) treated with 100 ppm Mg2+ at pH 11 was fully coated with Mg(OH)2. Under this condition, the silica is strongly positively charged (+30 mV) and the suspension is dispersed. Subsequent addition of Ca2+ promoted aggregation and reduced the surface charge. At this pH calcium is present as Ca2+ and CaOH+, i.e., positively charged ions interacted with the positive surface. Aggregation by a chemical bridging mechanism is proposed. The observation may be relevant to the widespread practice in mineral processing of adding lime to promote aggregation and settling in concentrate thickeners.

Jan 1, 2004

By H. Staton, V. Suontaka, E. Sharifi

"Flotation circuits are typically controlled using on-line elemental assays obtained from the slurry lines. In base metal applications, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers are the most common instruments for elemental analysis of the slurries. Eagle Mine has been utilizing a Courier XRF Analyzer since 2014. Typically, in XRF analysis, the sampling rate is 10-25 minutes which is good enough for manual process control. In 2018, Eagle Mine upgraded the Courier XRF analyzer with the Rapid Measurement module that is based on reflectance spectroscopy. This option reduces the sampling rate to 10-15 seconds, while maintaining the superior accuracy of the XRF analyzer. This paper presents the results from implementation of Rapid Measurement at Eagle Mine.INTRODUCTION Eagle mine is an underground mine producing nickel and copper concentrates. Eagle Mine is owned by Lundin mining and located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. The Humboldt Mill, previously an iron ore processing facility, was refurbished in 2014 and is used to process the ore and produce separate nickel and copper concentrates. Approximately 2,000 metric tonnes of ore is milled per day. Ore is processed using a conventional crushing followed by single stage ball mill and flotation. Nickel and copper concentrate are transported to facilities in North America via rail car. A bulk copper-nickel concentrate is produced by separating the copper and nickel minerals from gangue material by flotation. The copper-nickel bulk concentrate is reground, followed by one stage of cleaning to reject further gangue minerals. The bulk cleaner concentrate is then subjected to a final flotation stage where the copper and nickel minerals are separated from one another through the addition of lime. Final concentrate grades are 14% Ni and 2% Cu in the nickel concentrate and 31% Cu and 0.8% Ni in copper concentrate."

Jan 1, 2019

By D. Mu

A method is presented for evaluating the effective gas diffusion coefficient of porous media. A series of random-distributed porous solids with different porosity are generated, a solution of the gas diffusion equations inside the porous media is obtained using the finite element method (FEM), and then the effective gas diffusivities are computed. The results show that there is a percolation threshold sp, and this percolation threshold decreases with an increase in the connectivity of the pore network; the relationship between the effective diffusivity and the porosity is strongly nonlinear when the porosity £ is less than about 0.2; and is quasi linear for higher porosities. The threshold decreases with increasing the connectivity of the pore network. A formula relating the effective diffusion coefficient with porosity is proposed.

Jan 1, 2005

By L. A. Forsyth

"SINCE I received and accepted your invitation to present to this meeting a paper on A Canadian Integrated Coal and Steel Industry, I have given the subject a great deal of intensive study.Two conclusions have emerged from my considerations: first, that the subject should be dealt with by a person having a firm grasp of its technical aspects; and second, that it is a subject which requires expert analysis of the complicated problems it presents in pure economics.A third conclusion inevitably results from the two just mentioned -namely, that the mantle of the prophet which has been draped up-on my shoulders is too large for me to wear, because I am neither a practical nor a theoretical coal and steel man; and I am not an economist.With the warning that I have discovered, and am keenly conscious of, the inadequacy of my background for the task, I shall attempt to place before you those aspects of my subject which appear to high-light it from a layman's point of view.In the first place, in .order to avoid confusion as between my audience and myself, some definition of terms may be required.As I interpret it I am discussing -a coal and steel industry, using the last word in the generic and not the unit sense, self-sufficient in the provision of all its needs from within the geographical limits of Canada.Now, I start with the proposition that, in the very broadest aspects of such a concept, the Corporation of which I happen to be the executive head meets my definition as a combination of operations resulting in one fully integrated unit of a coal and steel industry."

Jan 1, 1952

By K. G. Wheeland, K. G. Byberg

The occurrence of a secondary, dust-fuelled explosion following blasting of sulphide ores has been reported in mines in many countries, including canada, the USA, Australia and South Africa. However there has been little effort to document the events and develop effective control technology. Following a detailed investigation of an incident at the Geco Di vision of Noranda Minerals Inc. , the company held a conference of interested parties in October 1986 to review the state-of-the-art and to agree on action. '!his paper outlines the causes and effects of such explosions, the key conference points and conclusions, and subsequent information-exchange and teclmology-developrnent activities.

May 11, 1988

By J. M. R. Carvalho, M. T. A. Reis, M. R. C. Ismael, M. J. N. Correia, S. M. C. Santos, J. M. Carvajal

A sulphide zinc concentrate (Zn-40%) has been leached in sulphuric and chloride media to optimize the conditions for the recovery of zinc and copper. Previous results showed that extractions of 95% zinc and 20% copper can be achieved in just one stage, after two hours of leaching at 80°C with a solution 0.5M in Fe2(SO4)3 and H2SO4 and a solid/liquid ratio of 5%. This work presents the results obtained in the leaching experiments carried out in sulphuric and chloride media using two and three crosscurrent stages and a countercurrent process simulation for a solid/liquid ratio of 10%.

Jan 1, 2008

By Philippe V. Scheers

Polycrystalline gold, glassy carbon and gold-activated glassy carbon electrodes were compared for the production of hydrogen peroxide by the cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen. Gold was deposited on glassy carbon by sputtering with a sputter coater and by electrodeposition from a diluted KAuCl4 solution using short potential steps. The sputtered gold particles were not adherent enough, but there were no adhesion problems with the electrodeposited gold particles. The gold coverage of the glassy carbon surface could be varied by applying a different number of potential steps. The overpotential for the electroreduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide decreases with increasing gold coverage of the glassy carbon surface, and for gold coverages exceeding about 16 %, the overpotential is close to that observed on polycrystalline gold.

Oct 1, 2003

By Chris G. Dobson

Introduction The Britannia mine is at Britannia Beach, on Howe sound, approximately thirty miles from Vancouver. The first claims were staked in 1898, and a local company was formed at that time to develop them. In 1904, Mr. Grant B. Schley became actively interested in the property and in the following year the Britannia Mining and Smelting Company, Limited, was incorporated to operate it. This Company was taken over a few years later by the Howe Sound Company, Limited. The mine comprises five more or less separate ore-bodies, which have produced approximately 20,000,000 tons of ore to date. The East Bluff ore-body, with which the present paper deals, is well suited to large-scale mining by means of carefully placed powder blasts. It covers approximately an acre and lies in the slate footwall, in a bay produced by a fault. The hanging-wall side, on the west, forms the face of the Bluff glory-hole, which extends to the 1,200 level. A portion of this ore was available for breaking into this old glory-hole, below which four bulldoze chambers could quickly be built. Mining of this block is complicated by a very soft footwall, which 'runs' badly when broken. In stoping, care is taken to guard against the hazard of dilution by deliberately leaving a small portion of ore on the footwall. Some of this will undoubtedly be lost, but it is hoped to recover a fair amount of it after the major drawing is completed. The deposit occurs in a greenstone which has been highly silicified following brecciation. The chief minerals are chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite. Concentrates of copper, zinc, and pyrite are made at the mill. The average grade of ore runs 0.7 per cent copper, 1.5 per cent zinc, and 0.03 oz. gold per ton. The rock, which is practically a chert, is extremely hard, but shatters well. Both in stoping and drifting, holes must be closely spaced and powder used generously. Development When development work started in the East Bluff, there were no raises and only one drift on each level in this section of the mine. After blocking out the ore by thorough diamond drilling, a production of two thousand tons per day was set as a goal. To obtain this tonnage from so small an area required a great deal of carefully planned and well timed development work.

Jan 1, 1935